TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND STRONGYLOIDES
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Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite transmitted through contact with infected cat feces or consumption of undercooked meat. It typically causes mild or asymptomatic infections but can cause severe brain and eye damage in fetuses, infants, and immunocompromised individuals. Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode transmitted through skin contact with soil. It resides in the small intestine and can cause chronic diarrhea but also disseminate and cause potentially fatal infections in malnourished or immunosuppressed individuals. Both parasites are diagnosed through examination of infected tissues and confirmed with serological tests.
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This document summarizes actinobacillosis, a chronic infectious disease caused by Actinobacillus lignieresi bacteria. It affects the tongues of cattle worldwide, especially in areas with copper deficiency. The bacteria are transmitted via ingestion of contaminated food or water by animals with oral injuries. Clinical signs include swollen tongues with nodules and ulcers that can cause pain and issues eating. Diagnosis involves finding the bacteria in samples. Treatment involves flushing wounds, potassium iodide, and antibiotics like streptomycin. Control relies on treating sick animals and preventing spread through isolation or disposal of those with lesions.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
This case report describes a male infant who developed staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus producing exfoliative toxin B. He presented with fever, irritability, and an erythematous rash on his trunk and face that progressed to tender, painful skin and flaccid bullae. Standard treatment of systemic antibiotics was supplemented with application of Suprathel, a synthetic wound dressing, as a whole-body covering. This innovative treatment relieved pain, prevented heat loss and infection, accelerated healing, and did not require frequent changes.
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Leprosy
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprosy, an acid-fast bacillus. It has a long incubation period of 2-5 years and optimal growth temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. Men are affected more than women at a ratio of 2:1. Key signs include hypoesthetic or anesthetic skin lesions and thickened peripheral nerves. Leprosy is classified based on infectivity and treatment response. The Ridley-Jopling classification categorizes cases as tuberculoid (TT), borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline borderline (BB), borderline lepromatous (BL) or lepromatous (LL) based on skin and nerve involvement. Dif
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The document discusses various bacterial diseases categorized by pathogenic bacteria, symptoms caused, and mechanisms of infection. Key points include:
1) Common bacterial infections in children include those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other diseases.
2) Sexually transmitted diseases discussed are gonorrhea (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae), chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi), granuloma inguinale, and syphilis (Treponema pallidum).
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Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an upper respiratory tract infection associated with a characteristic rash caused by infection with pyrogenic exotoxin-producing group A streptococcus. The rash makes the skin have a goose-pimple appearance and the tongue appear strawberry-like. For patients with classic scarlet fever, antibiotic therapy with penicillin should be started immediately, as penicillin is the drug of choice. Erythromycin is recommended for patients allergic to penicillin.
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The Presentation here is about Medically important Histoplasma species. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
Ocular toxoplasmosis
Ocular toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and is the leading cause of posterior uveitis worldwide. It presents as recurrent inflammation and damage to the retina and choroid that can cause visual impairment. While most infections are asymptomatic, some may experience vision loss due to complications like macular scarring. Diagnosis involves antibody tests and imaging, while treatment focuses on antibiotics, though none can eliminate the parasite permanently.
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.pptx
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides species. It primarily involves the lungs and can disseminate to other organs. The disease ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of clinical samples to identify the characteristic yeast forms and culture growth at 37°C. Treatment requires long-term antifungal therapy for 6-12 months.
Tapeworms kb labs
Tapeworms are endoparasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of vertebrates. They lack digestive systems and absorb nutrients through their tegument. Tapeworms have a scolex for attachment and three body regions - scolex, neck, and proglottids. Some common tapeworms are Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum, Echinococcus granulosus, and Hymenolepis nana. They have complex life cycles involving vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Tapeworm infections can cause abdominal pain, weight loss, and neurological symptoms depending on the tapeworm species. Treatment involves antiparasitic drugs
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Cats are critical to its life cycle by shedding oocysts in their feces. Humans can be infected by ingesting undercooked meat containing cysts or through contact with contaminated cat feces or soil. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause severe issues in fetuses if a woman is infected during pregnancy. Treatment involves pyrimethamine, sulfonamides and folinic acid. Prevention focuses on good hygiene and avoiding contact with cat feces.
