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FTTx Basics & Its Network Basics

This document provides an overview of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network design and installation. It discusses the drivers for higher bandwidth needs like HD video that are pushing more networks to use fiber. It then covers fiber network components like the different fiber types, cables, connectors, splitters and electronics. The document also reviews FTTH network architectures like GPON, active Ethernet and WDM PON. Finally, it discusses outdoor fiber installation techniques for both aerial and buried cable deployment like plowing, trenching and directional drilling.

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Page 1 FTTH Design and Network Basics • Mahendra Lathi
Page 2 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 3 The world is changing • In the past 15 years, we’ve seen… – The Internet – iPods – HDTVs – DVRs – Smartphones (Blackberry, iPhone, etc) – Tablet computers • All of these revolutionary technologies require more BANDWIDTH (telecommunications capacity) We must expect and plan for more and faster changes in the future!
Page 4 Video on all screens - HDTV An image is built on a screen, pixel by pixel, One HDTV program = 8-12 Mbps Pixel 1920 pixels 1080 pixels 1 house = 48 Mbps bandwidth, just for video, today… How about tomorrow?TV + DVR 24 Mbps TV 12 Mbps TV 12 Mbps
Page 5 Video Evolution over next 5 – 10 years H.262 or MPEG- 2 H.264 or MPEG-4 Standard Definition (SD) 480p 249 7 2 High Definition (HD) 1080i/720p 1,493 16 8 Growing Fast Very High Definition (VHD) 1080p 2,986 32 16 Super HD 2160p 14,930 100 50 Ultra HD 4320p 59,720 400 200 Mature New Standards 2D Video Format Mb/s Native per stream Mb/s (compressed) * ITU Recommendation J.601, Transport of Large Scale Digital Imagery (LSDI) applications Source: OFS Estimates from Industry Data T o d a y
Page 6 Video Bandwidth Growth Driving Fiber To The Home (FTTH) Source: Technology futures and OFS Text Pictures Video HD SHD 3D 0 0.001 0.01 1 10 100 1,000 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year TopTierDataRate(Mb/s) Analog Modems Digital 42% annual growth Increasing 4 times every 4 years 0.1 2012 Offers 20 - 1,000 Mbps 10,000 Copper Speed Limit Fiber: No limit!!* * Fiber limit is >50 Tbps Data Rate to Each Home
Page 7 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 8 1 Fiber Cable >50 Tbps >5000 KM Why Fiber? Greater bandwidth, longer distance, lowest cost per bit Bandwidth Distance Cost per Bit Copper Bandwidth Distance Cost per Bit Fiber 2400 Pair Copper Cable 100 Gbps to 1 KM
Page 9 Why fiber? Lower cost, higher performance • Metallic cable technologies are approaching their useful limits • Copper (telephone) and coaxial cables (Cable TV) – More expensive, less reliable, less capacity • Wireless systems have significant capacity limitations • Fiber optic cable is less expensive than copper, more reliable and has more capacity Feature Benefit High bandwidth High information carrying capacity Low attenuation Long distances without repeaters…less expensive Light weight Small size Easier installations Unobtrusive No metallic conductors No grounding problems No “crosstalk” Passive No power requirements No circuit protection needed Difficult to tap Very secure Inexpensive Widely deployable. Cost effective
Page 10 Why fiber? FTTH lower operating expenses (OPEX) versus competing technologies  Why? Fewer truck rolls – Remote provisioning though software – Increased reliability vs copper/coax electronics in field such DSL/HFC  Savings estimates vs DSL/Hybrid Fiber-Coax – FTTH Opex saves $100 to $250 per subscriber vs DSL or HFC
Page 11 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 12 Wireless Loves Fiber (and vice versa)
Page 13 Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the cell network  Mobile bandwidth demand, driven by smartphones and video, is growing rapidly  Fiber is needed to and up the tower for 4G networks and beyond  Fiber has many advantages for cell network operators, shown below: 13 Bandwidth Weight Tower loading/bracing Grounding Installation time Power losses Space Cooling requirements
Page 14 Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the Telephone and Cable Networks Telephone: FTTN – Fiber to the Curb/Node Cable: HFC – Hybrid Fiber Coax 12 - 24 fibers Switch or Node Central Office OLT Twisted Pair or coax •Fiber to the Node, Copper/coax to the home •Potential 24-100+ Mbps per subscriber (variable based on distance and metal cable quality) •Asymmetric bandwidth (more downstream than upstream) 150-1500 m 5 to 100 KMTypical distance range
Page 15 Flavors of FTTx Fiber feeds the Power Network • Fiber is an integral part of the utility communications network – Substation to substation communications, broad deployment – Equipment within substations, broad deployment – FTTH in limited cases – Smart grid initiatives are changing the nature of power delivery Transmission Distribution Nuclear Renewable Smart Meter Micro Grid--:Information --:Power
Page 16 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 17 FTTH Electronics Unmanaged Switch OLT Encoder & DVD Fiber Management A typical FTTH network has an “Optical Line Terminal” (OLT) or switch at the “Headend” or “Central Office” The OLT or switch converts incoming traffic into laser pulses and sends them down the fiber. …And an “Optical Network Terminal” (ONT), media converter, or gateway in the home. The ONT converts the signals from light to electrical signals. The ONT contains ports to distribute signals on the existing home wiring (or wirelessly). The ONT may be either inside or outside the home. Fiber ONU
Page 18 Typical FTTH Architectures • PON (Passive Optical Network) – Incorporates a signal divider, such as an optical power splitter – One fiber at the central office feeds many fibers in the field – G-PON (Gigabit PON) and GE-PON (Gigabit Ethernet-PON) are the most common architectures • Point-to-Point (“Active Ethernet”) – One fiber in the headend = one fiber in the field OLT Optical power splitter or wavelength filter PON Point to point Switch Some equipment will serve both architectures
Page 19 Summary of today’s common FTTH architectures GPON GE-PON Point to Point (Active Ethernet) Current gen Next gen Current gen Next gen Downstream bandwidth 2.4 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 100 -1000 Mbps per sub Upstream bandwidth 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 100 -1000 Mbps per sub Typical distance 20 km 20 km 20 km 20 km 20 km Wavelengths (nm), Downstream/ Upstream) 1490 1310 1577 1270 1550 1310 1577 1270 1550 1310 OLT Optical power splitter or wavelength filter PON Point to point Switch
Page 20 WDM Mux /DeMuxs 1 fiber per subscriber 975 13 151131 1086 14 161242 l1, l2 WDM Mux/DeMux WDM Mux/DeMux WDM Mux/DeMux WDM Mux/DeMux l3, l4 l15, l16 l1, 3 -15 l2, 4, -16 Typical 1 Gb/s up/down dedicated to each subscriber Longer reach than GPON or GE-PON Emerging technology CO or Head End WDM PON Networks Provides a dedicated wavelength (light color) per customer
Page 21 Single-mode Fiber Central Office or Head End •Fiber to a switch or node with many ports to feed multiple customers •Uses Cat 5 or higher copper wiring or coax to the unit •Typical up to 100 Mb/s connection, limited by copper/coax bandwidth •Can be either symmetric or asymmetric bandwidth •Sometimes includes “fiber to the floor” 5 to 80 KMTypical distance range FTTB – Fiber to the Building (MDUs) 100 m max in building Switch or node Unit Copper or coax cables
Page 22 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 23 Light as a Communications Method Used for hundreds of years Smoke Signals “One if by land, two if by sea”
Page 24 John Tyndall and William Wheeler • John Tyndall, 1854 • Demonstrated that light could be guided within a liquid “Light Guide” • William Wheeler, 1880 • Invented “Light pipes” for home lighting using reflective pipes • Similar to concept used today for interior car illumination http://www.fiber-optics.info/history
