Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)Mohammad Khalid
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Introduction
Constitution of reserpine
Structure of Reserpic acid
Structure of Yobyrine
Synthesis of Yobyrine
Structure of Reserpine
Synthesis of Reserpine
Classification
Extraction
Isolation:
Identification test
Mode of Action
Introduction, classification, isolation, purification, biological activity of alkaloids, general methods of structural determination of alkaloids, structural elucidation of Morphine, Reserpine and Emetine
Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug or anti-epileptic drug . It can be prepared from the organic compound Benzil, which is formed by the oxidation of Benzoin.
Study material for chemistry UG and PG students
Chapter No 05 Terpenoids, Study of natural product Chemistry of natural products, Pharmaceutical chemistry.
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)Mohammad Khalid
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Introduction
Constitution of reserpine
Structure of Reserpic acid
Structure of Yobyrine
Synthesis of Yobyrine
Structure of Reserpine
Synthesis of Reserpine
Classification
Extraction
Isolation:
Identification test
Mode of Action
Introduction, classification, isolation, purification, biological activity of alkaloids, general methods of structural determination of alkaloids, structural elucidation of Morphine, Reserpine and Emetine
Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug or anti-epileptic drug . It can be prepared from the organic compound Benzil, which is formed by the oxidation of Benzoin.
Study material for chemistry UG and PG students
Chapter No 05 Terpenoids, Study of natural product Chemistry of natural products, Pharmaceutical chemistry.
Synthesis and Characterization O-, M- and Para-Toluyl Thiourea Substituted Pa...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Six new derivatives of carbonyl thiourea comprises of o-,m- and p-toluyl at one end of Nitrogen atom and p-methylpyridine or ethyl pyridine at another one end of Nitrogen atom has been synthesized. The compounds are, 2-methyl-N-[(4-methylpyridine-2-yl) carbamothiol] benzamide (I), 3-methyl-N-[(4-methylpyridine-2-yl) carbamothiol] benzamide (II) and 4-N-[(4-methylpyridine-2-yl) carbamothiol] benzamide (III) for Toluyl-MP while 2-methyl-N-[(2-pyridine-2-yl-ethyl) carbamothiol] benzamide (IV), 3- methyl-N-[(2-pyridine-2-yl-ethyl) carbamothiol] benzamide (V) and 4- methyl-N-[(2-pyridine-2-yl-ethyl) carbamothiol] benzamide (VI) for isomer Toluidal-AEP have been successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, Infrared Spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis). All products shown stretching modes of ν(N-H), ν(C=O), ν(C-N), and ν(C=S) around 3276 cm-1, 1671 cm-1, 1315cm-1 and 1148 cm-1 respectively. All products shown two maximum absorption around 262 nm and 290 nm respectively for carbonyl C=O and thione C=S chromophore. Those both values contributed by n -п* transition. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum showed presence of aromatic, methyl, methine and amide protons except for product III. All products showed presence of carbon thione in 13C nuclear magnetic resonance except for product III. Ionophor interpretation with acetate anion shows color changes by naked eye for compound (I) and (III).
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. Introduction
Citral- citral is mainly isolated from lemon grass oil.
Citral is an acyclic monoterpene aldehyde, and being a monoterpene, it is made of two
isoprene units. Citral is a collective term which covers two geometric isomers that have their
own separate names; the E-isomer is named as geranial (trans-citral) or citral A. The Z-
isomer is named neral (cis-citral) or citral B.These streoisomers occus as a mixture.
Properties – geranial and neral both are light oily liquid with lemon odour but neral has an
odour that is not as intense but sweeter than geranial.
Solubilty- citral is practically insoluble in water but miscible with alchol,ether,benzyl
benzoate,glycerol,mineral oil.
geranial neral
Fig:Lemon grass
4. Occurance
Citral is present in the oils of several plants, including
lemon myrtle (90–98%),
Litsea citrata (90%),
Litsea cubeba (70–85%),
lemongrass (65–85%),
lemon tea-tree (70–80%),
Ocimum gratissimum (66.5%),
Lindera citriodora (about 65%),
Calypranthes parriculata (about 62%),
petitgrain (36%),
lemon verbena (30–35%),
lemon ironbark (26%),
lemon balm (11%),
lime (6–9%),
lemon (2–5%), and orange.