Class Cestoda. Tapeworms
1. Tapeworms are parasitic flatworms that consist of a head called a scolex and a long segmented body called a strobila. They attach to the intestinal wall of their host and absorb nutrients.
2. Common tapeworms discussed include Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Hymenolepis nana, Echinococcus granulosus, and Echinococcus multilocularis. Their life cycles involve an intermediate host and definitive host, usually transmitting between via ingestion of eggs from feces.
3. Symptoms from tapeworm infections can range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis
Taenia solium, saginata & neurocysticercosis
Taenia infestations are caused by parasitic flatworms (cestodes) that have complex life cycles involving an intermediate and definitive host. The most common types that infect humans are Taenia saginata and Taenia solium. T. saginata uses cattle as the intermediate host and humans as the definitive host, causing beef tapeworm infection. T. solium uses pigs and sometimes humans as intermediate hosts, and humans as the definitive host, causing both pork tapeworm infection and the potentially serious condition of cysticercosis when ingested eggs develop into cysticerci larvae in tissues. Symptoms depend on the location of the cysticerci but can include seizures, headaches, and hydrocephalus if in
CONGENITAL INFECTION (Cytomegalovirus & Toxoplasmosis)
This document provides an overview of congenital infections caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma gondii. It discusses the properties and transmission of CMV, which can cause birth defects if transmitted from mother to fetus. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to organ damage in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves virus detection and antibody testing. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs for severe cases. Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite T. gondii and transmitted through cats, meat, and congenitally. It can cause abortion or symptoms in susceptible hosts. Diagnosis is usually serological and treatment includes sulfa drugs and pyrimethamine.
Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprosy are the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. M. tuberculosis is spread through the air and causes pulmonary tuberculosis, while M. leprosy causes leprosy through prolonged skin contact. Throughout history, tuberculosis has been a major global killer, responsible for 20% of deaths in London in 1600 and over 30% of deaths in Paris in 1800. The identification of the tubercle bacillus by Robert Koch in 1882 and subsequent discovery of treatments such as streptomycin in 1943 and isoniazid in 1952 led to major improvements in tuberculosis control and treatment. However, drug-resistant strains remain a serious problem.
LECTURE 21;osteomyelitis.pptx
This document provides information about osteomyelitis (bone infection). It discusses the causes of increased susceptibility to bone infections, including local factors, systemic illnesses, and immunosuppression. It describes how infections spread to the bones and the pathogenesis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. It covers the typical clinical features and stages of bone infection in children versus adults. Diagnostic testing including imaging, laboratory tests, and aspiration are outlined. Treatment involves antibiotics, splinting, and surgical drainage of pus in severe cases. Complications can include bone deformity, arthritis, metastatic spread, and chronic infection.
7. toxoplasma
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect almost any mammal and has been found worldwide. It has a complex life cycle involving cats as the definitive host where it produces oocysts, and intermediate hosts where it produces tachyzoites and tissue cysts containing bradyzoites. Humans can be infected by ingesting oocysts from cat feces or tissue cysts in undercooked meat. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause serious issues in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals like those with AIDS. Diagnosis involves serological tests or biopsy detection, and treatment consists of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine antibiotics.
MALARIA
Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and affects over 3 billion people worldwide, causing approximately 1,200 deaths per day. The most severe form is caused by P. falciparum. Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, vomiting and headaches. Severe malaria can involve cerebral malaria, hypoglycemia, acidosis, pulmonary edema, renal failure and other complications affecting multiple organ systems. Malaria in pregnancy poses risks of low birth weight, stillbirth and maternal mortality.
Helminthic (Parasitic) Lung infections
This document discusses various helminthic infections that can affect the lungs. It describes the life cycles and pathogenesis of roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, Strongyloides stercoralis), tapeworms (Echinococcus granulosus), filarial worms (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Dirofilaria immitis), and flukes (Paragonimus spp.) that can infect the lungs. It details the clinical presentations of lung infections like Loeffler's syndrome, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, and others. Treatment options for these infections involving antihelminthic drugs are also outlined.
Paracoccidioidomycosis
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
Similar to TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND STRONGYLOIDES (20)
4. Toxoplasmosis the common opportunistic infection
4. Toxoplasmosis the common opportunistic infection
CONGENITAL INFECTION (Cytomegalovirus & Toxoplasmosis)
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Hydatidiform mole/ VESICULAR MOLE
- Hydatidiform mole is a benign tumor of the placenta that has malignant potential. It is more common in Asian women and those over 35.
