Spectroscopy techniques, it's principle, types and applications NizadSultana
Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
Spectroscopy techniques, it's principle, types and applications NizadSultana
Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
Metabolic Pathways in Higher Plants and their DeterminationDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolites through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway.
b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies.
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
Metabolic Pathways in Higher Plants and their DeterminationDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolites through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway.
b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies.
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenet...Lokesh Patil
When radioactive isotopes are used in biogenetic research, molecules of interest are incorporated with isotopes such as carbon-14, tritium, and phosphorus-32 to trace the routes and mechanisms of biological processes. These isotopes serve as markers, enabling researchers to use scintillation counting and autoradiography, two detection techniques, to precisely monitor metabolic processes, DNA synthesis, and protein interactions. Understanding genetic control, cellular dynamics, and clarifying intricate biochemical processes have all benefited greatly from this method. The exact and numerical data gathered from these investigations improve our understanding of basic biological processes and help to progress biotechnology, genetics, and medicine.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Introduction
• Living plants considered as biosynthetic laboratory primary as well as
secondary metabolites.
• Different biosynthetic pathway:-
-Shikmic acid pathway
-Mevalonic acid pathway
-Amino acids pathway
• Various intermediate and steps are involved in biosynthetic pathway in
plants can be investigated by means of following techniques: -
• Tracer technique
• Use of isolated organ
• Grafting methods
• Use of mutant strain
In this technique different isotope, mainly the radioactive
isotopes which are incorporated into presumed precursor of plant
metabolites and are used as marker in biogenic experiments.
3. Radioisotopes
• Radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of an element.
• They can also be defined as atoms that contain an unstable combination of
neutrons and protons, or excess energy in their nucleus.
• The term isotope is formed from the Greek roots isos ("equal") and topos
("place"), meaning "the same place“.
• Isotope, one of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with
the same atomic number and position in the periodic table and nearly
identical chemical behaviour but with different atomic masses and physical
properties.
• All isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons in each atom.
• Every chemical element has one or more isotopes.
• It was coined by a Scottish doctor and writer Margaret Todd in 1913
Examples: Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14 are three isotopes of the
element Carbon with mass numbers 12, 13, and 14, respectively. The atomic
number of carbon is 6, which means that every carbon atom has 6 protons,
so that the neutron numbers of these isotopes are 6, 7, and 8 respectively.
5. Radioactive Decay
• An unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses
energy by emitting ionizing particles and
radiation.
Radioactive isotope Parent Nuclide Daughter
Nuclide
• When an unstable nucleus decays, it may give:
1) Alpha or helium Radiation.
2) Beta or Electron Radiation.
3) Gamma Radiation.
6. 1) Alpha particle decay
• Alpha particles are made up of 2 protons and 2
neutrons.
• Are same as helium nucleus.
• When a nucleus emits alpha particle, its atomic
number decreases by 2 and its atomic mass
decreases by 4.
• These particles are relatively slow and heavy.
• Low penetrating power.
• As they have large charge, alpha particles ionize
other atoms strongly.
• Alpha decay occurs in very heavy elements like
Uranium and Radium.
7. 2) Beta Particle Decay
• These particles are as same as electrons as they have
charge of minus 1.
• When a nucleus emits β particle the Atomic number
increases by 1 and Atomic mass is unchanged.
• They are fast and light.
• Have Medium Penetrating Power.
• Example of radioisotope emitting β, phosphorus-32.
• These particles ionize atoms that they pass, but not as
strongly as alpha particles do.
8. 3) Gamma rays
• Gamma rays are Waves not Particles.
• They have no mass and no charge.
• Atomic mass and number unchanged.
• High Penetrating Power.
• Do not directly ionize other atoms.
• We don’t find pure gamma source, they are
emitted along alpha or beta particles.
• Useful gamma source technetium-99, used as
tracer in medicine.
10. Half-life
• The half life of radioisotope is the time for the radiation level to decrease (decay) to
one half of the original value.
• Naturally occurring tend to have longer half lives.
• Used in nuclear medicine have short half lives.
11. Radiation Units
1. Curie (Ci)-measures activity as the number of atoms that
decay in one second.
1 Curie (Ci) = 3.7 × 1010 decays/sec.
2. rad (radiations absorbed dose)- Measures the radiation
absorbed by the tissues of the body.
1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 0.01 J/kg
3. rem (radiation equivalent mass)- Measures the biological
damage caused by different types of radiation.
1 rem = 0.01 Sievert
4. Becquerel (Bq) - 1Bq = 1 Disintegration per sec (dps)
5. Sievert (Sv) = 100 rem
6. Gray (Gy) = 1 J/Kg Tissue
12. Tracer technique
It can be defined as techniques which utilizes a
labelled compound to find or to trace the
different intermediates and various steps in
biosynthetic pathways in plants, at a given rate
and time.
OR
In this technique different isotope, mainly the
radioactive isotopes which are incorporated into
presumed precursor of plant metabolites and are
used as marker in biogenic experiments.
13. • The labelled compound can be prepared by use of two types of
isotopes.
i) Radioactive isotopes.
ii) Stable isotopes.
i) Radioactive isotopes: - [e.g. 1H, 14C, 24Na, 42K, 35S, 35P, 131I
decay with emission of radiation] For biological investigation –
carbon & hydrogen.
• For metabolic studies – S, P, and alkali and alkaline earth
metals are used.
• For studies on protein, alkaloids, and amino acid–labelled
nitrogen atom give more specific information.
• 3H compound is commercially available.
ii) Stable isotopes: - [e.g. 2H, 13C, 15N, 18O] Used for labelling
compounds as possible intermediates in biosynthetic pathways.