Page 25 Optical Fiber Fastest communications pipe available Core Cladding Coating Light travels in core and is constrained by the cladding Acrylate coating protects pure silica (glass) cladding Light ray
Page 26 vvsv Fiber Structure • Core - The center of an optical fiber. Contains dopants to change speed of light. • Cladding - Outer layer of glass to contain light. Different refractive index. • Coating - Cushions and protects fibers. 125 microns 250 microns 8-62.5 microns Core Cladding Coatings
Page 27 Two main types of fibers - Single-mode and Multimode Singlemode fiber – Carries only one mode of light Multimode fiber – Carries multiple modes of light Singlemode Multimode 50-62.5 µm core cladding Index of refraction profiles 8-10 µm 125 µm 125 µm
Page 28 High level picture of where things go The FTTx Network – Macro View Aerial cable Underground cable Central Office /Headend Fiber to the Cell Site Drop closures or terminal Fiber Distribution and Splitter Cabinet Drop cable Splice closures
Page 29 Typical Outside Plant Cable Types – Aerial and Underground Ribbon Cables Aerial Self-Supporting (ADSS), Duct and armored loose tube cables Microcables Blown Fiber Units Drop Cables
Page 30 Outside Plant Fiber Optic Cable • Most often “loose tube” cable structure –Fibers loose in buffer tubes • Handles stress/strain and temperature fluctuations and climatic extremes –Also available in ribbons –Fibers and buffers are color coded • Underground applications – Direct Buried – typically armored – Duct cable • Aerial applications – Lashed to a messenger – Self-supporting (ADSS, All-Dielectric, Self- Supporting Buffer tube Fiber Loose buffer tube structure Ribbon fiber and cable structure
Page 31 Inside Plant Cables • Indoor cables are different than outdoor cables • Most often “tight buffer” cable structure –Provides additional protection for handling –Facilitates connectorization • Multiple types of cable structures • Riser, plenum, low smoke/zero halogen products –Designed to meet flame smoke ratings • Yellow colored jacket indicates single-mode fiber
Page 32 Fiber management devices and closures • Used to route and connect fibers • Fiber management devices are used in the central office or remote cabinets • Closures are used in the field to connect cables together • Multiple designs available for each component
Page 33 Connectors LC Connector SC Connector MPO Connector (12 fiber ribbon connector) • Fibers use special, precisely manufactured connectors • Connector color indicates the polish of the connector • Polish type indicates amount of back reflection • Critical parameter to ensure proper transmission Blue = “Ultra” polish Green = “Angle” polish
Page 34 Splitters Splitters Splitter Distribution Cabinets • Used with Passive Optical Network (PON) systems • Used to split one fiber into multiple fibers – Decreases power – Splits bandwidth • Split ratios are factors of 2 – 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 1x32 • Different deployment methods – Centralized splits – Distributed splits – Cascaded splits
Page 35 MDU deployments • MDU installations are different than single-family home installations • Most MDU installations require tight bends and bend insensitive fibers • Manufacturers have developed fibers and distribution products specifically for MDU applications
Page 36 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 37 OSP Cable Placement Options • Aerial • Fast, minimal restoration time • Typical choice for overbuilding existing aerial plant • Below Grade • Required by regulations for most Greenfield installations • Aesthetically pleasing!
Page 38 OSP Cable Placement Options Below Grade • Direct Buried • In conduit • In gas Lines • In sewers
Page 39 OSP Buried Considerations • Existing neighborhood, or a new development? • Must call your local “One Call” to locate existing utilities. • Expose these utilities wherever you will be crossing them. • A vacuum excavator is normally used to expose utilities. This is called “soft” excavation. Source: FTTH Council
Page 40 Overbuilding with Buried Plant Directional Drilling • Bores under driveways, streets, landscape, around existing utilities • Least restoration of ground of buried solutions • Ensures good aesthetics • Higher skilled operation than other methods • More expensive equipment • Typically surface launched • Pilot bore is followed by a pullback of the cable Source: FTTH Council
Page 41 Overbuilding with Buried Plant Vibratory Plow • Lower cost option where no surface obstacles exist • Little damage to surface, normally just leaves a narrow slot • Typically requires minimal restoration to the ground after installation • Conduit/cable is installed behind the plow blade • Less operator expertise needed • Normally requires only one operator Source: FTTH Council
Page 42 Greenfield with Buried Plant Open cut trenching • Often lowest cost method • Easiest to operate method, lower skilled operator • Requires the most restoration of the ground of the 3 methods • In new developments can lay cable/conduit in common utilities trench Source: FTTH Council
Page 43 Splicing • Fusion – Most common type of splice – Fibers joined together and melted at approximately 1600 degrees C • Mechanical – Common overseas – Less common in US FTTH installations Splice sleeve to cover completed splice Illustration of electrodes used to form fusion splicing arc
Page 44 Optical Loss Budget Unmanaged Switch OLT Encoder & DVD Fiber Management Designers must ensure enough light can reach the home in both directions. Component Typical loss values @ 1550 nm Fiber 0.25-0.30 dB/km Splices 0.05 dB Connectors 0.25 dB Splitters (1x32) 17-18 dB
Page 45 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 46 PON Design Considerations CapEx/OpEx • Cost per Household • Cost per Subscriber • Cost to Connect Scalability • Ease of in-network additions • Ease of network extensions Build ability • Ability to construction within required timelines • Ability to construction without damaging customer relations 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% Hubbed Split $75 $81 $82 $88 $94 $95 $101 $101 $108 $114 $114 $121 $127 $127 $133 $134 $140 $146 $147 $153 Distributed Split $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 IncrementalCost Incremental Cost per HH Passed Relative to Take Rate
Page 47 43% 17% 32% 8% Electronics: OLT and ONT generations Electronics: installation labor 4 generations Construction, Pathways, Design ODN: Optical Fiber, Cable, Splitters, Connections Approximate cost proportions  Fiber Materials are only ~8% of cost per home*  Fiber Materials must last decades and support multiple generations of electronics FTTH Installed cost per Home* Proper Selection and Design of the Fiber Materials (the 8%) can help lower the cost of the other 92% * 35% take rate, costs and proportions may vary from this typical example
Page 48 Network Design Options Home Run or “Active Ethernet”/”Point to Point Design” Central Office OLT or switch SFU SFU SFU • Fibers from the OLT/switch all the way to the home • For PON, splitters placed in a central office • Minimizes OLT port usage Splitter for PON systems
Page 49 PON Design Options Centralized Design Central Office OLT Splitter SFU SFU SFUF1 Fiber Cabinet • Splitters placed in a cabinet or hub • Reduces OLT port usage • Requires investment in cabinet
Page 50 PON Design Options Distributed Design Central Office OLT Splitter SFU SFU F1 Fiber F1 Fiber Splice Case Splitter SFU SFU Splice Case F1 Fiber • Splitters placed in splice cases • Minimizes fiber sizes and splicing • Requires dedicated OLT ports
Page 51 PON Design Options Cascaded Design Central Office OLT Splitter F1 Fiber F1.5 Fiber Splice Case or Cabinet Splitter SFU SFU Splice Case or Cabinet • Multiple splits between OLT and ONT • Balance between fiber and OLT port usage • Increased loss
Page 52 PON Design Examples Typical Layout – Centralized Split 250 HHs Splitter Cabinet Roadway Roadway 288 Fiber F2,1-280 Dead,281-288 Feeder Fiber Households Drop Pedestals Drop Pedestal Serving Area 288 Fiber F2,1-288 288 Fiber F2,1-272 Dead,273-288 288 Fiber F2,1-264 Dead,265-288 288 Fiber F2,1-256 Dead,257-288
