The document provides an overview of topics discussed in a seminar on summer training from BSNL, including:
1) An introduction to BSNL as India's largest telecommunications provider and its transition from DoT.
2) Overviews of telecommunication networks, broadband access technologies like DSL and cable, 3G communication, and optical fiber communication.
3) Details on broadband definitions and needs, technologies like DSL, cable, wireless, and applications.
4) Explanations of 3G benefits like increased bandwidth and multimedia support, and optical fiber components, propagation modes, advantages, and applications in telecom, networks, and more.
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
Last-mile technology is any telecommunications technology that carries signals from the broad telecommunication backbone along the relatively short distance (hence, the "last mile") to and from the home or business. Or to put it another way: the infrastructure at the neighborhood level.
In many communities, last-mile technology represents a major remaining challenge because the cost of providing high-speed, high-bandwidth services to individual subscribers in remote areas can be higher than the service provider would like. Laying wire and fiber optic cables is an expensive undertaking that can be environmentally demanding and require high maintenance. Experts hope that broadband wireless networks will eventually provide the solution and meet everyone's needs.(techtarget.com)
These slides present various communications and measurement technology applied for smart grid. Later of the class I will present the same at advance level.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction to BSNL
• Overview of telecommunication network
• Overview of broadband access technology
• 3-G communication
• Over view of optical fiber communication
• Summary
3. Introduction to BSNL
• BSNL is an Indian state-owned telecommunications
company.
• It was incorporated on 15 September 2000.
• It is India’s largest and oldest communication
service provider.
• Before 2000 ,it was known as Department of
telecommunication (DoT).
• BSNL is at 5th position as an operator with
Market share of 9%.
4.
5. Overview of telecommunication
Network
• The telephone is a telecommunication device that is
used to transmit and receive electronically or
digitally encoded speech between two or more
people.
• Telecommunication network carry information
signals among entities.
• The communication switching system enables the
universal connectivity
• The telecommunication links and switching are
mainly designed for voice communication.
• In telephone system the frequency it passes are
restricted to between 300 to3400Hz.
6. Switching system fundamentals
• Telecommunication switching system generally
perform three basic function.
• They transmit signals over the connection or over
separate channels to convey the identity of the called
address.
• They establish connection through a switching
network for conversational use during the call.
• They process the signal information to control and
supervise the establishment and disconnection of
the switching network connection.
7. • evolution of electronic switching system
Manual
Step by step
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Crossbar switch
SPC ,analog switching
SPC, digital switching
Broadband
Broadband (optical)
Year
9. Introduction
• A concept of broadband services and the means
of access technologies to bridge the customer
and service provider is emerged out through out
the world .
• Broadband refers to high speed internet access.
• The rapid growth of distributed business
application , e-commerce generate the demand
for bandwidth and access network.
10. Definition of Broadband
• Broadband is the nonspecific term for high speed
digital internet access. There are the various ways to
define the broadband.
• Term for evolving digital technologies that provide
customers a high speed data network connection.
• The federal communication commission defines
broadband as an advanced telecommunication
capability.
• Delivers service & facilities with an upstream and
downstream speed range varies from 128Kbps to
100Mbps.
11. Need of Broadband
• Professional activities
• Entertainment activities
• Consumer activities
12. Technology options for Broadband
services
• Communication of data throughput is feasible by
fallowing technologies:-
• Narrow band 2.4 kbps -128kbps
• Broadband 256kbps-8000kbps
• LAN 1000kbps-100Mbps
13. Broadband communication technology
can be divided in to following
• Wireline technology
• A) optical fiber technologies
• B) cable TV network
• Wireless technology
• A) 3G mobile
• B) Wi-Fi
• C) wimax
• D) satellite media
15. Introduction
• 3G is the next generation of wireless network
technology that provides high speed bandwidth
to handheld device.
• 3G wireless network support the following
maximum data transfer rates.
• 2.05Mbits/sec to stationary device.
• 384Kbits/sec for slow moving device.
• 128Kbits/sec for fast moving device.
16. Charecterstics
• Always on connectivity. 3G network use IP
connectivity.
• Multimedia service with streaming audio and
video.
• Instant messaging with audio and video clips.
• Fast download of large files.
17. Advantage of 3G
• More bandwidth.
• Security.
• Reliability.
• Fixed and variable data rates.
• Always online device.
• Rich multimedia.
18. Disadvantage
• Costly
• Content provisioning to make service popular.
• More high power requirement.
• Application
• Business application
• Multi media services
• Gaming industry
20. • An optical fibre ( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic
fibre that carries light along it’s length.
• It has two main component layers: Core &
Cladding.
• Light is kept in the “core” of optical fibre.
• Cladding is for the protection of fibre.
21. Optical Fibre Construction
• Core: Thin Glass Center of
the fibre where light travels.
• Cladding: Outer Optical
Material surrounding the
Core.
• Buffer Coating: Plastic
Coating that protects the
Fibre.
22. Material Used
• The “Core” , & the lower refractive index
“Cladding” , are typically made of high quality
silica glass, though they can be both made of
plastic as well.
23. Fiber Optic Layers.
• Consists of three concentric sections.
Plastic jacket
Glass or plastic
cladding Fibre core
24. Mode Of Propagation
Two main categories that are used in Fibre
Optic Communications are:
• Single mode Optical Fibre
• Multi- Mode Optical Fibre
25. Single Mode Fibres
• Single-mode fibers – used to transmit one signal per
fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have
small cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit
infra-red light from laser.
26. Multi-mode Fibres
• Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many
signals per fiber (used in computer networks).
They have larger cores(62.5 microns in
diameter) and transmit infra-red light from
LED.
27. Fibre Optic Cable
• Single-mode Fibre:
Carries light pulses
along single path.
• Multi-mode Fibre:
Many pulses of light
Generated by LED
At different angles.
28. Fiber Optic Communication
• It is a method of transmitting information from
one place to another by sending light through an
optical fiber.
• The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information.
30. Advantages of Optical fibre
• Thinner than other tubes.
• Less expensive
• High Carrying Capacity.
• Provides a very large Bandwidth
• Less signal distortion
• Non- flammable
• Light Weight
31. Fibre Optic Disadvantages
• Expensive over short distance.
• Very high Installation charges
& demands high skills.
• Adding additional nodes is
difficult.
32. Areas Of Application
• Telecommunication
• Local Area Networks
• Cable TV
• CCTV
• Optical Fibre Sensors
33. Summary
• So we can say that our daily routine is dependent
on the communication technique like that 3G,
Broad band & optical fibre etc.
