This document provides an overview of a workshop on broadband telecom networks. The objectives are to learn about reusing existing access networks for broadband services, digital subscriber lines (DSL), and upcoming broadband systems. Topics include the background of telecom networks, requirements for new access technologies, broadband technologies like DSL, and DSL architecture. DSL uses existing phone lines to provide broadband internet and other services at speeds greater than dial-up. It allows reuse of existing infrastructure at lower cost than alternatives.
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
NGN is a packet-based network able to provide Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of the underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to competing service providers and services of their choice. It supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.
In the age of Cellular Mobile technology telecom industries are growing very fast due to its demand, every year large number of users are using the mobile Phones this forces companies to provide the coverage to there customers in a very discipline manner ,In order to provide the coverage companies have competition to install new cell site, now a days we can see new cell sites around us ,you can see large number of towers are installed on the building, due to this a net of towers are created around us , these tower are highly radiative which are radiating the EMF(Electromagnetic Magnetic Field wave), At some range it is harmful for the human body .In this competitions companies are neglecting the rules and regulation of the TRAI(Telecom Regularity Authority of India ),which causes harmful effect to the human being .TRAI have some set of rules on basis of which companies have to installed the tower, and the transmission from the tower should have a specifics range of EIRP(Effective Isotropic Radiated Power).Government is responsible to check the EIRP ,for this government asked companies to provide the report to the TRAI .The survey perform by the companies to provide this report to the TRAI is called EMF Survey (Electromagnetic Field Survey).EMF Survey is perform to check the value of EIRP across the BSS.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
NGN is a packet-based network able to provide Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of the underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to competing service providers and services of their choice. It supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.
In the age of Cellular Mobile technology telecom industries are growing very fast due to its demand, every year large number of users are using the mobile Phones this forces companies to provide the coverage to there customers in a very discipline manner ,In order to provide the coverage companies have competition to install new cell site, now a days we can see new cell sites around us ,you can see large number of towers are installed on the building, due to this a net of towers are created around us , these tower are highly radiative which are radiating the EMF(Electromagnetic Magnetic Field wave), At some range it is harmful for the human body .In this competitions companies are neglecting the rules and regulation of the TRAI(Telecom Regularity Authority of India ),which causes harmful effect to the human being .TRAI have some set of rules on basis of which companies have to installed the tower, and the transmission from the tower should have a specifics range of EIRP(Effective Isotropic Radiated Power).Government is responsible to check the EIRP ,for this government asked companies to provide the report to the TRAI .The survey perform by the companies to provide this report to the TRAI is called EMF Survey (Electromagnetic Field Survey).EMF Survey is perform to check the value of EIRP across the BSS.
LinkedIn: How the Next Generation of Networking Can Work for You - Dean Delis...Social Jack
Digital Professional Institute and Vitamin T are excited to welcome Linkedin Expert, Dean R. DeLisle for an evening workshop on how to boost your Linkedin profile to help gain a competitive edge in your industry. Join Dean as he covers tips and best practicies for making the most out of Linkedin and finding your next business connection.
Topics Include:
- Gaining an in-depth understanding of Linkedin, how and why its members use it, and how to leverage it for yourself
- Learning best practices when building a personal profile page
- Utilizing Linkedin networking and communities to grow your network
About the Instructor:
For over 30 years, Dean has demonstrated his ability to accelerate companies, stimulate business development, and make operations more efficient. He harnesses the ever-evolving power of technology, paired with consulting, coaching, and training skills to implement sound business practices. Using the power of online social networks in addition to traditional media practices, he has helped numerous clients pack the room for events and establish their online and media presence. He has also helped clients with countless company, brand, product, and service launches. Dean uses every tool available when weaving aspects of every medium to achieve the end goal and accelerate his clients’ business growth.