Page 53 PON Design Examples Typical Layout – Distributed Split 250 HHs Feeder Pick-up Point Roadway Roadway 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-12 F2,1-16 Dead,29-36 Feeder Fiber 1x32 Splitter & Drop Pedestal IN: F1,12 OUT: F2,1-32 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-11 Dead,12-24 F2,25-32 Dead,33-36 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-12 F2,1-8 Dead,21-36 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-12 Dead,13-36 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-11 Dead,12-36 Households Drop Pedestal Serving Area Drop Pedestals Splitter Serving Area
Page 54 PON Design Considerations 1. OLT Cost per Port – As the cost per port drops, designs that require a higher utilization of ports but less fiber and splicing become more cost effective 2. Take Rates – As take rates increase, the impact of dedicating OLT ports to a greater number of splitters is reduced 3. Assessing Cost Impacts – When conducting a cost analysis to determine the impact of different design approaches, it is helpful to focus only on cost that vary between the designs • Eliminate costs that are common to the designs being assessed 4. Cost Assessment Focus – Cost effectiveness can be measured in multiple ways: • Cost per household/living unit • Cost per subscriber
Page 55 PON Design Considerations Example Cost Assessment 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% Hubbed Split $75 $81 $82 $88 $94 $95 $101 $101 $108 $114 $114 $121 $127 $127 $133 $134 $140 $146 $147 $153 Distributed Split $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 IncrementalCost Incremental Cost per HH Passed Relative to Take Rate
Page 56 PON Design Considerations Example Cost Assessment 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% Hubbed Split $1,502 $813 $545 $440 $377 $316 $288 $254 $239 $228 $208 $201 $195 $182 $178 $167 $165 $163 $155 $153 Distributed Split $1,980 $990 $660 $495 $396 $330 $283 $247 $220 $198 $180 $165 $152 $141 $132 $124 $116 $110 $104 $99 $0 $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 IncrementalCost Incremental Cost per Subscriber Relative to Take Rate
Page 57 BUILDING TYPE
Page 58 Fibre entering in Building design Design of Under Drain Duct Connection Design of Through Drain Duct Connection Design of Premise’s Entering Duct Duct Route into Building Telecommunication Room on Ground Floor Manhole Connection to the Building
Page 59 Fibre entering in Building design Manhole Connection for Pole Type
Page 60 INTERNAL INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE IN-BUILDING FIBRE CABLING The requirement for infrastructure inside the building such as Telecommunication Room, Floor Riser and Cable Trunking. The other general elements Telecommunication Room Arrangement
Page 61 Floor Riser and Cable Trunking Riser : The riser in the MDU properties must be used as the cable route from the TR to each floor level. Trunking : The trunking is required for laying the cable inside the building and acts as the protection and cable guide. For the MDU, the trunking located inside the riser is referred as the Vertical Trunking while the trunking located from the Riser room at each floor to the Fibre Wall Socket (FWS) inside each individual unit of premise is referred as the Horizontal Trunking. The Vertical and Horizontal Trunking must be provided in all MDU properties. For the SDU, the trunking must be used to lay the cable between the FTB, located at the outside wall, and the FWS located inside the premise.
Page 62 IN-BUILDING FIBRE CABLING (SDU) Fibre Termination Box for MDU Fibre Termination Box for SDU Fibre Wall Socket (FWS) CABLING FOR SINGLE-DWELLING UNIT (SDU) Network Boundary for SDU (Pole Type) Network Boundary for SDU (Underground Type)
Page 63 Cabling and Network Boundary for SDU – Shop Lots The sample cabling for shop lot is shown FTB that serves one area must be mounted on the wall in the staircase area. The FTB acts as network boundary between the Premise Owner and Network Facility Provider cabling as marked as “Network Boundary (3) FTB will act as connection point between Network Facility Provider and each shop unit. IN-BUILDING FIBRE CABLING (SDU)
Page 64 Customer Premise Equipment CPE Optical Network Unit Telecommunication Outlet Cabling Telecommunication Outlet Cabling is referring to the cabling between CPE and other in premise Telecommunication Outlet (TO). The numbers of cable required depend on the number of Telecommunication Outlet in the premises. The cable type for telecommunication outlet cabling depends on the CPE output interface type. However, it is strongly recommended that UTP cable (CAT 5, CAT 5e or CAT 6) for the telecommunication outlet cabling. Telecommunication Outlet Cabling
Page 65 CABLING FOR MULTI-DWELLING UNIT (MDU) Cabling for MDU consists of four elements as below: a. Campus backbone cabling; b. Building backbone vertical cable; c. Building horizontal cable; and d. Telecommunication outlet cabling. Indoor Fibre Cabling for MDU Specification of MDU’s Internal Fibre
Page 66 MDU Design Approaches 1. MDU ONT – ONT placed at existing demarcation point – Utilize existing wiring (coax, cat 3/5) to the living units 2. Single Family ONT – Drop placed to each living unit – ONT mounted within the living unit 3. Desktop ONT – Drop placed within living units (along molding, etc.)
Page 67 MDU Design Pros and Cons 1. MDU ONT – Avoids challenges and costs associated with retrofitting buildings – Dependent on type and condition of existing wiring 2. Single Family ONT – Eliminates usage of existing wiring (possibly substandard) – Cost and labor intensive 3. Desktop ONT – Minimal space requirements – Typically requires drop to be routed through the living units (aesthetics)
Page 68 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 69 Aerial Cable Construction Tool ADSS Aerial Materials & Fittings Aerial Materials & Fittings
Page 70 Fibre Construction Machines UG Slitting Construction
Page 71 Spicing Machines & Other Tools Direct Buried Microduct Laying Fusion splice machines Mechanical splicers
Page 72 Machines & Tool • JCB excavator for Trenching • HDD Machine Vermeer ,DitchWitch USA • Cable Blowing Machine CBS UK • Spicing Machine Furukawa, Sumitomo, • OTDR Machine - Furukawa, Sumitomo, • Light ( Laser ) Source Power Meter LSPM - • Cable Locator - 3M, Seektech,Metrotech • DBC Machine
Page 73 Agenda • Drivers for FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Page 74 Represents 70-80% of Total RIL workforce Represents 20-30% of total RIL workforce FSO • Installation Supervision • Installation • Civil Works Supervision • Civil Works Detailed Site Design PMO / Competence Center / Local Delivery SP • Lease & Permit • Site Search • Fiber Detailed Site Design • Civil Works Supervision • Civil Works construction ASP • Investigation • Engineering • Installation Supervision • Installation • Installation Verification • Drive Test Rollout Delivery Setup Workmanship quality Integration Advanced Engineer NRO-TAC Certifier Product Configuration Sourcing Project Management MentorSolution Architect Network Engineer ASP/SP ManagementCommissioning Lease & Permit Drive Test Project Office Engineering, LOS & Investigation
Page 75 Site / Path level Central, Region, Market, Account level Central, Region, Market, Account level Site / Path level Site / Path level Project deliverysetup Country sub-regions, Market, Account level Management level Engineering • Investigation • Site Engineering • CW Detailed Site Design Acquisition • Search • Lease • Permit Supervision • Civil Works • Installation Civil Works • Construction • Electrical • Painting Site n Civil Works • Cable laying • Pole mounting • Trenching Site 1 Installation • Antenna Installation • Equipment Installation • Installation Verification Site n Installation •Aerial Cable Installation •FDC Installation/Splicing • Installation Verification Site 1 Node Integration • Adoption • Test • Verification Product Configuration • Data Collection • Design • Verification Network Integration • PC & Int. Coordination • Test Leader ASP/SP Management • Site Acquisition Coordination • Civil Works Coordination • SE & Inst. Coordination • Site supervision Acceptance • ASP/SP acceptance • Customer acceptance Supporting Functions NRO-TAC • Mentor • Certifier • Workmanship Quality • Advanced Engineering Project Office • Administration • Contract • Control • Planning • Procurement • Quality • Logistics • Legal • Environmental • Health & Safety Network Design • N&TC Coordination Design • Network Design • Line Of Sight • Drive test • Network Optimization Management • Program Manager • Project Manager • N&TC Management • Site Acquisition Manager • Civil Works Manager • Implementation Manager
