Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Motivation for a specialized MAC (Hidden and exposed terminals, Near and far terminals), SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Wireless LAN/(IEEE 802.11)
Mobile Network Layer: IP and Mobile IP Network Layers, Packet Delivery and Handover Management, Location Management, Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Route Optimization, DHCP
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
Motivation for a specialized MAC (Hidden and exposed terminals, Near and far terminals), SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Wireless LAN/(IEEE 802.11)
Mobile Network Layer: IP and Mobile IP Network Layers, Packet Delivery and Handover Management, Location Management, Registration, Tunneling and Encapsulation, Route Optimization, DHCP
Introduction: Mobile Communications, Mobile Computing – Paradigm, Promises/Novel Applications and Impediments and Architecture; Mobile and Handheld Devices, Limitations of Mobile and Handheld Devices.
GSM – Services, System Architecture, Radio Interfaces, Protocols, Localization, Calling, Handover, Security, New Data Services, GPRS, CSHSD, DECT.
IT6601 MOBILE COMPUTING UNITI
INTRODUCTION
Mobile Computing – Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking – Mobile Computing Applications – Characteristics of Mobile computing – Structure of Mobile Computing Application. MAC Protocols – Wireless MAC Issues – Fixed Assignment Schemes – Random Assignment Schemes – Reservation Based Schemes.
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.
Mobile Data Networks
1. Unit – V
Mobile Data Networks
Introduction
Data oriented CDPD Network
GPRS and higher data rates
Short messaging service in GSM
Mobile application protocol
Wireless ATM & HIPERLAN: Introduction
Wireless ATM
HIPERLAN
2. Introduction
• Mobile Data:
–Mobile data networks refer to those services,
technologies and standards over wide area
coverage spanning more than local area or
campus.
–Mobile data networks are classified into three
categories:
• Independent
• Shared
• Overlay
4. Independent Mobile Data
• Independent networks have their own spectrum
and infrastructure not shared with any other
service.
• First group uses independent spectrum in licensed
bands.
– Ex: ARDIS and Mobitex (first mobile data services that
were introduced).
– Not economically successful.
5. Independent Mobile Data
• Second group uses independent spectrum in
unlicensed bands.
– Shared among variety of applications and users.
– Ex: Metricom’s Ricochet service used 915 MHz
unlicensed ISM band.
– This service was deployed in airports and some
metropolitan areas for internet services.
6. Shared Mobile Data
• These networks share the spectrum and part of the
infrastructure with an already existing analog voice-
oriented service.
• In addition to dedicated channels, these services can also
use the available unused channels.
• Initial deployment could be made in areas where there is
subscriber demand.
• Ex: CDPD service which shares spectrum and part of
infrastructure with AMPS.
7. Overlay Mobile Data
• These networks not only makes use of the spectrum
allocated for another service but also the air-interface
and MAC frames of an existing voice-oriented digital
cellular network.
• Ex: GPRS and GSM’s SMS are examples of such overlays.
– They make use of free time slots available within the traffic
channels and signaling channels in GSM.
– Amount of infrastructure required is reduced to bare
minimum.
8. Data-Oriented CDPD Network
• CDPD is one of the longest surviving wide area
mobile data technologies worldwide.
• It is a shared mobile data network that shares
part of the infrastructure and entire spectrum
with AMPS in United States.
• It is an open standard making its implementation
easier and more widespread.
9. What is CDPD?
• Design goals of CDPD included location independence and
independence from service provider, so that coverage could be
maximized.
• CDPD used primitive RF technology for cost reasons and GMSK
modulation scheme was chosen.
• Raw signaling rate is 19.2 kbps with Reed-Solomon (RS) coding.
• CDPD employs a technique called RF sniffing to detect whether
an AMPS call is trying to access frequency channel
– And hopping to move from such a band to another to give
the voice call priority.
10. CDPD Services
• Network services are the basic form of services offered by
CDPD.
– Supports for transfer of data from one location to another
via standard network layer protocols.
– CDPD supports connectionless layer 3 protocols (IP or
connectionless network protocol - CLNP).
• Network support services are services necessary to maintain
the operation of mobile data network such as management,
security etc.
– These services include mobility and radio resource
management, that are transparent to the user.
• Network application services:
– These are value added services such as limited size
messaging that need explicit subscription.
12. Reference Architecture in CDPD
• There are three key interfaces that form logical boundaries for
CDPD service provider’s network.
• A-Interface: air link interface
• E-Interface:
– external interface by which CDPD operates with the rest of
data network.
– Protocols IP, CLNP and IPv6 will be supported.
• I-Interface: Interservice provider interface
– Supports E-interface protocols plus two CDPD specific
protocols
• MNLP: Mobile Network Location Protocol – by which
mobile users from one system are supported by another
system.
• Network management protocols.
14. Physical Architecture
1. Mobile-End System (M-ES):
• ultimate source and destination of PDUs.
• Equipped with a CDPD radio and software.
• Ex: telemetry devices, laptops, vending machines etc.
• Can be full duplex or half duplex.
• Employs variety of power sources such as internal batteries,
laptop based PC card etc.
• Has three functional units:
i. Subscriber unit (SU) establishes and maintains data comm.
ii. Subscriber identity module (SIM) is a repository of identity
and authentication credentials.
iii. Mobile application system (MAS) deals with higher layer
protocols.
15. Physical Architecture
2. Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS):
• Is the system end of the MAC sublayer over the air
interface.
• Communicates with M-ES through the A-interface.
• Performs modulation of data bits and demodulation
of RF signal.