At Forward Progress, Dean leads his core team to provide integrated marketing solutions using a proven coaching and consulting methodology, which drives business growth. Committed to deliver both “Lowest Cost per Lead” and “Converting Leads to Sales,” Forward Progress has helped over 2,000 corporate clients assess and improve their online marketing and social networking results, and has trained over 85,000 professionals in over 35 countries with their Social Network Acceleration Programs. Most recently, Dean’s LinkedIn Business Development Course is being taught as part of an 8 week curriculum in the graduate program at UIC’s Liautaud School of Business on Using the Power of Social Networks to Take Control of Your Career.
-------
About Digital Professional Institute:
The Digital Professional Institute helps creators, builders, hackers, tinkerers, techies, marketers and entrepreneurs turn their passions into their life's work. We offer part-time and full-time 10-week courses in Digital Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Web & Mobile App Programming and Digital Media at our downtown Chicago campus, online, and on-site at corporate clients. Our instructors ensure that our real-world, on-the-job learning content and case studies are backed by the academic rigor of higher education, so that you can leave our classes ready to make an impact on your organization.
About Vitamin T:
Vitamin T connects amazing digital creative talent with awesome mid-sized companies and ad agencies. In a nutshell, Vitamin T provides carefully screened freelance designers, developers and copywriters on a freelance and Talent Bridge basis.
THIS PPT CONSISTS OF DSL AND ADSL.I THINK THIS PPT IS USEFUL WHO NEEDS PPT ON DSL AND ADSL ESPECIALLY FOR KITSW STUDENTS BECAUSE OF ONE IMPORTANT ELEMENT PRESENT IN THESE SLIDES.GUYS CHEECK IT OUT
This presentation is an introduction to artificial intelligence: expert systems components. Topics covered are the following: defining artificial intelligence; expert systems key terms; expert systems requirements; expert systems components; and selecting appropriate problems for expert systems.
What is “Last Mile Access”
It is the final leg of delivering connectivity from a communications provider to a customer. Usually referred to by the telecommunications and cable television industries. It is typically scene as an expensive challenge because “fanning out” wires and cables is a considerable physical undertaking.” (from Wikipedia)
Last-mile technology is any telecommunications technology that carries signals from the broad telecommunication backbone along the relatively short distance (hence, the "last mile") to and from the home or business. Or to put it another way: the infrastructure at the neighborhood level.
In many communities, last-mile technology represents a major remaining challenge because the cost of providing high-speed, high-bandwidth services to individual subscribers in remote areas can be higher than the service provider would like. Laying wire and fiber optic cables is an expensive undertaking that can be environmentally demanding and require high maintenance. Experts hope that broadband wireless networks will eventually provide the solution and meet everyone's needs.(techtarget.com)
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line is a technical term that is used in many ways to describe a fixed fee of hybrid technical services packaged and delivered via your ISP, telecommunications provider for both commercial businesses and residential homes.
These slides cover a topic on ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
2. Objectives of Workshop
• After this session, you will learn:
– How to reuse the existing Access Networks for Broadband
Services ?
– One practical Broad Band Access System DSL
– About Upcoming Broadband Systems e.g NGN.
– Connectivity of IP Network for DSL
and other Broadband Services (Access & Core)
– Configuration of IP Network for DSL
• and other Broadband Services
2
3. About this Session
• Background Of Telecommunication Networks ?
• Requirements of new Access Technology ?
• Broadband Technologies
• Digital Subscriber Lines-DSL
• DSL-What ?
• DSL-When ?
• DSL-Why ?
• DSL-Flavors
• DSL Architecture
3
5. Building Blocks of Telecommunication Network Model
• Three Basic layers of Telecommunication Network
Model are:
1. Access Layer
2. Switching and Services Layer (Core Layer)
3. Transport Layer
5
6. Building Blocks of Telecommunication Network Model
Contd…
…
1. Access Layer
Represents the network that links the customers to the Switch and
Services Layer.
2. Switching and Services Layer (Core)
Consists of all the Switching Nodes (Local Exchange ,Transit
Exchange etc.)