Page 76 methods Service Provider - SP Subcontractor service purchased on fixed price were service and material is quality assured by SP. e.g. Civil Works, Site cleaning Authorized Service Provider - ASP Subcontractor service purchased on fixed price with certified personnel. e.g. RBS Installation, TRU extension Authorized Resource Provider - ARP Resource on consultancy base for temporary replacement of RIL personnel (core). e.g. Dispatcher, technician, CW coordinator Competence assurance of RIL personnel. e.g. Project Manager, Integrator, Competence Management Framework - CMF
Page 77 • Single point of contact in multi- vendor network roll-out projects • End-to-end service • Delivers to agreed business benefits and performance goals • Realize RIL business benefits through enabling capabilities in network roll-out projects Project Management RIL Project management Planning and design Build Integration Optimization Vendor Vendor A Program management Deployment Program Management Vendor B
Page 78 LOW LEVEL Activity overview Work Flow Activities for Service Package – Fiber Network FTTH New Build ERICSSON SUPPORTING FUNCTION NETWORK DESIGN SITE ACQUISITION CIVILWORKS& CABLEINSTALLATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT Work Package for defined deliverables Work Package for internal activities Site Supply & Logistics 1.6 Handover to Customer Network Design 1.5 Subcontractor Sourcing Site Survey Right of Way Network Acceptance Installation Indoor Preparation for Survey and Detailed Design Project Closure 1.8 Nominal Design Network Build 1.2 1.10.1 As-built Design Network Acceptance Material Delivery 1.10.2 Work Order Management set-up 1.6.2 1.5.4 QASIS – Quality Audit 1.5.3 Material Ordering Pre-sales Information Gathering 1.3 Detailed Design AP AP AIP AIP AIP AIP SCR SCR 1.9.11.6.1 AP AP 1.7.1 AP AP SCR Acceptance Preparation Reinstatement Fiber Splicing and Test 1.8.7 DuctingExcavationTrenching 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 Pre-sales Network Design Resource Procurement 1.9 Site Aquisition AIP AIP Cable Installation Pre-sales Nominal Design Information Gathering 1.5.1 Project Assignment TG2 TG3 TG4 TG5 SCR 1.5.5 1.7 TG1 1.5.2 1.8.5 Project Planning 1.1 Project planning Project Establishment Subcontrator Planning SDP1 SDP2 SDP3 SDP4 AIP AIP AP AP 1.8.6 Acceptance Specification SCR SCR AIP AIP SCR SCR AP AP AIP AIP Acceptance Point Acceptance & Invoicing Point 1.1.1 1.10 Network Quality Assurance SCR Service Completion Report 1.1 Schedule 1. Chapter 1 in SoW of Service Package 1.4.1 Work Package 1.4.1 in SoW of Service Package Site Acquisition Subproject ‘Site Acquisition’ 1.5.6 1.1.2 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3.2 Project Operation AP AP Project Management 1.4 1.4.4 AIP AIP 1.3.1 AIP AIP SCR 1/221 12 – FGC 101 2051 Rev A
Page 79 Project MANAGEMENT Sample Project Organization Site Project Management Design & Engineering Work team Splice Team Trench team Pulling Team Cabinet inst Team End-user inst Team Project Management Design & Engineering Civil Works & Installation Methods Quality Assurance Ordering & Logistics Project Control X connections “homes passed” xx subscribers connected All these projects run parallel Single geographic area Site Project Management Design & Engineering Work team Splice Team Trench Team Pulling Team Cabinet inst Team End-user inst Team appendix
Page 80 Proposed Organisation for FTTx
Page 81 Project Schedule for 250K Home Pass
Page 82 BASELINE/ ASSUMPTIONS/ CALCULATIONS OLT Area Homes Pass Feeder (m) Distribution (m) Total Length (m) Feeder Breakdown Distribution Breakdown 3600 3000 UG 90% 50% 400 3000 Aerial 10% 50% 1 2000 4000 6000 Combined OLT Area Homes Pass Feeder(m) Distribution (m) Method Total Length Feeder(m) Breakdown Distribution (m) Breakdown 112.50 450,000 375,000 UG 375,000 90% 50% 12.50 50,000 375,000 Aerial ADSS 50,000 10% 50% Aerial Fig 8 375,000 125 250000 500,000 750,000 Combined 800,000 OLT Area Homes Pass No. of HP per Category No. of BOI (Assumed 48Units per BOI for MDU & 3 for SDU) S1 @ Access Chamber- JC ( 2:8 Splitter) FJC FDC FAT Demarcatio n Box (Assumed 6 BOI per Society) S2@FDC (1:8 Splitter) S2@FAT ( 1:8 Splitter) 125 250,000 100,000.00 2,083.33 3,906 3,906 347 12,500 347.22 347 12,500.00 150,000.0 150,000.0 18,750 18,750 BASELINE & ASSUMPTIONS CHART (1 OLT AREA) BASELINE & ASSUMPTIONS CHART (125 OLT AREAS) BASELINE FIGURES & CALCULATED ODN (125 OLT AREAS)
Page 83 Quality assuranceframework Continuous follow-up of delivery Two stages of Workmanship quality follow- up:  New ASP or product introd-uced with a 100% follow-up  Ongoing follow-up with 20% for high, 50% for low volume and 100% for delivery Regular Quality Review Board certificate is only valid if it is under RIL quality system Sourcing Proven track record of delivered quality work Contractual obligations:  Certified personnel  Latest manuals, instructions and quality alerts  Quality incentives for low QI  Minimum level of trained personnel  Tools and instruments  Limit subcontract layers Competition Quality Skills development of personnel Training & Certification  New products  Personnel turnover  New ASP companies Secure training capacity  Close cooperation with local training facilities  Own access to mentors and certifiers Not only product training, but also:  Set quality standards  Process knowledge  Access to latest information  Environment, Health & Safety Management of deployment Most vital parts of quality assurance Quality and process implementation will be guaranteed through good management Quality assurance through:  Project Web Pages  Project Office  Project Review  NE Tool
Page 84 •Optimal design tailored to business strategies and quality requirements •Free up resources and reduce cost of in- house expertise •Technology and hardware agnostic design •Scalable and future proof network solutions •Easier maintenance due to accurate and precise As-Built documentation The valuebring Facilitate revenue growth Optimize CAPEX and OPEX Risk mitigation
Page 85 Summary • Video, internet, and new applications are driving bandwidth increases that require fiber • Fiber is the best method for providing low cost, high bandwidth services – Lowest cost/bit – Lowest OPEX – More reliable than metallic technologies – Lower attenuation, weight • Fiber architectures include various versions of PON and Point to Point • Multiple ways of deploying FTTH – Different design options for outside plant can significant impact costs and network functionality

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FTTx Basics & Its Network Basics

  • 1.
    Page 1 FTTH Designand Network Basics • Mahendra Lathi
  • 2.
    Page 2 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 3.
    Page 3 The worldis changing • In the past 15 years, we’ve seen… – The Internet – iPods – HDTVs – DVRs – Smartphones (Blackberry, iPhone, etc) – Tablet computers • All of these revolutionary technologies require more BANDWIDTH (telecommunications capacity) We must expect and plan for more and faster changes in the future!
  • 4.
    Page 4 Video onall screens - HDTV An image is built on a screen, pixel by pixel, One HDTV program = 8-12 Mbps Pixel 1920 pixels 1080 pixels 1 house = 48 Mbps bandwidth, just for video, today… How about tomorrow?TV + DVR 24 Mbps TV 12 Mbps TV 12 Mbps
  • 5.
