Seminar report on paper battery

A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
SELF-RECHARGEABLE PAPER THIN FILM BATTERIES
PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATIONS
SESSION 2013-14
Submitted for the Partial fulfillment of the award for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
from
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
Guided by: Submitted by
Mr. MAYANK SHARMA MANISH KUMAR SHARMA
Lecturer, Deptt. Of ECE College No: 10EC041
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GOVT. ENGINEERING COLLEGE AJMER
(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Rajasthan)
Badliya Chouraha, N.H.-8 Bye Pass, Ajmer-305002
Ph. No. 0145-2671773, 776,800,801
Website: www.ecajmer.ac.in

I
GOVT. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
(An Autonomous Institute Of Government Of Rajasthan)
Academic Session 2013-2014
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. MANISH KUMAR SHARMA of final B.Tech.VIII semester,
Electronics & Communication Engineering has presented a Seminar on “PAPER BATTERY”
and submitted for the fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of technology of
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
Date:
(MAYANK SHARMA) (RAJESH KUMAR RAJ) (REKHA MEHRA)
Seminar Guide Seminar Co-ordinator Head of Deptt
Lecturer Assistant Professor Associate Professor
Deptt. Of ECE Deptt. Of ECE Deptt. Of ECE

II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to my Seminar Guide Mr. Mayank Sharma (Lecturer, Deptt. Of ECE) Govt.
Engineering College, Ajmer, for his valuable guidance, encouragement and co-operation
during the course of this seminar and its presentation.
I am also thankful to Seminar coordinator Mr. Rajesh Kumar Raj (Assistant Professor,
ECE) who went out of way to provided me every possible facility and support in presenting
seminar smoothly and successfully. It was his able guidance and support, which resulted in
the successful presentation of seminar within the specified time. Their unflinching help and
encouragement was a constant source of inspiration to me.
I am very graceful to Mrs. Rekha Mehra (Head of Department, ECE) for giving
opportunity to me to present this seminar. He took personal interest in seminar so that I could
utilize my potential.
A seminar owes its success from commencement to completion, to people involved with
seminar at various stages. I avail this opportunity to convey my sincere thanks to all the
individuals who have helped and assisted me in carrying and bringing out this seminar
Last but not the least, the co-operation and help received from teachers and friends Dept. of
ECE, is gratefully acknowledged.
MANISH KUMAR SHARMA
(B.Tech. Final Year ECE)

III
CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II
CONTENTS III
LIST OF FIGURE IV
LIST OF TABLE VI
ABSTRACT 1
1 INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY 2
1.1
1.2
INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
2
4
2 MANUFACTURING OF PAPER BATTERY 8
2.1
2.2
MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANO TUBES
DEVELOPMENT
8
9
3 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 13
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 13
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15
4.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 15
5 APPLICATION AND USE OF PAPER BATTERY
5.1 IN COSMETICS
5.2 USE OF PAPER BATTERY
5.3 DURABILITY
CONCLUSION
22
22
24
25
26
BIBLIOGRAPHY 27
APPENDIX-A:- IEEE RESEARCH PAPER 29

IV
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
1.1.1 FIGURE 1 ORDINARY BATTERY 2
1.1.2 FIGURE 2 CONVENTIONAL BATTERY 3
1.2.1 FIGURE 3 CARBON NANO TUBES 4
1.2.2 FIGURE 4 PAPER BATTERY 5
1.2.3 FIGURE 5 ANOTHER PAPER BATTERY 6
2.1 FIGURE 6 PAPER BATTERY 8
2.2 FIGURE 7 DEVELOPMENT OF PAPER
BATTERY
11
3.1 FIGURE 8 DEPENDENCE OF TEMPERATURE
ON DISCHARGE CAPACITY
13
3.2 FIGURE 9 TYPICAL SERIES CONNECTION
METHOD
14
4.1 FIGURE 10 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE PAPER
BATTERY WITH A SKETCH OF
THE CROSS SECTION
16
4.2 FIGURE 11 SEM IMAGE OF THE PAPER
SURFACE
17
4.3 FIGURE 12 SEM IMAGE OF THE ANODE(AI)
SURFACE
18
4.4 FIGURE 13 CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF
THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
DENSITY OF THE PAPER BATTERY
AS IT IS UNDER GRADUAL
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
19