1. Transport Layer
Represents the links among the nodes and provides the medium and
systems to carry the information from one node to the other.
6
8. What is an Access Network (AN) ?
The access network refers to the part of the
network, connecting the subscriber to the
telecommunication service providing point /
exchange.
It is the last link /last Mile in a network between
the customer premises and the first point of
connection to the Network infrastructure
8
10. Requirements of new Access Technology
• Changes in Trends
– Technological Evolution
• Demand for High Speed Access
– Broad Band Services
– Increase in Internet Usage
– Increase in demand of bandwidth
10
11. What is broadband ?
• Broader, wider – more bandwidth
• More bandwidth than narrow band dial up (56 kbps)
• Greater than 128 kbps
• Definitions vary from country to country
• Higher bandwidths of 256, 512, 1024 kbps and above
• Always on
• Uses various mediums:
– Copper
– Coaxial
– Wireless (Microwave ,Satellite etc.)
– Optical Fiber
13. Why Broadband ?
• In a Telecommunication Network , last mile or first
mile is most important. It creats bottleneck
• Development of bandwidth hungry applications
• Convergence of Voice, data and video at one
delivery mechanism
• Need for Speed
15. Narrow band Services & Broad band Services
• Narrow band Services
– Voice
– Limited Data
• Broadband Services
– Band width Hungry
– Multimedia Services ……..Voice + Video + Data
15
19. Broadband access technologies
• Optical Access Network
– FTTH: Fiber To The Home
– FTTC: Fiber To The Curb
– Passive Optical Networks
– HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coaxial)
• xDSL
– HDSL (High rate digital subscriber line)
– SDSL (Symmetric digital subscriber line)
– ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)
– VDSL (Very high bit rate DSL)
– IDSL (ISDN DSL)
– UDSL (Ultrahigh bit rate DSL)
19
20. Broadband access technologies
• Wireless broadband access
– Wireless LAN
– WLL (Wireless Local Loop
– Microwave Radio Access (WiMax)
– GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
– EDGE ( Enhanced Data GSM or Global Evolution )
– CDMA
– EVDO
• And many many more........
20
22. Requirement of new Access Technology
• Limitations of Conventional Telecomm. Network
(PSTN,ISDN) in terms of Broadband services
– Bandwidth Limitation
• Analog Modem Connections are limited to 56K.
• Basic Rate ISDN limited to 144 Kbps
– Switch Congestion
• Voice calls are usually short (say 5 min)
• Data calls are usually long (may be 120 mins.)
• Flat Charge /Low Charging by ISPs intends users for long
internet usage.
22
23. Requirement of new Access Technology
• Applicable to Existing Network
– xDSL
– Digital Cross Connect (DXX)
– ISDN
• Requiring new Installations
– Optical Fiber
– Wireless Local Loop
– CATV
23
25. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL)
• Digital Subscriber Line is an Access technology
that enables broadband data over twisted copper
pairs, opening the most crucial bottleneck in the
today’s data stream.
25
27. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL) What ?
• DSL uses existing telephone lines
– Millions of telephone lines around the world.
– DSL can provide data and voice over the same phone line
– Users don’t need a second line.
– DSL provides service providers with the capability to
leverage the existing infrastructure
• DSL makes economic sense
– Reuse of existing telephone Outside Plants and reduces
the deployment costs and risks
– Deployed incrementally without large capital investment.
27
28. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL) What ?
• DSL has many flavors
– xDSL is a generic abbreviation for the many flavours of
DSL or DSL Technology.
• DSL enables more bandwidth
– DSL refers to the technology used between a customer’s
premises and the telephone company, enabling more
bandwidth over the already installed copper cabling than
user have traditionally had.
– One may be able to receive data at rates up to 6.1 Mbps
(millions of bits) per second (of a theoretical 8.448
megabits per second),
28
29. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL) What ?