    Page 5 Video Evolutionover next 5 – 10 years H.262 or MPEG- 2 H.264 or MPEG-4 Standard Definition (SD) 480p 249 7 2 High Definition (HD) 1080i/720p 1,493 16 8 Growing Fast Very High Definition (VHD) 1080p 2,986 32 16 Super HD 2160p 14,930 100 50 Ultra HD 4320p 59,720 400 200 Mature New Standards 2D Video Format Mb/s Native per stream Mb/s (compressed) * ITU Recommendation J.601, Transport of Large Scale Digital Imagery (LSDI) applications Source: OFS Estimates from Industry Data T o d a y
  • 6.
    Page 6 Video BandwidthGrowth Driving Fiber To The Home (FTTH) Source: Technology futures and OFS Text Pictures Video HD SHD 3D 0 0.001 0.01 1 10 100 1,000 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year TopTierDataRate(Mb/s) Analog Modems Digital 42% annual growth Increasing 4 times every 4 years 0.1 2012 Offers 20 - 1,000 Mbps 10,000 Copper Speed Limit Fiber: No limit!!* * Fiber limit is >50 Tbps Data Rate to Each Home
  • 7.
    Page 7 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 8.
    Page 8 1 FiberCable >50 Tbps >5000 KM Why Fiber? Greater bandwidth, longer distance, lowest cost per bit Bandwidth Distance Cost per Bit Copper Bandwidth Distance Cost per Bit Fiber 2400 Pair Copper Cable 100 Gbps to 1 KM
  • 9.
    Page 9 Why fiber? Lowercost, higher performance • Metallic cable technologies are approaching their useful limits • Copper (telephone) and coaxial cables (Cable TV) – More expensive, less reliable, less capacity • Wireless systems have significant capacity limitations • Fiber optic cable is less expensive than copper, more reliable and has more capacity Feature Benefit High bandwidth High information carrying capacity Low attenuation Long distances without repeaters…less expensive Light weight Small size Easier installations Unobtrusive No metallic conductors No grounding problems No “crosstalk” Passive No power requirements No circuit protection needed Difficult to tap Very secure Inexpensive Widely deployable. Cost effective
  • 10.
    Page 10 Why fiber? FTTHlower operating expenses (OPEX) versus competing technologies  Why? Fewer truck rolls – Remote provisioning though software – Increased reliability vs copper/coax electronics in field such DSL/HFC  Savings estimates vs DSL/Hybrid Fiber-Coax – FTTH Opex saves $100 to $250 per subscriber vs DSL or HFC
  • 11.
    Page 11 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 12.
    Page 12 Wireless LovesFiber (and vice versa)
  • 13.
    Page 13 Flavors ofFTTx Fiber feeds the cell network  Mobile bandwidth demand, driven by smartphones and video, is growing rapidly  Fiber is needed to and up the tower for 4G networks and beyond  Fiber has many advantages for cell network operators, shown below: 13 Bandwidth Weight Tower loading/bracing Grounding Installation time Power losses Space Cooling requirements
  • 14.
    Page 14 Flavors ofFTTx Fiber feeds the Telephone and Cable Networks Telephone: FTTN – Fiber to the Curb/Node Cable: HFC – Hybrid Fiber Coax 12 - 24 fibers Switch or Node Central Office OLT Twisted Pair or coax •Fiber to the Node, Copper/coax to the home •Potential 24-100+ Mbps per subscriber (variable based on distance and metal cable quality) •Asymmetric bandwidth (more downstream than upstream) 150-1500 m 5 to 100 KMTypical distance range
  • 15.
    Page 15 Flavors ofFTTx Fiber feeds the Power Network • Fiber is an integral part of the utility communications network – Substation to substation communications, broad deployment – Equipment within substations, broad deployment – FTTH in limited cases – Smart grid initiatives are changing the nature of power delivery Transmission Distribution Nuclear Renewable Smart Meter Micro Grid--:Information --:Power
  • 16.
    Page 16 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 17.
    Page 17 FTTH Electronics UnmanagedSwitch OLT Encoder & DVD Fiber Management A typical FTTH network has an “Optical Line Terminal” (OLT) or switch at the “Headend” or “Central Office” The OLT or switch converts incoming traffic into laser pulses and sends them down the fiber. …And an “Optical Network Terminal” (ONT), media converter, or gateway in the home. The ONT converts the signals from light to electrical signals. The ONT contains ports to distribute signals on the existing home wiring (or wirelessly). The ONT may be either inside or outside the home. Fiber ONU
  • 18.
    Page 18 Typical FTTHArchitectures • PON (Passive Optical Network) – Incorporates a signal divider, such as an optical power splitter – One fiber at the central office feeds many fibers in the field – G-PON (Gigabit PON) and GE-PON (Gigabit Ethernet-PON) are the most common architectures • Point-to-Point (“Active Ethernet”) – One fiber in the headend = one fiber in the field OLT Optical power splitter or wavelength filter PON Point to point Switch Some equipment will serve both architectures
  • 19.
    Page 19 Summary oftoday’s common FTTH architectures GPON GE-PON Point to Point (Active Ethernet) Current gen Next gen Current gen Next gen Downstream bandwidth 2.4 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 100 -1000 Mbps per sub Upstream bandwidth 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 1.2 Gbps total 10 Gbps total 100 -1000 Mbps per sub Typical distance 20 km 20 km 20 km 20 km 20 km Wavelengths (nm), Downstream/ Upstream) 1490 1310 1577 1270 1550 1310 1577 1270 1550 1310 OLT Optical power splitter or wavelength filter PON Point to point Switch
  • 20.
    Page 20 WDM Mux /DeMuxs 1fiber per subscriber 975 13 151131 1086 14 161242 l1, l2 WDM Mux/DeMux WDM Mux/DeMux WDM Mux/DeMux WDM Mux/DeMux l3, l4 l15, l16 l1, 3 -15 l2, 4, -16 Typical 1 Gb/s up/down dedicated to each subscriber Longer reach than GPON or GE-PON Emerging technology CO or Head End WDM PON Networks Provides a dedicated wavelength (light color) per customer
  • 21.
    Page 21 Single-mode Fiber CentralOffice or Head End •Fiber to a switch or node with many ports to feed multiple customers •Uses Cat 5 or higher copper wiring or coax to the unit •Typical up to 100 Mb/s connection, limited by copper/coax bandwidth •Can be either symmetric or asymmetric bandwidth •Sometimes includes “fiber to the floor” 5 to 80 KMTypical distance range FTTB – Fiber to the Building (MDUs) 100 m max in building Switch or node Unit Copper or coax cables
  • 22.
    Page 22 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 23.
    Page 23 Light asa Communications Method Used for hundreds of years Smoke Signals “One if by land, two if by sea”
  • 24.
    Page 24 John Tyndalland William Wheeler • John Tyndall, 1854 • Demonstrated that light could be guided within a liquid “Light Guide” • William Wheeler, 1880 • Invented “Light pipes” for home lighting using reflective pipes • Similar to concept used today for interior car illumination http://www.fiber-optics.info/history
  • 25.
    Page 25 Optical Fiber Fastestcommunications pipe available Core Cladding Coating Light travels in core and is constrained by the cladding Acrylate coating protects pure silica (glass) cladding Light ray
  • 26.
    Page 26 vvsv Fiber Structure •Core - The center of an optical fiber. Contains dopants to change speed of light. • Cladding - Outer layer of glass to contain light. Different refractive index. • Coating - Cushions and protects fibers. 125 microns 250 microns 8-62.5 microns Core Cladding Coatings
  • 27.
