The document summarizes the ascending and descending spinal tracts. There are ascending tracts that conduct sensory information from the body to the brain, including the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts for pain and temperature, and the posterior white columns for proprioception. There are also descending tracts that convey motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord to control skeletal muscles, including the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts. In addition, descending autonomic fibers help regulate the autonomic nervous system.
Ascending tracts
They are located in the white matter
Conduct afferent information (May or may not reach consciousness)
There are 2 types of information
Exteroceptive : Originates from outside the body (Pain, temperature & touch)
Proprioceptive : Originates from inside the body (From muscles & joints)
Normally there are 3 neurons in an ascending pathway
1st order neuron : Cell body is in the posterior root ganglion
2nd order neuron : Decussates (Crosses to the opposite side) & ascends to a higher level of the CNS
3rd neuron : Located in the thalamus & passes to a sensory region of the cortex
Ascending tracts
They are located in the white matter
Conduct afferent information (May or may not reach consciousness)
There are 2 types of information
Exteroceptive : Originates from outside the body (Pain, temperature & touch)
Proprioceptive : Originates from inside the body (From muscles & joints)
Normally there are 3 neurons in an ascending pathway
1st order neuron : Cell body is in the posterior root ganglion
2nd order neuron : Decussates (Crosses to the opposite side) & ascends to a higher level of the CNS
3rd neuron : Located in the thalamus & passes to a sensory region of the cortex
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Functions and ascending tract of spinal cordFatima Mangrio
As the name suggests, the ascending tracts of the spinal cord ascend from the spinal cord and connect it to the brain. These tracts are named based on their origin and termination. They are found running along the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns of the white matter.
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Functions and ascending tract of spinal cordFatima Mangrio
As the name suggests, the ascending tracts of the spinal cord ascend from the spinal cord and connect it to the brain. These tracts are named based on their origin and termination. They are found running along the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns of the white matter.
an overview of the ascending tract of the spinal cord....an anatomical approach to understand the somato-sensory pathway.
Prepared as a class presentation .
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Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Tracts serve as neuronal pathway
to join spinal cord and brain.
Nerve fibers of different sizes and
functions are sorted out and
segregated into nerve bundles or
tracts in white matter.
These are
a. Ascending tract
b. Descending tract
c. Intersegmental tracts
3. Ascending tracts of spinal cord
Conduct afferent information
i. Exteroceptive information:
Originates outside body- pain , temperature, touch
ii. Proprioceptive information
Originates inside body – from muscles and joints
4. First-order neuron
Has its cell body in the posterior root ganglion of the
spinal nerve
Peripheral process connects with a sensory receptor
ending
Central process enters spinal cord through posterior
root to synapse on second-order neuron.
Second-order neuron
Gives rise to an axon that decussates (crosses to
opposite side) & ascends to higher level of CNS where
it synapses with third-order neuron.
Third-order neuron
Usually in thalamus & gives rise to a projection fiber
that passes to a sensory region of cerebral cortex
5. Lateral Spinothalamic tract
Pain & temperature impulses travel to spinal cord in fast-conducting delta A-type fibers &
slow-conducting C-type fibers.
Axons entering spinal cord from posterior root ganglion proceed to tip of posterior gray
column & divide into ascending & descending branches, travel for a distance of one or two
segments of spinal cord & form posterolateral tract of Lissauer.
Terminate by synapsing with cells in posterior gray column.
Axons of second-order neurons cross to opposite side in anterior gray & white commissures
within one spinal segment of the cord, ascending in contralateral white column.
6. As the tract ascends through spinal cord, new fibers are added to
anteromedial aspect of tract.
In upper cervical segments of the cord, sacral fibers are lateral
and cervical segments are medial.
Fibers carrying pain are situated slightly anterior to those
conducting temperature.
As the lateral spinothalamic tract ascends through medulla
oblongata, accompanied by anterior spinothalamic tract &
spinotectal tract: spinal lemniscus.
7. It further ascends through posterior part of pons, midbrain &
tract end by synapsing with third-order neuron in ventral
posterolateral nucleus of thalamus.
Further it course through posterior limb of internal capsule &
corona radiata to reach somesthetic area in postcentral gyrus
of cerebral cortex.
8. Contralateral half of body is represented as
inverted, with the hand and mouth situated
inferiorly
leg situated superiorly
foot and anogenital region on medial surface
of hemisphere.
Sensory Homonculus.
Then transmitted to other regions of
cerebral cortex to be used by motor areas
and parietal association area.
Role of cerebral cortex is interpreting
quality of sensory information at level of
consciousness.
9.
10. Anterior spinothalamic tract
The axons enter spinal cord from posterior root ganglion &
proceed to tip of posterior gray column.