• Provides a variety of services
– Internet Access
– Telecommuting (The practice of using telecommunication
technologies to work a site away from office )
– Distant learning
– On-line gaming
– Remote LAN Access
– Videoconferencing etc
– Continuous transmission of motion video, audio
29
30. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL) What ?
• DSL enables new applications
– Services requiring real-time, interactive
multimedia and broadcast-quality video.
– Such applications include
• Video conferencing
• Video-on-demand
• IP TV
• Many Many More………
30
31. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL) What ?
• Transmission speeds are not affected by
other users going on-line
– DSL is one customers dedicated line,
– Generally transmission speeds are not affected
• DSL is "always on"
– DSL is always connected - just like a standard telephone.
There is no time wasted in dialing up the service.
31
33. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL) What ?
Public Telephone
Network
DSL Access
Multiplexer
Central Office
Telephone Line
6Mbps Internet
Customer
Premises DSL
33
35. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL) Why ?
• DSL makes use of Huge Investment which has
already been done on Copper
• Eliminates the need for upgrades
– Unlike competing technologies, DSL eliminates the need
for extensive and expensive infrastructure upgrades
• DSL bridges gap between latest technologies and
copper
– DSL is the best Choice to bridge the gap between the
latest bandwidth hungry applications and the already
cheaply available copper cable ,
35
36. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL) When ?
• Saving of time is essential .
• High Data rates are required.
• Revenue Saving is desired .
• Unmet broadband demand is to be met.
• Growing Traffic needs are to be satisfied.
• Alternate to insufficient optical fiber deployment is
required.
36
37. How does DSL technology achieve
information rates in the millions of
bits per second over those same
copper loops?
37
38. The answer is simple
As most speech energy lay in the frequency
range below 3500 Hz. Thus, for faithful
reproduction of speech, only a narrow range of
frequencies (0-3500 Hz), needs to be
transmitted. The telephone networks are
designed to pass frequencies in the range 300 –
3400 Hz.DSL uses a much broader range of
frequencies than the voice channel . Thus
,eliminating the 3,400-Hz boundary and using all
bandwidth of underutilized copper .
38
39. x Digital Subscriber Lines (x DSL)
• xDSL modems take advantage of the spectrum
above the telephone audio channel.
– DSL increases data rates by greatly increasing the
frequency range of the communication signal (from about
10KHz to over 1.0MHz).
– To do this they require the installation of special
equipment at the central office and customer premise
39
40. Frequency Range of Copper Line
Frequency Range
300 Hz to 3.3 kHz - Analog Voice 4 kHz to 1.1 MHz - ADSL Data
40
43. Asymmetric DSL
• Why it is called Asymmetric DSL ?
– faster downstream rate vs. upstream rate.
• Applications
– Web-browsing, IP TV , Video on demand (VoD)
Asymmetric DSL and Derived Types
1 ADSL
2 Universal ADSL (UDSL), G.Lite or DSL Lite
3 Rate-Adaptive DSL (RADSL)
43
4 Very High Bit-rate DSL (VDSL)
44. Symmetric DSL
• Why it is called Symmetric DSL?
– Downstream & upstream rates are equal
• Applications
– Office type applications like Video conferencing
• Types
– High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
– Single-pair HDSL (SHDSL)
– ISDN DSL (ISDL)
44
45. Differences in different flavors /variants of DSL
Few key differences
1 Speed
How much data can be sent or received in a certain amount of
time ?(bit rate)
2 Line Coding
How the information is encoded and sent on the line ?
3 Number of Lines
What are the requirements in terms of twisted pairs ?
4 Reach
How many feet/meters the signal can reliably travel ?
45
47. Asymmetric DSL and Derived Types
• ADSL
• Universal ADSL (UDSL), G.Lite or DSL Lite
• Rate-Adaptive DSL (RADSL)
• Very High Bit-rate DSL (VDSL)
47
48. ADSL
• Why it is called ADSL ?
– ADSL is called "asymmetric" because most of its two-way
bandwidth is devoted to the downstream direction i.e sending data
to the user.