V
5.1.1 FIGURE 14 ANTI-AGING AND WRINKLES 22
5.1.2 FIGURE 15 LG PATCH (FOR WHITENING) 23
5.1.3 FIGURE 16 IONTOPHORESIS MECHANISM 23
5.1.4 FIGURE 17 ESTEE LAUDER (FOR WRINKLES) 24

VI
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.
4.1 TABLE 1 INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRODES
THICKNESS IN THE ELECTRICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVICES
20

1
ABSTRACT
This paper reports on the use of cellulose paper simultaneously as electrolyte,
separation of electrodes, and physical support of a rechargeable battery. The
deposition on both faces of a paper sheet of metal or metal oxides thin layers
with different electrochemical potentials, respectively as anode and cathode,
such as Cu and Al, lead to an output voltage of 0.70 V and a current density
that varies between 150 nA/cm and 0.5 mA/cm, subject to the paper
composition, thickness and the degree of OH_ species adsorbed in the paper
matrix. The electrical output of the paper battery is independent of the
electrodes thickness but strongly depends on the atmospheric relative
humidity (RH), with a current density enhancement by more than 3 orders of
magnitude when RH changes from 60% to 85%. Besides flexibility, low cost,
low material consumption, environmental friendly, the power output of paper
batteries can be adapted to the desired voltage–current needed, by proper
integration. A 3-V prototype was fabricated to control the ON/OFF state of a
paper transistor.

2
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY
Ordinary paper could one day be used as a lightweight battery to power the
devices that are now enabling the printed word to be eclipsed by e-mail, e-
books an online news. Scientists at Stanford University in California reported
on Monday they have successfully turned paper coated with ink made of
silver and carbon nano materials into a "paper battery" that holds promise for
new types of lightweight, high-performance energy storage.
The same feature that helps ink adhere to paper allows it to hold onto the
single-walled carbon nanotubes and silver nano wire films. Earlier research
found that silicon nano wires could be used to make batteries 10 times as
powerful as lithium-ion batteries now used to power devices such as laptop
computers.
Figure 1.1.1 Ordinary battery

3
"Taking advantage of the mature paper technology, low cost, light and high-
performance energy-storage are realized by using conductive paper as current
collectors and electrodes," the scientists said in research published in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
This type of battery could be useful in powering electric or hybrid vehicles,
would make electronics lighter weight and longer lasting, and might even
lead someday to paper electronics, the scientists said. Battery weight and life
have been an obstacle to commercial viability of electric-powered cars and
trucks."Society really needs a low-cost, high-performance energy storage
device, such as batteries and simple super capacitors," Stanford assistant
professor of materials science and engineering and paper co-author Yi Cui
said.
Cui said in an e-mail that in addition to being useful for portable electronics
and wearable electronics, "Our paper supercapacitors can be used for all
kinds of applications that require instant high power.”
Figure 1.1.2 Conventional battery

4
"Since our paper batteries and super capacitors can be very low cost, they are
also good for grid-connected energy storage," he said.
Peidong Yang, professor of chemistry at the University of California
Berkeley, said the technology could be commercialized within a short time.
1.2 INTRODUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device
formed by combining carbon nanotube with a conventional sheet of
cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and
super capacitor , combining two components that are separate in traditional
electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term,
steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper
batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics,
medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and
medical technologies.
Figure 1.2.1 carbon nanotubes