    Page 27 Two maintypes of fibers - Single-mode and Multimode Singlemode fiber – Carries only one mode of light Multimode fiber – Carries multiple modes of light Singlemode Multimode 50-62.5 µm core cladding Index of refraction profiles 8-10 µm 125 µm 125 µm
  • 28.
    Page 28 High levelpicture of where things go The FTTx Network – Macro View Aerial cable Underground cable Central Office /Headend Fiber to the Cell Site Drop closures or terminal Fiber Distribution and Splitter Cabinet Drop cable Splice closures
  • 29.
    Page 29 Typical OutsidePlant Cable Types – Aerial and Underground Ribbon Cables Aerial Self-Supporting (ADSS), Duct and armored loose tube cables Microcables Blown Fiber Units Drop Cables
  • 30.
    Page 30 Outside PlantFiber Optic Cable • Most often “loose tube” cable structure –Fibers loose in buffer tubes • Handles stress/strain and temperature fluctuations and climatic extremes –Also available in ribbons –Fibers and buffers are color coded • Underground applications – Direct Buried – typically armored – Duct cable • Aerial applications – Lashed to a messenger – Self-supporting (ADSS, All-Dielectric, Self- Supporting Buffer tube Fiber Loose buffer tube structure Ribbon fiber and cable structure
  • 31.
    Page 31 Inside PlantCables • Indoor cables are different than outdoor cables • Most often “tight buffer” cable structure –Provides additional protection for handling –Facilitates connectorization • Multiple types of cable structures • Riser, plenum, low smoke/zero halogen products –Designed to meet flame smoke ratings • Yellow colored jacket indicates single-mode fiber
  • 32.
    Page 32 Fiber managementdevices and closures • Used to route and connect fibers • Fiber management devices are used in the central office or remote cabinets • Closures are used in the field to connect cables together • Multiple designs available for each component
  • 33.
    Page 33 Connectors LC Connector SCConnector MPO Connector (12 fiber ribbon connector) • Fibers use special, precisely manufactured connectors • Connector color indicates the polish of the connector • Polish type indicates amount of back reflection • Critical parameter to ensure proper transmission Blue = “Ultra” polish Green = “Angle” polish
  • 34.
    Page 34 Splitters Splitters Splitter DistributionCabinets • Used with Passive Optical Network (PON) systems • Used to split one fiber into multiple fibers – Decreases power – Splits bandwidth • Split ratios are factors of 2 – 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 1x32 • Different deployment methods – Centralized splits – Distributed splits – Cascaded splits
  • 35.
    Page 35 MDU deployments •MDU installations are different than single-family home installations • Most MDU installations require tight bends and bend insensitive fibers • Manufacturers have developed fibers and distribution products specifically for MDU applications
  • 36.
    Page 36 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 37.
    Page 37 OSP CablePlacement Options • Aerial • Fast, minimal restoration time • Typical choice for overbuilding existing aerial plant • Below Grade • Required by regulations for most Greenfield installations • Aesthetically pleasing!
  • 38.
    Page 38 OSP CablePlacement Options Below Grade • Direct Buried • In conduit • In gas Lines • In sewers
  • 39.
    Page 39 OSP BuriedConsiderations • Existing neighborhood, or a new development? • Must call your local “One Call” to locate existing utilities. • Expose these utilities wherever you will be crossing them. • A vacuum excavator is normally used to expose utilities. This is called “soft” excavation. Source: FTTH Council
  • 40.
    Page 40 Overbuilding withBuried Plant Directional Drilling • Bores under driveways, streets, landscape, around existing utilities • Least restoration of ground of buried solutions • Ensures good aesthetics • Higher skilled operation than other methods • More expensive equipment • Typically surface launched • Pilot bore is followed by a pullback of the cable Source: FTTH Council
  • 41.
    Page 41 Overbuilding withBuried Plant Vibratory Plow • Lower cost option where no surface obstacles exist • Little damage to surface, normally just leaves a narrow slot • Typically requires minimal restoration to the ground after installation • Conduit/cable is installed behind the plow blade • Less operator expertise needed • Normally requires only one operator Source: FTTH Council
  • 42.
    Page 42 Greenfield withBuried Plant Open cut trenching • Often lowest cost method • Easiest to operate method, lower skilled operator • Requires the most restoration of the ground of the 3 methods • In new developments can lay cable/conduit in common utilities trench Source: FTTH Council
  • 43.
    Page 43 Splicing • Fusion –Most common type of splice – Fibers joined together and melted at approximately 1600 degrees C • Mechanical – Common overseas – Less common in US FTTH installations Splice sleeve to cover completed splice Illustration of electrodes used to form fusion splicing arc
  • 44.
    Page 44 Optical LossBudget Unmanaged Switch OLT Encoder & DVD Fiber Management Designers must ensure enough light can reach the home in both directions. Component Typical loss values @ 1550 nm Fiber 0.25-0.30 dB/km Splices 0.05 dB Connectors 0.25 dB Splitters (1x32) 17-18 dB
  • 45.
    Page 45 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 46.
    Page 46 PON DesignConsiderations CapEx/OpEx • Cost per Household • Cost per Subscriber • Cost to Connect Scalability • Ease of in-network additions • Ease of network extensions Build ability • Ability to construction within required timelines • Ability to construction without damaging customer relations 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% Hubbed Split $75 $81 $82 $88 $94 $95 $101 $101 $108 $114 $114 $121 $127 $127 $133 $134 $140 $146 $147 $153 Distributed Split $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 IncrementalCost Incremental Cost per HH Passed Relative to Take Rate
  • 47.
    Page 47 43% 17% 32% 8% Electronics: OLTand ONT generations Electronics: installation labor 4 generations Construction, Pathways, Design ODN: Optical Fiber, Cable, Splitters, Connections Approximate cost proportions  Fiber Materials are only ~8% of cost per home*  Fiber Materials must last decades and support multiple generations of electronics FTTH Installed cost per Home* Proper Selection and Design of the Fiber Materials (the 8%) can help lower the cost of the other 92% * 35% take rate, costs and proportions may vary from this typical example
  • 48.
    Page 48 Network DesignOptions Home Run or “Active Ethernet”/”Point to Point Design” Central Office OLT or switch SFU SFU SFU • Fibers from the OLT/switch all the way to the home • For PON, splitters placed in a central office • Minimizes OLT port usage Splitter for PON systems
  • 49.
    Page 49 PON DesignOptions Centralized Design Central Office OLT Splitter SFU SFU SFUF1 Fiber Cabinet • Splitters placed in a cabinet or hub • Reduces OLT port usage • Requires investment in cabinet
  • 50.
    Page 50 PON DesignOptions Distributed Design Central Office OLT Splitter SFU SFU F1 Fiber F1 Fiber Splice Case Splitter SFU SFU Splice Case F1 Fiber • Splitters placed in splice cases • Minimizes fiber sizes and splicing • Requires dedicated OLT ports
  • 51.
    Page 51 PON DesignOptions Cascaded Design Central Office OLT Splitter F1 Fiber F1.5 Fiber Splice Case or Cabinet Splitter SFU SFU Splice Case or Cabinet • Multiple splits between OLT and ONT • Balance between fiber and OLT port usage • Increased loss
  • 52.
    Page 52 PON DesignExamples Typical Layout – Centralized Split 250 HHs Splitter Cabinet Roadway Roadway 288 Fiber F2,1-280 Dead,281-288 Feeder Fiber Households Drop Pedestals Drop Pedestal Serving Area 288 Fiber F2,1-288 288 Fiber F2,1-272 Dead,273-288 288 Fiber F2,1-264 Dead,265-288 288 Fiber F2,1-256 Dead,257-288
  • 53.