• Usual method of detection are: – MASS spectroscopy [15N, 18O]
• NMR spectroscopy [2H, 13C]
14. Criteria for tracer techniques
• The starting concentration of tracer must be
sufficient withstand resistance with dilution in
course of metabolism.
• Proper Labelling:- for proper labelling physical
& chemical nature of compound must be
known.
• Labelled compound should involve in the
synthesis reaction.
• Labelled should not damage the system to
which it is used.
15. Requirement for tracer technique
1. Preparation of labelled compound.
2. Introduction of labelled compound
into a biological system.
3. Separation & determination of
labelled compound in various
biochemical fractions at later time.
16. 1.Preparation of Labelled Compound:-
The labelled compound produce by growing chlorella in
atmosphere of 14CO2 All carbon compounds
14C labelled.
The 3H (tritium) labelled compound are commercially
available. Tritium labelling is effected by catalytic
exchange in aqueous media by hydrogenation of
unsaturated compound with tritium gas. Tritium is pure β
emitter of low intensity & its radiation energy is lower
than 14C.
• By the use of organic synthesis:-
17. 2. Introduction of labelled compound:-
PRECAUTION:-
• The precursor should react at necessary site of synthesis in
plant.
• Plant at the experiment time should synthesize the compound
under investigation
• The dose given is for short period.
Root feeding: From roots, roots are the main site for
biosynthesis.(Rauwolfia-alkaloids, )
Stem feeding: Feeding is done from Stem, mainly for latex
containing plants(Rubber, indian hemp, etc)
Direct injection: Administrate through injection, for hollow stem
plants(Umbeliferious, opium, etc)
Infiltration: Suitable for rooted plant.
Floating method: Achieved when there is small amount of material
is available
Spray technique: by spraying method, steroid containing plants
18. 3. Separation and detection of compound:-
• Geiger–Muller counter.
• Liquid Scintillation counter.
• Gas ionization chamber.
• Bernstein–Bellentine counter.
• Mass spectroscopy.
• NMR eletrodemeter.
• Autoradiography.
• Radio paper chromatography.
19. Methods
1. PRECURSOR PRODUCT SEQUENCE:
• In this technique, the presumed precursor of the constituent under
investigation on a labelled form is fed into the plant and after a suitable
time the constituent is isolated, purified and radioactivity is determined.
Disadvantage:
• The radioactivity of isolated compound alone is not usually sufficient
evidence that the particular compound fed is direct precursor, because
substance may enter the general metabolic pathway and from there may
become randomly distributed through a whole range of product.
Application:
• Stopping of hordenine production in barley seedling after 15–20 days
of germination.
• Restricted synthesis of hyoscine, distinct from hyoscyamine in Datura
stramonium.
• This method is applied to the biogenesis of morphine & ergot alkaloids.
20. 2. DOUBLE & MULTIPLE LABELLING:-
• This method give the evidence for nature of biochemical
incorporation of precursor arises double & triple labelling.
• In this method specifically labelled precursor and their subsequent
degradation of recover product are more employed.
• Application: -
• This method is extensively applied to study the biogenesis of plant
secondary metabolite.
• Used for study of morphine alkaloid. E.g. Leete, use Doubly labelled
lysine used to determine which hydrogen of lysine molecule was
involved in formation of piperidine ring of anabasine in Nicotina
glauca.
21. 3. COMPETITIVE FEEDING:
• If incorporation is obtained it is necessary to consider whether this infact, the
normal route of synthesis in plant not the subsidiary pathway.
• Competitive feeding can distinguish whether B & B’ is normal intermediate
in the formation of C from A.
Application: -
• This method is used for elucidation of biogenesis of propane alkaloids.
• Biosynthesis of hemlock alkaloids (conline, conhydrine etc) e.g. biosynthesis
of alkaloids of Conium maculactum (hemlock) using 14C labelled
compounds.
22. 4. ISOTOPE INCORPORATION:
• This method provides information about the position of
bond cleavage & their formation during reaction.
• E.g. Glucose – 1- phosphatase cleavage as catalyzed by
alkaline phosphatase this reaction occur with cleavage of
either C – O bond or P – O bond.
23. 5. SEQUENTIALANALYSIS:
• The principle of this method of investigation is to grow
plant in atmosphere of 14CO2 & then analyze the plant at
given time interval to obtain the sequence in which various
correlated compound become labelled.
Application:-
• 14CO2 & sequential analysis has been very successfully
used in elucidation of carbon in photosynthesis.
• Determination of sequential formation of opium hemlock
and tobacco alkaloids.
• Exposure as less as 5 min. 14CO2, is used in detecting
biosynthetic sequence as-
• Piperitone --------- (-) Menthone ---------- (-) Menthol in
Mentha piperita.
24. Application of tracer technique
Study of squalene cyclization by use of 14C, 3H labelled mevalonic
acid.
Interrelationship among 4 – methyl sterols & 4, 4 dimethyl sterols, by
use of 14C acetate.
Terpenoid biosynthesis by chloroplast isolated in organic solvent, by
use of 2- 14C mevalonate.
Study the formation of cinnamic acid in pathway of coumarin from
labelled coumarin.
Origin of carbon & nitrogen atoms of purine ring system by use of
14C or 15N labelled precursor.
Study of formation of scopoletin by use of labelled phenylalanine.
By use of 45Ca as tracer, - found that the uptake of calcium by plants
from the soil. (CaO & CaCO2).
By adding ammonium phosphate labelled with 32P of known specific
activity the uptake of phosphorus is followed by measuring the
radioactivity as label reaches first in lower part of plant, than the
upper part i.e. branches, leaves etc.
25. Advantages
High sensitivity.
Applicable to all living organism.
Wide ranges of isotopes are available.
More reliable, easily administration &
isolation procedure.
Gives accurate result, if proper metabolic time
& technique applied.