BSNL is India's largest telecommunication company, providing basic telephony and 3G services. The document discusses BSNL's history and network infrastructure, including how calls are routed through exchanges and technologies like PCM, GSM, broadband, WiMAX, and optical fibers. It describes the components and functions of telecom exchanges, switches, and transmission systems that enable telecommunication services.
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
A PRESENTATION DESIGNED BY DESHBANDHU KUMAR.KMNKJKJKJKJKJKJKJKJKJHL;SKFJLKJFELFGHEHG;EJHNSRjLGHNSKLJGFHNLGHNSLVHEHFLWJKFLWKF;NSLJNVDSLVNSklNMLK;VJVJ;LKVJ;KLVJS;VJG
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
A PRESENTATION DESIGNED BY DESHBANDHU KUMAR.KMNKJKJKJKJKJKJKJKJKJHL;SKFJLKJFELFGHEHG;EJHNSRjLGHNSKLJGFHNLGHNSLVHEHFLWJKFLWKF;NSLJNVDSLVNSklNMLK;VJVJ;LKVJ;KLVJS;VJG
Why Mobile Matters - Researching Consumers on the GoFlexMR
Understanding the value of your brand is a key indicator of your position in the marketplace. But an exact evaluation of brands, including both tangible financial data as well as customer perceptions and intangible brand equity is difficult to achieve. One small mistake in understanding customer perception can lead businesses astray and have devastating consequences.
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Book a free demo of our market research platform to see the full demonstration: http://bit.ly/1MK0jG3
Validation of Non-formal MOOC-based Learning: An Analysis of Assessment and Recognition Practices in Europe (OpenCred). WHITTHAUS Gabi; INAMORATO DOS SANTOS ANDREIA; CHILDS Mark; TANNHAUSER Anne-Christin; CONOLE Gráinne; NKUYUBWATSI Bernard; PUNIE Yves
Pedro Sánchez - Hospital Central. Historia de una extorsión [RootedCON 2012]RootedCON
¿Te crees que bastionando tu servidores estás seguro?, Tienes PKI, Certificados, SSL, e-DNI, IPSEC,mucha experiencia en seguridad, dispones de certificaciones y eres muy considerado en el sector, ¿pero? ¿le has preguntado a la secretaria de tu director? ¿sabes como y donde almacena las contraseñas tu director comercial?
Hospital Central, pretende enseñar a los asistentes como se realizo una auditoría a un hospital utilizando mecanismos de ingeniería social y como se obtuvo el control del hospital en menos de 24 horas. Nada de exploits, nada de SQL Injection. Tan solo la utilización de técnicas y troyanos humanos.
Requisitos legales para montar una tienda onlineNominalia
En este webinar de Nominalia y Online Gestoría te explicamos cómo montar una tienda online y no morir en el intento. Hablamos de los aspectos legales que debes conocer para poder montar tu tienda online: forma societaria, fiscalidad, IVA, LOPD, política de devoluciones y mucho más.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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2. History of BSNL
Company Profile
Telecom Network
◦ Call Setup
◦ HOW SUBSCRIBER REACHES TO EXCHANGE
◦ Function of exchange
◦ How a Telecom Exchange Works?
◦ Switch Room
◦ MDF
Pulse Code Modulation
Mobile Department- GSM technology
Broadband Technologies
o WiMAX
o 3G
o Optical Fibers
Conclusion
Conclusion
Reference
3. India’s oldest and largest communication service provider
4th largest telecommunication company in asia and 7th largest in the world.
Provides GSM and basic telephony service and first company in India
providing 3G.
More than 3 laces of employees, officers and engineers are working at
present.
4. Company Name: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.
Type: State-owned enterprise
Founded: 15 September 2000
Headquarters: New Delhi, India
Industry: Telecommunications
Employees: 2,44,891
Owner(s): Government of India
Website: www.bsnl.co.in
5. When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its
request goes to the nearest switching centre that is PSTN
If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching
Centre) then call transfer to MSC
If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is
done by MTSO
6.
7.
8.
9. Provides the switching facility
Connection to the outside of the exchange
Contains telephone switching hardware such as
cabinets, racks, slots and cards
10. (Main Distribution Frame)
•M.D.F. is a media between switching network and
subscriber’s line
•It is a termination point within the local telephone
exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of
local loops are connected by jumper wires.
•It consists of local connection and broadband connection
frames
•It provides testing of calls.
•All lines terminate individually.
11. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) system is used to
transmit the spoken word in digital form.
PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number
of circuits on the same transmission medium.