    Page 53 PON DesignExamples Typical Layout – Distributed Split 250 HHs Feeder Pick-up Point Roadway Roadway 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-12 F2,1-16 Dead,29-36 Feeder Fiber 1x32 Splitter & Drop Pedestal IN: F1,12 OUT: F2,1-32 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-11 Dead,12-24 F2,25-32 Dead,33-36 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-12 F2,1-8 Dead,21-36 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-12 Dead,13-36 36 Fiber F1,1-3 (spare) F1,4-11 Dead,12-36 Households Drop Pedestal Serving Area Drop Pedestals Splitter Serving Area
  • 54.
    Page 54 PON DesignConsiderations 1. OLT Cost per Port – As the cost per port drops, designs that require a higher utilization of ports but less fiber and splicing become more cost effective 2. Take Rates – As take rates increase, the impact of dedicating OLT ports to a greater number of splitters is reduced 3. Assessing Cost Impacts – When conducting a cost analysis to determine the impact of different design approaches, it is helpful to focus only on cost that vary between the designs • Eliminate costs that are common to the designs being assessed 4. Cost Assessment Focus – Cost effectiveness can be measured in multiple ways: • Cost per household/living unit • Cost per subscriber
  • 55.
    Page 55 PON DesignConsiderations Example Cost Assessment 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% Hubbed Split $75 $81 $82 $88 $94 $95 $101 $101 $108 $114 $114 $121 $127 $127 $133 $134 $140 $146 $147 $153 Distributed Split $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $99 $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 IncrementalCost Incremental Cost per HH Passed Relative to Take Rate
  • 56.
    Page 56 PON DesignConsiderations Example Cost Assessment 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% Hubbed Split $1,502 $813 $545 $440 $377 $316 $288 $254 $239 $228 $208 $201 $195 $182 $178 $167 $165 $163 $155 $153 Distributed Split $1,980 $990 $660 $495 $396 $330 $283 $247 $220 $198 $180 $165 $152 $141 $132 $124 $116 $110 $104 $99 $0 $500 $1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 IncrementalCost Incremental Cost per Subscriber Relative to Take Rate
  • 57.
  • 58.
    Page 58 Fibre enteringin Building design Design of Under Drain Duct Connection Design of Through Drain Duct Connection Design of Premise’s Entering Duct Duct Route into Building Telecommunication Room on Ground Floor Manhole Connection to the Building
  • 59.
    Page 59 Fibre enteringin Building design Manhole Connection for Pole Type
  • 60.
    Page 60 INTERNAL INFRASTRUCTUREREQUIREMENTS FOR THE IN-BUILDING FIBRE CABLING The requirement for infrastructure inside the building such as Telecommunication Room, Floor Riser and Cable Trunking. The other general elements Telecommunication Room Arrangement
  • 61.
    Page 61 Floor Riserand Cable Trunking Riser : The riser in the MDU properties must be used as the cable route from the TR to each floor level. Trunking : The trunking is required for laying the cable inside the building and acts as the protection and cable guide. For the MDU, the trunking located inside the riser is referred as the Vertical Trunking while the trunking located from the Riser room at each floor to the Fibre Wall Socket (FWS) inside each individual unit of premise is referred as the Horizontal Trunking. The Vertical and Horizontal Trunking must be provided in all MDU properties. For the SDU, the trunking must be used to lay the cable between the FTB, located at the outside wall, and the FWS located inside the premise.
  • 62.
    Page 62 IN-BUILDING FIBRECABLING (SDU) Fibre Termination Box for MDU Fibre Termination Box for SDU Fibre Wall Socket (FWS) CABLING FOR SINGLE-DWELLING UNIT (SDU) Network Boundary for SDU (Pole Type) Network Boundary for SDU (Underground Type)
  • 63.
    Page 63 Cabling andNetwork Boundary for SDU – Shop Lots The sample cabling for shop lot is shown FTB that serves one area must be mounted on the wall in the staircase area. The FTB acts as network boundary between the Premise Owner and Network Facility Provider cabling as marked as “Network Boundary (3) FTB will act as connection point between Network Facility Provider and each shop unit. IN-BUILDING FIBRE CABLING (SDU)
  • 64.
    Page 64 Customer PremiseEquipment CPE Optical Network Unit Telecommunication Outlet Cabling Telecommunication Outlet Cabling is referring to the cabling between CPE and other in premise Telecommunication Outlet (TO). The numbers of cable required depend on the number of Telecommunication Outlet in the premises. The cable type for telecommunication outlet cabling depends on the CPE output interface type. However, it is strongly recommended that UTP cable (CAT 5, CAT 5e or CAT 6) for the telecommunication outlet cabling. Telecommunication Outlet Cabling
  • 65.
    Page 65 CABLING FORMULTI-DWELLING UNIT (MDU) Cabling for MDU consists of four elements as below: a. Campus backbone cabling; b. Building backbone vertical cable; c. Building horizontal cable; and d. Telecommunication outlet cabling. Indoor Fibre Cabling for MDU Specification of MDU’s Internal Fibre
  • 66.
    Page 66 MDU DesignApproaches 1. MDU ONT – ONT placed at existing demarcation point – Utilize existing wiring (coax, cat 3/5) to the living units 2. Single Family ONT – Drop placed to each living unit – ONT mounted within the living unit 3. Desktop ONT – Drop placed within living units (along molding, etc.)
  • 67.
    Page 67 MDU DesignPros and Cons 1. MDU ONT – Avoids challenges and costs associated with retrofitting buildings – Dependent on type and condition of existing wiring 2. Single Family ONT – Eliminates usage of existing wiring (possibly substandard) – Cost and labor intensive 3. Desktop ONT – Minimal space requirements – Typically requires drop to be routed through the living units (aesthetics)
  • 68.
    Page 68 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • Machines & Tool • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 69.
    Page 69 Aerial CableConstruction Tool ADSS Aerial Materials & Fittings Aerial Materials & Fittings
  • 70.
    Page 70 Fibre ConstructionMachines UG Slitting Construction
  • 71.
    Page 71 Spicing Machines& Other Tools Direct Buried Microduct Laying Fusion splice machines Mechanical splicers
  • 72.
    Page 72 Machines &Tool • JCB excavator for Trenching • HDD Machine Vermeer ,DitchWitch USA • Cable Blowing Machine CBS UK • Spicing Machine Furukawa, Sumitomo, • OTDR Machine - Furukawa, Sumitomo, • Light ( Laser ) Source Power Meter LSPM - • Cable Locator - 3M, Seektech,Metrotech • DBC Machine
  • 73.
    Page 73 Agenda • Driversfor FTTx • Why fiber • Fiber feeds everything • Flavors of FTTX • Nuts and bolts – the components • Installation techniques • Network design configurations • FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
  • 74.
    Page 74 Represents 70-80% of TotalRIL workforce Represents 20-30% of total RIL workforce FSO • Installation Supervision • Installation • Civil Works Supervision • Civil Works Detailed Site Design PMO / Competence Center / Local Delivery SP • Lease & Permit • Site Search • Fiber Detailed Site Design • Civil Works Supervision • Civil Works construction ASP • Investigation • Engineering • Installation Supervision • Installation • Installation Verification • Drive Test Rollout Delivery Setup Workmanship quality Integration Advanced Engineer NRO-TAC Certifier Product Configuration Sourcing Project Management MentorSolution Architect Network Engineer ASP/SP ManagementCommissioning Lease & Permit Drive Test Project Office Engineering, LOS & Investigation
  • 75.