- Complete moles are diploid and paternal in origin, while partial moles are triploid with both paternal and maternal chromosomes. Complete moles have no fetus while partial moles may have an abnormal fetus.
- Diagnosis is made through ultrasound showing cystic spaces and very high HCG levels. Management involves surgical evacuation followed by monitoring of HCG levels to detect malignant changes, as 20% of complete moles may develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
Mediators of inflammation
This document summarizes the key mediators involved in the inflammatory response. It discusses how chemical mediators called cytokines, chemokines, lipids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, amines such as histamine, peptides, complement proteins, and nitric oxide are released from cells to coordinate and regulate inflammation. These mediators act through receptors on target cells to produce effects like increased vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, pain, and fever responses. The document also outlines the innate and acquired immune responses mediated by cells like phagocytes, natural killer cells, and antibodies.
Psoriasis
1. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by well-defined, red, scaly plaques located over extensor surfaces and scalp.
2. It has a genetic predisposition and can be triggered by environmental factors such as trauma, infection, drugs, and stress.
3. Treatment involves topical therapies for mild disease and systemic therapies such as phototherapy, retinoids, methotrexate, and biological agents for more severe disease.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, specifically pre-eclampsia. It defines pre-eclampsia and lists risk factors. Diagnosis involves high blood pressure and proteinuria. Classification ranges from mild to severe. Complications for the mother include seizures, stroke, liver or kidney damage. Management involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and delivering the baby to resolve symptoms. Close monitoring of the mother and baby postpartum is important.
Neurocutaneous disorders
This document summarizes several neurocutaneous disorders including neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. It describes the neurological, cutaneous, and other system involvement for each disorder including common symptoms such as seizures, tumors, and skin lesions. Diagnostic criteria involving clinical findings are provided. The summary focuses on the key features and manifestations across body systems involved in these genetic neurocutaneous conditions.
Mullerian anomalies
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JVP - A SHORT REVIEW
The jugular venous pulse reflects right atrial pressure and is best examined in the right internal jugular vein. It normally displays three positive waves and two negative troughs related to atrial filling and emptying. Abnormalities can indicate conditions that elevate or lower right atrial pressure such as heart failure, tamponade, constriction. Specific wave changes suggest problems like tricuspid regurgitation or stenosis. The jugular venous pulse is a useful physical exam finding for cardiovascular assessment.
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Heart murmurs can be produced by turbulence in blood flow caused by abnormalities in heart valves or structures. A murmur is described by its timing in the cardiac cycle, location, intensity, quality, and radiation pattern.
A mid-systolic murmur is the most common murmur and can be caused by ventricular outflow obstructions like aortic stenosis, dilation of the aorta/pulmonary trunk, accelerated flow, or innocent murmurs from normal anatomical variations. Diastolic murmurs include early diastolic murmurs like aortic regurgitation and high-pressure pulmonary regurgitation, and mid-diastolic murmurs caused by stenosis of the mitral or tricuspid valves. Flow murmurs
Development of male and female reproductive system
The document describes the development of the male and female reproductive systems from the indifferent stage through sexual differentiation. It covers the development of the gonads (testes and ovaries), genital ducts, and external genitalia. Some key points include:
- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- The genital ducts also initially develop in an indifferent stage before the mesonephric ducts develop into male structures like the epididymis and vas deferens, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures like the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- External
Chronic Osteomyelitis
This document discusses chronic osteomyelitis, including its causes, pathology, presentations, examinations, investigations, differential diagnoses, and treatments. It can develop following acute osteomyelitis or be caused by tuberculosis or fungi. Pathology involves spread of pus within bone leading to bone death and cavities. Presentations include discharging sinuses and bone fragments. Investigations include x-rays showing bone changes and cultures of pus. Surgical treatments aim to remove dead bone and tissue. Complications include exacerbations, growth abnormalities, and fractures. It also discusses Garre's osteomyelitis and Brodie's abscess as specific types.