• Data Rate and Reach
– Only a small portion of bandwidth is available for upstream or
user-interaction messages. Using ADSL, up to 6.1 Mbps of data can
be sent downstream and up to 640 Kbps upstream
– The data rate of ADSL is highly dependent upon the distance from
Central Office (CO) to the Consumer Premises
– ADSL is designed to co exist with a regular phone line (phone
operates at frequencies up to 4 KHz). ADSL will extend out to
18,000 ft, but its ideal rates only operate out to 9,000 ft.
– Speeds and distances based on good pair
48
49. ADSL
• Advantages
– Well suited to residential application.
– Peacefully co-exists with current phone service.
• It has large downstream data capacity
– ADSL (like most flavors of xDSL) is always connected
• Disadvantages
– For Large business upstream data rates are often just
as important as downstream ,which would make ADSL a
poor choice
– Data rates also suffer dramatically as line length
increases.
49
51. ADSL (Operation)
• To create multiple channels ,ADSL Modem
divide the available bandwidth of a
telephone line by using Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM).
• By FDM , ADSL splits off a 4 kHz region
for basic telephone service at the lower end
of the band. One band is used for upstream
and one band for downstream is assigned.
51
53. Type of Asymmetric DSL- G.Lite
• DSL Lite, Splitter less ADSL or UADSL (Universal ADSL)
• A derivative of ADSL technology
• ITU-T Standard
• UADSL is Output of Universal ADSL Working Group (UAWG)
• Slower version
• provides a data rate of 1.544 Mbps downstream and from 128 Kbps
to 384 Kbps upstream.
• Simpler Hardware design
• Because of the lower bit rate, hardware design for G.Lite is easier
53
54. Types of Asymmetric DSL- G.Lite
• No Splitter Required
• Where wiring in the home is old or done poorly,the voice
and data signals can interfere with each other .In those
cases ,small Micro Filters are placed on each phone line
in the house.
• Higher noise levels can be tolerated, eliminating the
need for a POTS splitter.
• Cost effective solution as no splitter required
54
55. Types of Asymmetric DSL- G.Lite
• The 0 to 4 kilohertz (KHz) range is used for POTS
• The 20 KHz to 130 KHz range is used to transmit
data upstream
• The 140 KHz to 550 KHz range is used to transmit
data downstream
The (3) Divided Segments of G.Lite 55
58. Types of Asymmetric DSL- RADSL
• RADSL (Rate Adaptive DSL )
• By dynamically decreasing or increasing the bit-
rate ,rate adaptive technology uses the optimal
speed for the Line.
• Modem periodically assesses line quality and adjust
transmission rate
• Generally used to extend reach of systems to areas
that are far from the central office.
58
59. Types of Asymmetric DSL- RADSL
• Operates over single twisted-pair copper loop
• Downstream: 1 to 12 Mbps
• Upstream: 0.128 to 1 Mbps.
• In summary RADSL gives flexibility to adapt to
the changing conditions and adjust the speeds in
each direction to potentially maximize the
throughput on each line.
59
60. Types of Asymmetric DSL- VDSL
• VDSL (Very high bit rate DSL)
• Data rates: Up to 52 Mbps (13, 26, or up to 52 ) in
one direction and 2 Mbps in the other
• Meets businesses and residences with broadband
access requirements over a Fiber-To-The-Curb
(FTTC) network.
• Ultra High Speed data access such as Streaming
video possible. 60
63. Symmetric DSL
• Why it is called Symmetric DSL?
– Downstream & upstream rates are equal
• Applications
– office type applications like Video conferencing
• Types
– High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
– Single-pair HDSL (SHDSL)
– ISDN DSL (ISDL)
63
64. Type of Symmetric xDSL-HDSL
• HDSL (High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line)
– 1.544/2.048 Mbits bi-directional service
• Matured and cheaper type of DSL .