    Page 75 Site /Path level Central, Region, Market, Account level Central, Region, Market, Account level Site / Path level Site / Path level Project deliverysetup Country sub-regions, Market, Account level Management level Engineering • Investigation • Site Engineering • CW Detailed Site Design Acquisition • Search • Lease • Permit Supervision • Civil Works • Installation Civil Works • Construction • Electrical • Painting Site n Civil Works • Cable laying • Pole mounting • Trenching Site 1 Installation • Antenna Installation • Equipment Installation • Installation Verification Site n Installation •Aerial Cable Installation •FDC Installation/Splicing • Installation Verification Site 1 Node Integration • Adoption • Test • Verification Product Configuration • Data Collection • Design • Verification Network Integration • PC & Int. Coordination • Test Leader ASP/SP Management • Site Acquisition Coordination • Civil Works Coordination • SE & Inst. Coordination • Site supervision Acceptance • ASP/SP acceptance • Customer acceptance Supporting Functions NRO-TAC • Mentor • Certifier • Workmanship Quality • Advanced Engineering Project Office • Administration • Contract • Control • Planning • Procurement • Quality • Logistics • Legal • Environmental • Health & Safety Network Design • N&TC Coordination Design • Network Design • Line Of Sight • Drive test • Network Optimization Management • Program Manager • Project Manager • N&TC Management • Site Acquisition Manager • Civil Works Manager • Implementation Manager
  • 76.
    Page 76 methods Service Provider- SP Subcontractor service purchased on fixed price were service and material is quality assured by SP. e.g. Civil Works, Site cleaning Authorized Service Provider - ASP Subcontractor service purchased on fixed price with certified personnel. e.g. RBS Installation, TRU extension Authorized Resource Provider - ARP Resource on consultancy base for temporary replacement of RIL personnel (core). e.g. Dispatcher, technician, CW coordinator Competence assurance of RIL personnel. e.g. Project Manager, Integrator, Competence Management Framework - CMF
  • 77.
    Page 77 • Singlepoint of contact in multi- vendor network roll-out projects • End-to-end service • Delivers to agreed business benefits and performance goals • Realize RIL business benefits through enabling capabilities in network roll-out projects Project Management RIL Project management Planning and design Build Integration Optimization Vendor Vendor A Program management Deployment Program Management Vendor B
  • 78.
    Page 78 LOW LEVELActivity overview Work Flow Activities for Service Package – Fiber Network FTTH New Build ERICSSON SUPPORTING FUNCTION NETWORK DESIGN SITE ACQUISITION CIVILWORKS& CABLEINSTALLATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT Work Package for defined deliverables Work Package for internal activities Site Supply & Logistics 1.6 Handover to Customer Network Design 1.5 Subcontractor Sourcing Site Survey Right of Way Network Acceptance Installation Indoor Preparation for Survey and Detailed Design Project Closure 1.8 Nominal Design Network Build 1.2 1.10.1 As-built Design Network Acceptance Material Delivery 1.10.2 Work Order Management set-up 1.6.2 1.5.4 QASIS – Quality Audit 1.5.3 Material Ordering Pre-sales Information Gathering 1.3 Detailed Design AP AP AIP AIP AIP AIP SCR SCR 1.9.11.6.1 AP AP 1.7.1 AP AP SCR Acceptance Preparation Reinstatement Fiber Splicing and Test 1.8.7 DuctingExcavationTrenching 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3 1.8.4 Pre-sales Network Design Resource Procurement 1.9 Site Aquisition AIP AIP Cable Installation Pre-sales Nominal Design Information Gathering 1.5.1 Project Assignment TG2 TG3 TG4 TG5 SCR 1.5.5 1.7 TG1 1.5.2 1.8.5 Project Planning 1.1 Project planning Project Establishment Subcontrator Planning SDP1 SDP2 SDP3 SDP4 AIP AIP AP AP 1.8.6 Acceptance Specification SCR SCR AIP AIP SCR SCR AP AP AIP AIP Acceptance Point Acceptance & Invoicing Point 1.1.1 1.10 Network Quality Assurance SCR Service Completion Report 1.1 Schedule 1. Chapter 1 in SoW of Service Package 1.4.1 Work Package 1.4.1 in SoW of Service Package Site Acquisition Subproject ‘Site Acquisition’ 1.5.6 1.1.2 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3.2 Project Operation AP AP Project Management 1.4 1.4.4 AIP AIP 1.3.1 AIP AIP SCR 1/221 12 – FGC 101 2051 Rev A
  • 79.
    Page 79 Project MANAGEMENT SampleProject Organization Site Project Management Design & Engineering Work team Splice Team Trench team Pulling Team Cabinet inst Team End-user inst Team Project Management Design & Engineering Civil Works & Installation Methods Quality Assurance Ordering & Logistics Project Control X connections “homes passed” xx subscribers connected All these projects run parallel Single geographic area Site Project Management Design & Engineering Work team Splice Team Trench Team Pulling Team Cabinet inst Team End-user inst Team appendix
  • 80.
  • 81.
    Page 81 Project Schedulefor 250K Home Pass
  • 82.
    Page 82 BASELINE/ ASSUMPTIONS/CALCULATIONS OLT Area Homes Pass Feeder (m) Distribution (m) Total Length (m) Feeder Breakdown Distribution Breakdown 3600 3000 UG 90% 50% 400 3000 Aerial 10% 50% 1 2000 4000 6000 Combined OLT Area Homes Pass Feeder(m) Distribution (m) Method Total Length Feeder(m) Breakdown Distribution (m) Breakdown 112.50 450,000 375,000 UG 375,000 90% 50% 12.50 50,000 375,000 Aerial ADSS 50,000 10% 50% Aerial Fig 8 375,000 125 250000 500,000 750,000 Combined 800,000 OLT Area Homes Pass No. of HP per Category No. of BOI (Assumed 48Units per BOI for MDU & 3 for SDU) S1 @ Access Chamber- JC ( 2:8 Splitter) FJC FDC FAT Demarcatio n Box (Assumed 6 BOI per Society) S2@FDC (1:8 Splitter) S2@FAT ( 1:8 Splitter) 125 250,000 100,000.00 2,083.33 3,906 3,906 347 12,500 347.22 347 12,500.00 150,000.0 150,000.0 18,750 18,750 BASELINE & ASSUMPTIONS CHART (1 OLT AREA) BASELINE & ASSUMPTIONS CHART (125 OLT AREAS) BASELINE FIGURES & CALCULATED ODN (125 OLT AREAS)
  • 83.
    Page 83 Quality assuranceframework Continuousfollow-up of delivery Two stages of Workmanship quality follow- up:  New ASP or product introd-uced with a 100% follow-up  Ongoing follow-up with 20% for high, 50% for low volume and 100% for delivery Regular Quality Review Board certificate is only valid if it is under RIL quality system Sourcing Proven track record of delivered quality work Contractual obligations:  Certified personnel  Latest manuals, instructions and quality alerts  Quality incentives for low QI  Minimum level of trained personnel  Tools and instruments  Limit subcontract layers Competition Quality Skills development of personnel Training & Certification  New products  Personnel turnover  New ASP companies Secure training capacity  Close cooperation with local training facilities  Own access to mentors and certifiers Not only product training, but also:  Set quality standards  Process knowledge  Access to latest information  Environment, Health & Safety Management of deployment Most vital parts of quality assurance Quality and process implementation will be guaranteed through good management Quality assurance through:  Project Web Pages  Project Office  Project Review  NE Tool
  • 84.
    Page 84 •Optimal designtailored to business strategies and quality requirements •Free up resources and reduce cost of in- house expertise •Technology and hardware agnostic design •Scalable and future proof network solutions •Easier maintenance due to accurate and precise As-Built documentation The valuebring Facilitate revenue growth Optimize CAPEX and OPEX Risk mitigation
  • 85.
    Page 85 Summary • Video,internet, and new applications are driving bandwidth increases that require fiber • Fiber is the best method for providing low cost, high bandwidth services – Lowest cost/bit – Lowest OPEX – More reliable than metallic technologies – Lower attenuation, weight • Fiber architectures include various versions of PON and Point to Point • Multiple ways of deploying FTTH – Different design options for outside plant can significant impact costs and network functionality