• Actively participates in the medium access scheme
called digital sense multiple access (DSMA).
16. Physical Architecture
2. Mobile Data Intermediate System (MD-IS):
• Is the focal point of CDPD mobility management and
packet forwarding.
• Has mobile serving function (MSF) that serves as a
foundation for registration of a mobile.
• Also performs accounting services.
3. Fixed-end system (F-ES):
• Conventional network node that includes PCs,
workstations etc.
• Internal F-ES operates within the boundaries of CDPD
network and is under the control of service provider.
17. Mobility Support in CDPD
• Mobility Management:
• Mobility Management Service manages network roaming and
tracks the location of each CDPD subscriber, as well as keep the
serving MD-IS informed of that location down to the specific cell
site.
• In a wireless mobile data network, the endpoints of the data
connections can be located anywhere in the network coverage
area, and the location of these endpoints can change over time
thus mobility management is important.
• Like voice cellular networks, CDPD supports roaming. CDPD
devices have a home sub-domain usually the home city of the
subscriber. One may travel from a sub-domain registered as one’s
home area to a new serving area.
18. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Mobility Management:
• The CDPD network’s Mobility Management Service handles the
routing of packets for all visiting M-ESs in its serving area.
• The home area is that in which the CDPD subscriber has registered
their device with a CDPD service provider. If the subscriber travels
to another area, the mobility management services maintain
information about their current serving area.
• Mobility management services in the new serving area regularly
notify the subscriber’s home-area CDPD network of the
subscriber’s new location. Therefore, a CDPD subscriber can travel
throughout the country and still obtain CDPD network services.
20. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Mobility Management:
• CDPD mobility management is based on principles similar to
mobile-IP. The MD-IS is the central element in the process.
• An MD-IS is logically separated into a home MD-IS and serving
MD-IS. A home MD-IS contains a subscription database for its
geographic area. Each subscriber is registered in his home. MD-IS
associated with his home area.
• The IP address of a subscriber points to his home MD-IS. At the
home MD-IS, MHF maintains information about the current
location of MHS associated with that home MD-IS.
• The MHS also encapsulates any packet that is addressed to an M-
ES homes with it directing it to an MSF associated with the serving
MD-IS, whose serving area the M-ES is currently visiting
21. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Mobility Management:
• A serving MD-IS manages one serving MD-IS, whose MSF contains
information about all subscribers currently visiting the area and
registered with it.
• The MSF employs the mobile network location protocol (MNLP) to
notify the MHF about the presence of the M-ES in its service area.
The channel stream in which a subscriber is active is also
indicated. The MSF decapsulates forwarded packets and routes
them to the correct channel stream in the cell.
22. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Handoff procedure in CDPD:
• Handoff in CDPD occurs when the M-ES moves from one cell to
another or if the CDPD channel quality deteriorates, the current
CDPD channel is requested by an AMPS voice call, or if the load on
the CDPD channels in the current cell is much more than the load
on the channels in an overlapping cell.
• The physical layer of CDPD provides the ability to tune to a specific
RF channel, the ability to measure the received signal strength of
the received signal, the ability to set the power of the M-ES
transmitted signal to a specified level and the ability to suspend
and resume monitoring of RF channels in the M-ES.
23. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Handoff procedure in CDPD:
• The handoff is mobile controlled. The M-ES always measures the
signal strength of the reference channel. M-ES scans for the
alternative channels when its signal deteriorates.
• Because certain cells may have large shadowing effects within
them the operator can set a RSSI scan value to determine when a
M-ES should scanning for alternative channels. M-ES will ignore a
drop in signal level if the RSSI scan value is large enough or start
scanning for alternative channels if it is small.
• This value is also useful when the signal strength does not drop
even the M-ES has moved well into a neighbouring cell.
25. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Handoff procedure in CDPD:
• When additional threshold for RSSI hysteresis block error rate
(BLER) and symbol error rate (SER) are reached, the M-ES will go
through a list of channels of adjacent cells that the current BS is
broadcasting and tune in to the one with the best signal strength.
• The M-Es informs the new BS that it has entered its cell.
• The mobile serving function of the new MD-IS uses a redirect-
request and redirect-confirm procedure with the mobile home
function of M-ES.
• Depending on the nature of handoff the delay of registration and
traffic redirection will vary.
26. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Security:
• Security functions in CDPD are limited to data link confidentiality
and M-ES authentication.
• CDPD authentication is performed by the mobile network
registration protocol management entity (MME) that exists in
both MD-IS and M-ES.
• It uses network entity identifier (NEI)along with an authentication
sequence number (ASN) and an authentication random number
(ARN) for authentication.
• CDPD confidentiality is based on encrypting all data using a secret
key that is different for each session.
27. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Security:
• The usual concept of using public key for exchanging keys and
secret keys for block data encryption is employed.
• The session key generation is based on “Diffie-Hellman” key
exchange with 256 bit values. RC-4 is used for block data
encryption.
• There are no mechanisms for data integrity, nonrepudiation or
traffic flow confidentiality.
28. Mobility Support in CDPD (cont…)
• Radio Resource Management (RRM):
• RRM is handled by a management layer in CDPD and contains the
procedure to handle dynamically changing RF environment.
• It takes care of:
– Acquiring and releasing channels due to competition between
CDPD and AMPS.
– Handoff from one cell to another or from one channel to
another.
• Its function is to provide best possible RF channel between M-ES
and the fixed network.
• Also ensures that the transmission powers are set dynamically to
minimize co-channel interference.