• Developed in late 1980’s as an alternative to T1/E1 standards .
• Initially T1/E1 lines were developed and deployed for high speed data
transmission.
– They are dedicated lines where there is always a connection between the
end user and the service provider.
– A leased T1 /E1 line has customarily been quite expensive. 64
66. Types of Symmetric xDSL-HDSL
• HDSL was designed to automatically compensate for line
conditions.
• HDSL uses Duplex transmission sending data bi-directionally
against T1/E1 which uses Simplex Transmission
• HDSL transceivers can transmit a 2.048 Mbps data signal
over two, 0.5mm, twisted wire pair loops at a distance of up
to 4.2 km without the need for repeaters
66
68. Types of Symmetric xDSL-HDSL
• HDSL is designed to run at the same bit rate as a
T1/E1 line (1.544/2.048 Mbps) and it uses the same
number of lines, but it can achieve this same bit
rate on less expensive lines over a greater distance.
• To do this, it sends a half rate signal (784/1040
kbps) on each line.
68
69. Types of Symmetric xDSL-HDSL
• Advantages
– Matured and proven technology.
– Very easy and economical to install.
– Having decent transfer rate in both directions at
1.544/2.048 Mbps (784/1040 kbps x 2).
• Dis-advantages
– Requires two twisted pairs of wires to operate
– High deployment cost for service providers.
– Slightly slower in speed than other forms of DSL,
69
71. Types of Symmetric DSL- SHDSL
• SHDSL (Single-pair HDSL)
• Single twisted pair of wires is used.
• This helps to drive the cost of a system down.
• Having transfer rate in both directions at
1.544/2.048 Mbps .
• SHDSL supports repeaters ,which further
increases the reach capability 71
72. Types of Symmetric DSL- SHDSL
• It can be used to provide variety of rates between
192 Kbps and 2.312Mbps and can extend 5.5 km @
256 Kbps.
• Ideally suited to SOHO market
72
73. Types of Symmetric DSL- IDSL
• IDSL (ISDN Digital Subscriber Line).
• IDSL provides DSL technology over existing ISDN lines.
•
• Even though the transfer rates for IDSL are about the
same as ISDN (144kbps v. 128kbps), and IDSL circuits can
only carry data (not voice), the major benefits of switching
to IDSL from ISDN are
– Always-on connections, as opposed to dial-up, thus eliminating call
setup delays;
– Transmission of data over the data network, rather than the PSTN.
73
78. DSL Central Office Components
• DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)
– Aggregates traffic from multiple DSL Modems
and combine it into higher speeds before sending
it to the Internet or data network.
– It is a mechanism at a phone Company’s central
location that links many DSL customers
(Connections) to a single high speed Data Line
– DSLAMs are generally flexible and able to
support multiple types of DSL in a central office
78
79. DSL Central Office Components
– DSL customer Terminates individual subscriber line and
integrates it into the telephone and data networks.
– Multiple DSLAMs are further connected to B-RAS
(Broad band Remote Access server) and hence to
Internet Cloud.
– Splitters and filters are also located at the telephone
company equipment.
– Modern DSLAMs support
• Multiple DSL transmission types
• ADSL, SDSL, etc
• Different protocol
79
• Different modulation techniques
81. DSL Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)
• Splitter / Filters
– Separates the low frequency voice signals from the high
frequency data signals.
– If we will not install the DSL splitter on our telephone
line, the phone line signals can interfere with DSL
modem. And we can face noise, low speed data or service
break down.
81
82. DSL Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)
– DSL Modem
– Couples DSL to PC or Ethernet Equipment
82
83. PSTN Internet
IP /ATM
DSLAM
Subscriber Premises
Local Loop
Splitter Less than 18,000 ft. --
Low
Frequencies Central Office
High
Frequencies
PC with DSL Modem
83
Network Topology DSL Connection With Splitter
86. Coding Techniques for xDSL
• Many approaches have developed as a means
of encoding data on to xDSL Circuits
• The Commonly used modulations are
– Discrete MultiTone Modulation (DMT)
– Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation (CAP)
– Quadrature with Phase Modulation (QAM)
86
87. Line Coding Techniques for ADSL
• Discrete MultiTone Modulation (DMT)
– Used in Industries
– DMT uses multiple narrowband Carriers ,
– DMT systems divide the frequency band into 256 sub
carriers with the standard 4.3125 kHz bandwidth.