Chemical formula C10 H16 O
Molar mass 152.24g/mol
appearance Pale yellow liquid
odour Lemon like
density 0.893g/cm3
Boiling piont 229°C( 444°F, 502K )
Vapour pressure 0.22mmHg (20°c)
Properties
Structure of citral
5. Isolation of citral
Citral is isolated from lemon grass oil which is obtained from lemon grass by
steam distillation.
Method – lemon grass (chopped or un chopped) is filled in the distillation flask
and fitted tightly so that the vapours and oils was not leaked out. Now the
steam is injected in to it so that the upcoming steam carries away the essential
oil from the plant material ,then the lemon grass oil as well as the vapours are
passed through the condenser where they condensed as the oil is lighter then
water so it will float through the surface of water and it is then easily separated.
Now the obtained is the lemon grass oil which contain 85% citral.
Purification by fractional crystallization –
To the total oil, first sodium sulphite is added, the citral get converted into its
sulphite salt.
The salt crystallizes out of the solution then crystals are filtered and washed with
ether or chloroform
The product is then subjected to sodium carbonate treatment to recover citral.
6. Identification and Analysis
T.L.C Method
Sample preparation – Dissolved 1mg of citral in1ml of methanol
Stationary phase- Silica gel-G
Mobile phase- pure chloroform
Detecting agent – 2-4,dinitrophenyl hydrazine
Procedure- spots are applied over silica gel-G plate→ the TLC plates
are eluted in pure chloroform →the dried plates are sprayed with
2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine reagent→citral gives yellow to orange
spots with Rf value 0.51.
a) Citral refrence standard
b) lemon grass oil sample
Fig-Chromatogram obtained
from a mixture of cis and trans
citral
Cis- 0.35
Trans-0.52
7. Structure elucidation of citral by
UV-spectroscopic technique
Presence of -β unsaturation of citral
→ The UV absorption at 238nm indicates the presence of conjugated
aldehyde
→ On treatment with sodium bisulphate (NaHSo3 ), citral forms mono as
well as bi sulphite derivative which indicate that one of the double bond
is conjugated with ›C=O group.
→This reaction indicates citral is -β unsaturated aldehyde.
▪ citral oxidizes into carboxylic acid without loss of carbon.
→It indicates that carbonyl group is aldehyde.
Fig: UV spectra of neral and
geranial
Ag2O
8. Infrared spectrum of citral
TYPE OF BOND ABSORPTION
FREQUENCY
C-H stretch for alkanes 3000-2850cm-1
CH3 bending 1450 and 1375
CH2 bending 1465
C=C 1680-1600
C=O 1740-1720
9. Mass spectrum of citral
→Molecular mass of citral is 152gm/mol
→Base peak at 69 (most stable and abundant)
→citral shows a peak at m/z 69 due to beta
cleavage
→it shows a peak at m/e 29 due to hemolytic alpha
cleavage
→it shows a peak at m/e124 due to heterolytic alpha
cleavage
10. Structure elucidation of citral
(proton NMR spectroscopy)
►Proton at C1 has chemical shift
value 9.4-9.8ppm
►No. Of proton at C2 and C3 has
chemical shift value 5.0-6.0ppm
►No. Of proton at C5 and C4 has
chemical shift value 1.9ppm
►No. Of proton at C6,C7 and C8 has
chemical shift value 1.7ppm
11. C-13 NMR spectroscopy
►The chemical shift of C1 185-
220ppm
►The chemical shift at C2,C3,C7
and C8 100 to 150ppm
►The chemical shift at C4,C9,C10 ,
8-30ppm
►The chemical shift at C5 and C6,
15to 55 ppm
12. Uses
1. Citral is potent biomolecule and exhibits various important
therapeutic properties like
antimicrobial,antioxidant,anticancer,antidiabetic and anti
inflammatory.
2. Citral is natural additive used in beverages,foods and
cosmetics.
3. Citral is used in the synthesis of vitamin A,ionone and
methylionone.
4. Mask the smell of smoke
