The document provides information on the history and technology of BSNL, the Indian state-run telecommunications company. It was formed in 1985 when the Department of Post and Telegraph was separated into the Department of Post and Department of Telegraph. The document then describes how a telephone subscriber is connected to an exchange, going through the handset, rosette, window, distribution point, and main distribution frame. It also provides brief summaries of WiMAX technology and applications, broadband policy and subscribers in India, and optical fiber and GSM network architecture.

1. PRESENTED BY :
RAJAN MEENA
VIIth SEM ECE
08EC071

2. HISTORY OF BSNL
 Firstly post and telegraph department
came into existence in 1980.
 First exchange in rajasthan was of 25 lines.
Control of Ajmer was upto Udaipur, Agra and
Ratlam.
 In 1985, post and telegraph seperated into
two different departments i.e. Department of
Post and Department of Telegraph.

3. HOW SUBSCRIBER
REACHES TO EXCHANGE
Each subscriber who wants to contact
require handset
The handset divided into two main parts .
The line chord is connected to the handset
and reach to a black box known a
ROSETTE
Through the rosette two wires comes out
which is connected with the WINDOW
After that they reach the DP i.e. the
DISTRIBUTION POINT

4. On DP the wires comes in the form of pair . One I
DP 20 wires can be connected from different
places
 DP must be grounded . DP is a box which is
installed on a petlar
 After DP , there is a cabinet which is in the form
of large box and which is kept in a large area
which consists of approximately one thousand
pair of wires .
And then it connected to the another type of box
this is called Main Distribution Frame

5. WiMAX Highlights
• WiMAX
– Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
– Is a certification mark for products that pass
conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE
802.16
– provides wireless data over long distances in a
variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile
cellular type access

6. • Speed
– Faster than broadband service
• Wireless
– Not having to lay cables reduces cost
– Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas
• Broad coverage
– Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspots

7. Two forms of wireless service
• Line-of-sight service
– Higher frequencies, lots more bandwidth
– 30-mile radius
• Non-line-of-sight
– A small antenna on a computer connects to the tower
– Uses 2 GHz to 11 GHz frequency range
– Limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius

8. • BASE STATION (BS):
The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the MSS.
• ACCESS SERVICE NETWORK GATEWAY (ASN-GW):
The ASN gateway typically acts as a layer 2 traffic aggregation points within
an ASN. Additional functions include intra-ASN location management and
paging, and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and encryption
keys.
• CONNECTIVITY SERVICE NETWORK (CSN):
•The CSN provides connectivity to the Internet, ASP, other public
networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by the NSP and
includes AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users,
and specific services.

9. WiMAX Applications
• According to WiMAX Forum it supports 5 classes of
applications:
1. Multi-player Interactive Gaming.
2. Video Conference
3. Streaming Media
4. Web Browsing and Instant Messaging
5. Media Content Downloads

10. Broadband Policy-2004
ALTTC/DX/IBB_OV/AKN
10
Broadband connectivity as defined in Broadband
policy-2004 is an “always on” data connection that is
able to support interactive services including
Internet access and has the capability of minimum
download speed of 256 kbps to an individual
subscriber from the POP of the service provider

11. Internet v Broadband Sub’s in India
ALTTC/DX/IBB_OV/AKN
11
0
10
20
30
40
2005 2007 2010
Internet Sub’s
Broadband Sub’s
6M
3M
18M
9M
40M
20M

12. Broadband Technologies
ALTTC/DX/IBB_OV/AKN
12
Broadband Technologies
Wireless
3G Mobile
Wireline
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
Satellite
DSL (Digital Sub’s Line)
Cable Modem
Optical Fibre Technologies
PLC (Power Line
Communication)
WiMAX

13. OPTICAL FIBEROPTICAL FIBER

14. FIBER OPTICAL TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
A Widely Used Communication Medium Based on TIR
Information (Voice, Data Or Video) Is Transmitted In The Form Of Light
FIG. COMMUNICATION THROUGH OPTICAL FIBRE

15. Jacket
Cladding
Core
Cladding
Angle of
reflection
Angle of
incidence
Light at less than
critical angle is
absorbed in jacket
Jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection
Jacket
Cladding
Core
(n2)
(n2)
Fig. Total Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre
ARCHITECTURE OF FIBER AND IT’S
PRINCIPLE

16. ADVANTAGES OF FIBER
OPTICS
High Speeds – Up To The Gigabits
Low Interference
Large Bandwidth
Signals Can Be Transmitted At Larger Distances Without
The Need Of Repeaters
Greater Resistance To Electromagnetic Noise
No Crosstalk

18. GSM Network Architecture
MS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
PSTN
VLR
TRAU
HLR
EIR
OMC
SMSC
BC
AUC
VMSC
MSC
Abis
A
OML

19. CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
WHAT IS A CELL ?
• A base station (transmitter) having a number of
RF channels is called a cell
• Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile
subscribers within the cell boundaries
( Coverage area)
• Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up)

20. GSM Services
SERVICE CATEGORIES
Main type of telecommunication services:
Basic services:
Available to all subscribers to a mobile network.
e.g. voice telephone calls.
Supplementary services:
Additional services that are available by subscription
only.
e.g. Call forwarding.