5
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different
applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in half
halves its energy production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early
prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volt s of electricity from a
sample the size of a postage stamp.
Figure 1.2.2 paper battery
The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned
carbon nanotubes that are each approximately one millionth of a centimeter
thick. The carbon is what gives the batteries their black color. These tiny
filaments act like the electrode s found in a traditional battery, conducting
electricity when the paper comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution.
Ionic liquids contain no water, which means that there is nothing to freeze or
evaporate in extreme environmental conditions. As a result, paper batteries
can function between -75 and 150 degrees Celsius.
One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nanotubes on a

6
silicon substrate and then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose.
Once the matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the substrate,
exposing one end of the carbon nanotubes to act as an electrode .
Figure 1.2.3 paper battery
When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a
super capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic
liquid. This liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions
like human blood, sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and
lack of toxic chemicals in paper batteries makes the device both
biocompatible and environmentally friendly, especially when compared to
the traditional lithium ion battery used in many present-day electronic
devices and laptops.
Widespread commercial deployment of paper batteries will rely on the
development of more inexpensive manufacturing techniques for carbon
nanotubes. As a result of the potentially transformative applications in
electronics, aerospace, hybrid vehicles and medical science, however,
numerous companies and organizations are pursuing the development of

7
paper batteries. In addition to the developments announced in 2007 at RPI
and MIT, researchers in Singapore announced that they had developed a
paper battery powered by ionic solutions in 2005. NEC has also invested in R
& D into paper batteries for potential applications in its electronic devices.
Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number of
devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags, cosmetics,
drug-delivery systems and pacemakers.
A capacitor introduced into an organism could be implanted fully dry and
then be gradually exposed to bodily fluids over time to generate voltage.
Paper batteries are also biodegradable, a need only partially addressed by
current e-cycling and other electronics disposal methods increasingly
advocated for by the green computing movement.

8
CHAPTER – 2
MANUFACTURING OF PAPER BATTERY
2.1 MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES
One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nano tubes on a
silicon substrate and then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose.
Once the matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the substrate,
exposing one end of the carbon nano tubes to act as an electrode .
Figure 2.1 paper battery
When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a
super capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic
liquid. This liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions
like human blood, sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and
lack of toxic chemicals in paper batteries makes the device both
biocompatible and environmentally friendly, especially when compared to

9
the traditional lithium ion battery used in many present-day electronic
devices and laptops.
Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number of
devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags, cosmetics,
drug-delivery systems and pacemakers. A capacitor introduced into an
organism could be implanted fully dry and then be gradually exposed to
bodily fluids over time to generate voltage. Paper batteries are also
biodegradable, a need only partially addressed by current e-cycling and other
electronics disposal methods increasingly advocated for by the green
computing movement.
2.2 DEVELOPMENT
The creation of this unique nano composite paper drew from a diverse pool
of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage, and
chemistry. The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the
battery’s electrolyte. The use of ionic liquid, which contains no water, means
there’s nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. “This lack of water
allows the paper energy storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures,”
Kumar said. It gives the battery the ability to function in temperatures up to
300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero. The use of ionic liquid
also makes the battery extremely biocompatible; the team printed paper
batteries without adding any electrolytes, and demonstrated that naturally
occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine can be used to
activate the battery device.

10
Cellulose-based paper is a natural abundant material, biodegradable, light,
and recyclable with a well-known consolidated manufacturing process. These
attributes turn paper a quite interesting material to produce very cheap
disposable electronic devices with the great advantage of being
environmental friendly. The recent (r) evolution of thin-film electronic
devices such as paper transistors [1], transparent thin-film transistors based
on semiconductor oxides [2], and paper memory [3], open the possibility to
produce low cost disposable electronics in large scale. Common to all these
advances is the use of cellulose fiber-based paper as an active material in
opposition to other ink-jet printed active-matrix display [4] and thin-film
transistors [5] reports where paper acts only as a passive element (substrate).
Batteries in which a paper matrix is incorporated with carbon nanotubes [6],
or biofluid - and water-activated batteries with a filter paper [7] have been
reported, but it is not known a work where the paper itself is the core of the
device performance.