– 32 of these channels are reserved for upstream data.
– All Carriers transmitting simultaneously in a parallel
transmission mode
– Each of these carriers carries a portion of the
information being transmitted
87
88. Line Coding Techniques for ADSL
• These carriers can be independently modulated
DMT Spectrum 88
89. Current Version of DSL
VDSL: Broadband To The Home
Reach over copper: 300m - 2Km
Data rates: Up to 52 Mbps
VDSL
Symmetric and Asymmetric
Copper
operation
VDSL
FTTB
Street Cabinet VDSL
Copper
VDSL
FTTC
Central Office Copper
.
VDSL
.
.
VDSL
90. PTCL Announcing Bandwidth (DSL) Data Rate Up to
50 Mbps
• PTCL Announcing Bandwidth (DSL) Data Rate Up to 50 Mbps
Using VDSL2 Bonding Technology
• PTCL has become the 1st operator in the world to use
VDSL2 Bonding technology to provide to its bandwidth
hungry DSL customers with Bandwidth up to 50 Mbps on its
existing Copper network.
• VDSL2 Bonding takes two copper based lines per subscriber
and aggregates them to almost double the bandwidth speed
available to the existing customers and also expands high
speed broadband access to areas that are underserved
today. Using VDSL2 Bonding technology, service providers
can extend the life of their existing copper infrastructure
supporting the delivery of bandwidth intensive services90
such as Triple play service, data and IPTV.
93. What is Next Generation Networks (NGN ) ?
− NGN is based on standard protocols and packet switching network
− In broad sense
− NGN refers to integrated network that adopts new technologies
extensively, focuses on IP, and provides voice, data, and multimedia
service at the same time.
− In narrow sense
− NGN refers to the Open , Integrated and Distributed network that
employs soft switch at the control layer
94. What is Next Generation Networks (NGN ) ?
Voice+ Data
+Video
Video
96. Limitations of Conventional Network
− Switches are aged .Legacy Switch is designed for Speech .
Data Traffic is increasing day by day. Networks are going to
be complex and need to be consolidated
And…
− I want to protect existing SDH transmission investment
− I want to keep current access layer architecture
What shall I do?
96
97. NGN is Ready Now
• NGN will fully replace the TDM network
owing :
– technical advances
– cost savings
– long term revenue generation
• The market and technology is mature for
the large scale deployment of NGN
97
99. NGN is Ready Now
Competitive NGN Standardization of More and more commercial
and more commercial
equipment price NGN protocols NGN applications
NGN applications
worldwide
worldwide
Maturity and Openness Settlement of More successful
of NGN services QoS/Security problems interoperability test
99
100. Comparison of Circuit switching in TDM Switch Model
and Packet switching in NGN Model
Intelligent Network (SCP)
SoftSwitch Expanded Services
CPU
Switching Array Signaling
IP Core Module
Signaling
Gateway
Trunk Module User
Access Module
Trunk Media Access Media
Gateways Gateway
101. Hybrid Networks
Gateways allow PCs
Public Switched Telephone
Network to also reach phones
Initially, PC to PC voice calls over
the Internet
PSTN
Gateway for Media &
Signaling
TMG
Multimedia PC
IP Network
Gateway for Media &
Signaling TMG
Multimedia PC
PSTN
…or phones to reach phones
102. Next Generation Networks NGN
(Architecture of NGN)
• Four Layers Model of NGN
1. Edge Access Layer
2.Core Switching Layer
3.Network Control Layer
4.Service Management Layer