Basic Requirements for PCM System
Filtering
Sampling
Quantisation
Encoding
Line Coding
12. PCM Room consist of PCM transmitter and PCM
receiver.
Block diagram of transmitter
Block diagram of receiver
PCM Room
Low pass
filter
sampler Quantizer Encoder
Regenerati
ve repeater
Decoder
Reconstruc
tion filter
Destinatio
n
13. GSM TECHNOLOGY
GSM is the Global System for Mobile Communication.
GSM is an international digital cellular
telecommunication standard. It is a fully digital
system.
A GSM system has up to a maximum of 200 full-
duplex channels per cell. Each channel consists of a
downlink frequency and an uplink frequency.
GSM handles channel access using a combination of
slotted ALOHA, FDM and TDM.
13
15. MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC)
It manages communication between caller,
users and other network users. MSC does
gateway function while communication is to
be established between its customers to
other network customers.
HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)
A home location register is a database that
contains subscriber’s location information.
15
16. VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)
A VLR is a database which contains
temporary information concerning the
mobile subscriber currently located in a
given MSC area, but whose HLR is elsewhere.
BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)
The BSC is the radio resource management
for all under its control. It controls frequency
hopping. It performs traffic concentration to
reduce the number of lines from BSC to MSC
and BTS.
16
17. 17
Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates
and feeds the RF signals to the antenna
Transcoding and rate adaption Functionality
Time and frequency synchronisation signals
transmission.
11 power classes from .01 watts to 320
watts
18. GSM TECHNOLOGY
GSM is the Global System for Mobile Communication.
GSM is an international digital cellular
telecommunication standard. It is a fully digital
system.
A GSM system has up to a maximum of 200 full-
duplex channels per cell. Each channel consists of a
downlink frequency and an uplink frequency.
GSM handles channel access using a combination of
slotted ALOHA, FDM and TDM.
18
20. The term broadband refers to a telecommunication
signal of greater bandwidth.
IT IS USED
To provide high speed internet connectivity(up to 8
Mbps)
To provide VPN services to the broadband customers
To provide video and audio conferencing
To provide both prepaid and postpaid broadband
services
Broadband Services
21. • WiMAX
– Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
– Is a certification mark for products that pass
conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE
802.16
– provides wireless data over long distances in a
variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile
cellular type access
22. WiMAX Applications
• According to WiMAX Forum it supports 5 classes of
applications:
1. Multi-player Interactive Gaming.
2. Video Conference
3. Streaming Media
4. Web Browsing and Instant Messaging
5. Media Content Downloads
23. • 3G is the next generation of wireless network technology; it
is also known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System).
• It provides high speed bandwidth (high data transfer rates)
to handheld devices.
• Specifically, 3G wireless networks support the following
maximum data transfer rates:-
2 M bits /second to stationary devices.
384 Kbits/ second for slowly moving devices, such as a
handset carried by a walking user.
128 Kbits/second for fast moving devices, such as handset
in moving vehicles.
24.
25. Optical fibers are long, thin strands of very pure glass usually 120 µm
in diameter. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and
used to transmit light signals over long distances.
Parts of optical fiber:-
• Core – thin glass center of the fiber where light travels.
• Cladding – outer optical material surrounding the core.
• Buffer Coating – plastic
coating that protects
the fiber.
26. The angle of the light
is always greater than
the critical angle.
Cladding does not
absorb any light from
the core.
The extent that the
signal degrades
depends upon the
purity of the glass and
the wavelength of the
transmitted light.
28. Single-mode fibers are used to
transmit one signal per fiber
(used in telephone and cable
TV). They have small core (9
microns in diameter) and
transmit infra-red light from
laser.
Multi-mode fibers:-
Multi-mode fibers are used to
transmit many signals per fiber
(used in computer networks).
They have larger cores (62.5
microns in diameter) and
transmit infra-red light from
LED.
29.
30.
31.
32. Carry plain old telephone service (POTS)
For transmission of data
Transmitting broadband signals
In the biomedical industry
Non-Communication Applications (sensors
etc…)
33. Less Expensive
Thinner
High Carrying Capacity
Less Signal Degradation
Light Signals
Low Power
Digital signals
Light Weight
34. Fiber optics are that the cables are expensive
to install.
The termination of a fiber optic cable is
complex and requires special tools.
They are more fragile than coaxial cable.
35. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in October
2000 is the world’s 7th
largest Telecommunications company
Presently it is one of the largest and leading public
sector unit in India
Training aimed at providing the students with basic
knowledge about telecommunications and the
working of telecom exchanges
36. BSNL In-plant training material
www.bsnl.co.in
www.wikepedia.org
Telecommunication system engineering by Roger L
Freeman