11
Figure 2.2 development of paper battery
With the present work, we expect to contribute to the first step of an
incoming disruptive concept related to the production of self-sustained paper
electronic systems where the power supply is integrated in the electronic
circuits to fabricate fully self sustained disposable, flexible, low cost and low
electrical consumption systems such as tags, games or displays.
In achieving such goal we have fabricated batteries using commercial paper
as electrolyte and physical support of thin film electrodes. A thin film layer
of a metal or metal oxide is deposited in one side of a commercial paper sheet
while in the opposite face a metal or metal oxide with opposite

12
electrochemical potential is also deposited. The simplest structure produced
is Cu/paper/Al but other structures such as Al paper WO TCO were also
tested, leading to batteries with open circuit voltages varying between 0.50
and 1.10 V.
On the other hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the
relative humidity (RH), whose presence is important to recharge the battery.
The set of batteries characterized show stable performance after being tested
by more than 115 hours, under standard atmospheric conditions [room
temperature, RT (22 C) and 60% air humidity, RH]. In this work we also
present as a proof of concept a paper transistor in which the gate ON/OFF
state is controlled by a non-encapsulated 3 V integrated paper battery.

13
CHAPTER – 3
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The paper batteries produced have the Al/paper/Cu structure, where the metal
layers were produced by thermal evaporation at RT. The thicknesses of the
metal elect rodes varied between 100 and 500 nm. The electrical
characteristics of the batteries were obtained through I–V curves and also by
sweep voltammetry using scanning speed of 25 mV/s and the electrodes area
of 1 cm . A Keithley 617 Programmable Electrometer with a National
Instruments GPIB acquisition board were used to determine the I–V
characteristics.
Figure 3.1 Dependence of temperature on discharge capacity

14
The cyclic voltammetry was performed with a potenciostat Gamry
Instruments—Ref. 600 in a two-electrode configuration. The electrical
performances of the batteries were determined by monitoring the current of
the battery under variable RH conditions. The surface analysis of the paper
and paper batteries was performed by S-4100 Hitachi scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), with a 40 tilt angle. The electrical properties of the paper
transistor controlled by the paper battery were monitored with an Agilent
4155C semiconductor parameter analyzer and a Cascade M150 microprobe
station.
Figure 3.2 Typical series connection method

15
CHAPTER – 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Al/paper/Cu thin batteries studied involved the use of three different
classes of paper: commercial copy white paper (WP: 0.68 g/cm , 0.118 mm
thick); recycled paper (RP: 0.70 g/cm , 0.115 mm thick); tracing paper (TP:
0.58 g/cm , 0.065 mm thick). The TP is made of long pine fibers and
according to FRX (X-ray fluorescence) mainly Al2 O3 (24%), SiO2 (37%),
SO2 (15%), CaO (9%), and Na2 O (4%).
The role of the type of paper and electrodes thickness on the electrical
parameters of the battery, such as the Voc and Jsc are indicated in Table I,
for RH of 50%–60%, using metal electrodes with different thicknesses
(t1=100 nm; tot2=250 nm;t3=500 nm). Jsc for WP is ~ 40%–50% lower than
of TP, and RP is one order of magnitude lower than WP. Consequently, the
Voc is reduced by merely a ~ 0.1 V when moving from WP to RP only for
thickness (t1=100 nm) while it increases for t2 and t3.