Second-order neuron now cross very obliquely to opposite side
in anterior gray & white commissures within several spinal
segments & ascend in opposite anterolateral white column as
anterior spinothalamic tract.
New fibers are added to medial aspect.
Upper cervical segments of the cord, the sacral fibers are
mostly lateral & the cervical segments are mostly medial.
11. In medulla oblongata, it accompanies the lateral spinothalamic
tract and the spinotectal tract, forming spinal lemniscus.
ascend through posterior part of pons, and the tegmentum of
the midbrain and terminate by synapsing with third-order
neuron in ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus.
posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata
somesthetic area in postcentral gyrus of cerebral cortex
12.
13. Posterior White Column: Fasciculus Gracilis & Fasciculus
Cuneatus
Axons enter spinal cord from posterior root ganglion & pass directly to posterior white column of same side.
Long ascending fiber-synapse with cells in posterior gray horn, with internuncial neurons, & with anterior horn cells
as fasciculus gracilis & fasciculus cuneatus.
Short descending fiber are involved with intersegmental reflexes.
Fasciculus gracilis:
throughout length of spinal cord ;
fibers from the sacral, lumbar & lower six thoracic spinal nerves
Fasciculus cuneatus:
situated laterally in the upper thoracic & cervical segments
fibers from the upper six thoracic & all the cervical spinal nerves
14. Ascend ipsilaterally and terminate by synapsing on second-order
neurons in nuclei gracilis and cuneatus of medulla oblongata.
The axons of second-order neurons, called internal arcuate fibers,
cross median plane, decussating with corresponding fibers of
opposite side in sensory decussation.
then ascend as a single compact bundle, medial lemniscus,
through medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain ventral
posterolateral nucleus of thalamus.
15. Then it traverse via posterior limb of internal capsule &
corona radiata to reach somesthetic area in postcentral gyrus
of cerebral cortex.
Function:
- fine touch, exact localization & two-point discrimination
- Vibratory sense & the position of the different parts of the
body
16.
17. Posterior Spinocerebellar tract
First order neuron:- Traverse from posterior root ganglion and enter posterior gray column;
Synapse to nucleus dorsalis (Clarke's column).
Second order Neuron :-Ascends through posterolateral part of the lateral white column on the same side
of medulla
Here it joins inferior cerebellar peduncle & terminates in cerebellar cortex.
Function:
- receive muscle joint information from the muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors of the
trunk & lower limbs.
- coordination of limb movements & the maintenance of posture
18. Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Enters through posterior root, synapse to second-order neurons in
nucleus dorsalis at base of posterior gray column.
Majority cross to opposite side and ascend as in contralateral white
column; minority of axons ascend as anterior spinocerebellar tract
in lateral white column of same side.
Then it enters the cerebellum through cerebellar peduncle to synapse
into cerebellar nucelus.
Function:
- information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint
receptors of trunk and upper and lower limbs
19. Other ascending tracts
Cuneocerebellar:
- Nucleus cuneatus to cerebellum,
- Conveys information of muscle joint sense to the cerebellum
Spinotectal:
- To superior colliculus of midbrain
- afferent information for spinovisual reflexes & brings about movements
of eyes head toward source of stimulation
Spinoreticular:
- reticular formation in medulla oblongata, pons, & midbrain
- influencing levels of consciousness
Spino olivary: conveys information to the cerebellum from cutaneous &
proprioceptive organs
20. Descending tracts
First-order neuron:
- has its cell body in cerebral cortex.
- descends to synapse on second-order neuron,
Second order neuron: an internuncial neuron,
situated in anterior gray column of spinal cord.
Third-order neuron:
- lower motor neuron, in the anterior gray column
- innervates the skeletal muscle through the
anterior root & spinal nerve.
In some instances, the axon of the first-order neuron
terminates directly on the thirdorder neuron (as in
reflex arcs).
Control of skeletal muscle activity
21.
22. At junction of medulla oblongata & spinal cord, most of fibers cross midline at
decussation of pyramids and enter lateral white column of spinal cord to form lateral
corticospinal tract.
Remaining fibers do not cross in decussation but descend in anterior white column of
spinal cord as anterior corticospinal tract; cross midline and terminate in anterior gray
column of spinal cord segments in cervical & upper thoracic regions.
Lateral corticospinal tract descends length of spinal cord; terminate in anterior gray
column of all spinal cord segments.
synapse with internuncial neurons, which, in turn, synapse with alpha motor neurons &
some gamma motor neurons.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. Descending Autonomic Fibers
The higher centers of CNS associated with control of
autonomic activity are situated in cerebral cortex,
hypothalamus, amygdaloid complex, & reticular formation.
Although distinct tracts have not been recognized,
investigation of spinal cord lesions has demonstrated that
descending autonomic tracts do exist & probably form part of
reticulospinal tract.