16
Figure 4.1 Photograph of the paper batteries with a sketch of the cross section
The thickness of the metal layer does not play a remarkable role on electrical
characteristics of the batteries. The results show that it is enough to guarantee
the step coverage of the randomly dispersed fibers by metal or metal–oxide
thin films to allow the carriers to find a continuous pathway without the
inhibition of water vapor absorption by the paper fibers. Considering that the
tracing paper is less dense and thinner than white and recycled paper, the
difference on the current density observed can be related to ions
recombination either due to impurities inside the foam/mesh-like paper
structure or charge annihilation by vacant sites associated to the surface of
the paper fibers, existing in thicker papers.
Other possible explanation is that the adsorption of water vapor is favored in
less dense paper. Fig. 4.1 shows a photograph and a sketch of a paper battery
analysis it contains with an Al anode while the cathode is Cu, whose

17
difference in work functions influences the set of chemical reactions that take
place within the paper mesh structure.
The paper SEM image of Fig. 4.2 is the surface morphology of tracing paper
used. There, large (50 m). This mesh-like structure favors OHx absorption on
the surface of the fibers, in line with data depicted in Table 4.1, where the
batteries produced in WP show currents one order of magnitude lower than
the ones produced in TP.
figure 4.2 SEM image of the paper surface.

18
Figure 4.3 SEM image of the anode (Al) surface
For RP, two orders of magnitude difference in is observed. Voc is reduced by
0.1–0.2 V when moving from WP to RP as electrolyte. The paper battery
prototype used is non-encapsulated and so, its electrical performance is
influenced by the atmospheric constituents. This behavior was confirmed by
measuring the current of one cell in vacuum and under atmospheric pressure
[8]. The results demonstrated a reduction of one order of magnitude in Jsc
value after vacuum reaching 10 Pa. These results were reproducible after
performing several tests. We attributed this behavior to the incorporation of
OH radicals from adsorbed water and its contribution to the enhancement of

19
current through the typical reactions of 2H2 O O2+ 4H+ +4e- and/or4 OH-
 O2+2 H2 O+4e- and subsequent reactions with the paper fibers
constituents (cellulose and ions). This was confirmed by measuring the
current variation as RH changes.
The graph of Fig. 4.4 shows the short circuit-current density variation as RH
increases for TP. A variation of about three orders of magnitude is observed
when RH changes from 60% to 85%, and it is reversible, meaning that no
battery damage is verified. We conclude that this type of battery is a mixture
of a secondary battery and a fuel cell where the fuel is the water vapor and so
its application requires environment with RH>40 % or proper encapsulation
with controlled humidity via holes through which we can allow the battery to
breathe.
Figure 4.4 Continuous measurement of the short circuit current density of the paper
battery as it is under gradual relative humidity

20
Table 4.1 Influence of the electrodes thickness in the electrical characteristics of devices

21
This is the case in applications with typically high RH, as in the food
industry, where these batteries could be used to turn electronic tags auto-
sustained. From the data taken, each battery element is able to supply a
power from 75 nW/cm to 350 W/cm , depending on RH. The desired voltage
and power output can be achieved by integrating in series and in parallel the
battery elements produced.
In the present case, a prototype battery able to supply a 3 V was produced to
actuate the gate of a paper transistor working in the depletion mode. Fig. 4.4
shows a photograph of the prototype made of 10 cells (with only 8 cells
connected in series) and the graph of the drain current of the paper transistor
when the paper battery is connected to the gate ( 3 V) or disconnected (0 V).
The connection/disconnection were repeated during 400 s in intervals of 25 s
and the current was monitored continuously.
The results clearly show the sustainability of the paper battery in powering
the gate of the transistor and how the results are reproducible. The drain
current of the paper transistor at 0 V is 2 10 A and at 3V is 10 A, similar to
the values obtained when measuring the transfer characteristics of the same
devices with a semiconductor analyzer [1].

22
CHAPTER – 5
APPLICATION AND USES OF PAPER BATTERY
5.1 IN COSMETICS
Anti-aging and wrinkles
Dark spots / Discoloration
Skin lightening / Whitening
Firming and lifting
Moisturizing
Figure 5.1.1 Anti-aging and wrinkles

23
Figure 5.1.2 LG Ion Patch (For whitening)
Figure 5.1.3 Iontophoresis mechanism

24
Figure 5.1.4 estee lauder (for wrinkles)
5.2 USES OF PAPER BATTERY
The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the
nanotubes embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost,

25
making them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and
toys (such as model aircraft), while their ability to use electrolytes in blood
make them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers.
The medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not contain any
toxic materials and can be biodegradable; a major drawback of chemical cells
However, Professor Sperling cautions that commercial applications may be a
long way away, because nanotubes are still relatively expensive to fabricate.
Currently they are making devices a few inches in size.
In order to be commercially viable, they would like to be able to make them
newspaper size; a size which, taken all together would be powerful enough to
power a car.
5.3 DURABILITY
The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme flexibility; the
sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into numerous shapes with no loss
of integrity or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or a Voltaic pile), to
boost total output. As well, they can be made in a variety of sizes, from
postage stamp to broadsheet. “It’s essentially a regular piece of paper, but
it’s made in a very intelligent way,” said Linhardt, “We’re not putting pieces
together — it’s a single, integrated device,” he said. “The components are

26
CONCLUSION
In this paper we show the functionality of a non-encapsulated thin-film
battery using paper as electrolyte and also as physical support. Batteries able
to supply a Voc≈.70V and Jsc>100nA/cm2 at RH>60% were fabricated using
respectively as anode and cathode thin metal films of Al and Cu as thin as
100 nm. The battery is self rechargeable when exposed to relative humidity
above 40%, being Jsc highly influenced by RH>60%. In this case,Jsc varies
from 150 nA/cm2 to 0.8 mA/cm2 , as RH varies from 60% to 85%. This
constitutes the first step towards future fully integrated self sustained flexible,
cheap and disposable electronic devices, with great emphasis on the so-called
paper electronics.

27
BIBLOGRAPHY
[1] E. Fortunato, N. Correia, P. Barquinha, L. Pereira, G. Goncalves, and R.
Martins, “High-performance flexible hybrid field-effect transistors based on
cellulose fiber paper,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 988–
990, Sep. 2008.
[2] E. Fortunato, A. Goncalves, A. Pimentel, P. Barquinha, G. Goncalves, L.
Pereira, I. Ferreira, and R. Martins, “Zinc oxide, a multifunctional material:
From material to device applications,” Appl.Phys.—Materials Science &
Processing, vol. 96, pp. 197–206, Jul. 2009.
[3] R. Martins, P. Barquinha, L. Pereira, N. Correia, G. Gonçalves, I.
Ferreira, and E. Fortunato, “Write-erase and read paper memory transistor,”
Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 93, p. 203501, Nov. 2008.
[4] P. Andersson, D. Nilsson, P.-O. Svensson, M. Chen, A. Malmstrom, T.
Remonen, T. Kugler, and M. Berggren, “Active matrix displays based on all-
organic electrochemical smart pixels printed on paper,” Adv. Mater., vol. 14,
no. 20, pp. 1460–1464, Oct. 2002.
[5] J. Sun, Q.Wan, A. Lu, and J. Jiang, “Low-voltage electric-double-layer
paper transistors gated by microporous SiO processed at room temperature,”
Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 95, pp. 222108-1–222108-3, Nov. 2009.
[6] V. L. Pushparaj, M. M. Shaijumon, A. Kumar, S. Murugesan, L. Ci, R.
Vajtai, R. J. Linhardt, O. Nalamasu, and P. M. Ajayan, “Flexible energy
storage devices based on nanocomposite paper,” PNAS, vol. 104, no. 4, pp.
13574–13577, Aug. 2007.
[7] K. B. Lee, “Two-step activation of paper batteries for high power
generation: Design and fabrication of biofluid- and water-activated paper
batteries,” J. Micromech. Microeng., vol. 16, pp. 2312–2317, Sept. 2006.

28
[8] B. Bras, “Produção e Caracterização de Bateriais de Filme Fino em
Substrato de Papel,” M.Sc. Thesis, FCT-UNL, Lisbon, Portugal, Oct. 2009,
ed. FCT-UNL.

29
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