Forceps delivery and vacuum extraction
Forceps delivery is an operative vaginal delivery procedure that uses obstetric forceps to assist in the extraction of the fetal head. Forceps have curved blades that fit around the fetal head to allow the operator to apply gentle traction. Forceps delivery is indicated when there are signs of fetal distress, prolonged second stage of labor, or maternal medical complications. Risks include laceration, hemorrhage, and injuries to the mother or baby. Proper technique and only performing the procedure when fully trained can help minimize risks.
Face Presentation
This document provides information on face presentation during childbirth. It defines face presentation as a cephalic presentation with the fetus in a complete extended attitude and the presenting part being the face. The two types of face presentation are primary (presenting before labor) and secondary (caused by extension during labor). The main positions are left and right mentoanterior and mentoposterior. Face presentation has a higher risk of complications compared to vertex presentation such as prolonged labor and increased need for operative delivery. The management involves allowing labor to progress for mentoanterior positions but cesarean section is usually needed for persistent mentoposterior.
E coli - Microbiology
E. coli is a normal flora in the gut but can cause several infections. It is the most common cause of urinary tract infections and can lead to different types of gastroenteritis depending on the strain. Some strains like EHEC O157:H7 can cause hemorrhagic colitis and potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome in young children and the elderly. E. coli is also known to cause neonatal meningitis, wound infections after surgeries, and sepsis.
Blood supply of brain
The brain receives a high blood supply to meet its metabolic demands. Arterial blood reaches the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, forming the circle of Willis at the base of the brain before branching into smaller vessels. Venous blood drains from the brain into internal jugular veins. Disruption of blood flow to the brain through cerebrovascular accidents like stroke can cause rapid loss of consciousness or permanent brain damage. Cerebrospinal fluid produced by choroid plexuses circulates within ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord, carrying nutrients and waste products.
Comprehensive Overview of Medical Genetics
This document discusses genetic diseases and abnormal fetal development. It begins with definitions of genetic terms like genetic code, chromosomes, genes, and cell division. It then discusses abnormal fetal development including malformations, deformations, and disruptions caused by chromosomal abnormalities, genetic defects, and environmental factors. The document ends by covering perinatal pathology including birth defects and metabolic disorders.
Short Review of Thalassemias
This document provides information on thalassemia, a group of genetic disorders that result in reduced hemoglobin production and anemia. It discusses the different types of thalassemia including alpha and beta thalassemia. Alpha thalassemia is caused by genetic deletions of the alpha globin genes and has varying severity from silent carrier to Hemoglobin H Disease to Bart's Hydrops Fetalis Syndrome. Beta thalassemia results from mutations in the beta globin genes and includes forms ranging from silent carrier to beta thalassemia minor to intermedia to major. Laboratory tests outlined can help diagnose and differentiate types of thalassemia based on red blood cell morphology, hemoglobin analysis and iron studies.
Localising the lesion of the CNS
This document provides an overview of localizing neurological lesions, including definitions of key terms like the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It describes various motor and sensory pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Conditions covered include the corticospinal system, stroke syndromes, multiple sclerosis, cerebellar syndrome, and motor neuron disease. For each, the causes, signs, investigations, and management are summarized. Clinical case scenarios are also provided to help localize neurological lesions.
Motor Unit & Physiology of Locomotion
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1) A motor unit consists of a motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates, ranging from a few to thousands of fibers. Smaller motor units allow more refined control.
2) Muscle contraction occurs when an action potential in the motoneuron causes acetylcholine release and muscle fiber depolarization, activating calcium release and cross-bridge cycling to generate force.
3) Locomotion involves complex coordination of many joints and muscles, which is controlled centrally by pattern generators in the spinal cord rather than individually at the muscle level.
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TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND STRONGYLOIDES
- 2. Toxoplasma Gondii • Coccidian parasite • Definitive hosts- domestic cats and felines (intestine)- sexual • reproduction-fertile oocysts. • Oocysts in faeces- Highly infective to animals including humans. • Mode of transmition also through ingestion of uncooked meat. • Human infection is world wide especially in humid tropics (rarer in.
- 4. • dry and cold climates). • adapted to intracellular survival therefore, rarely disease causing. • In immunocompetent adults- mild and self terminating attacks • with subclinical infections. • toxoplasmosis an be devastating in fetuses, babies, and • immunosuppressed individuals of all ages. • causing severe CNS damage and blindness
- 5. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES • Schizonts • small basophilic intracellular bodies which divides rapidly to form small collection of tachyzoites. • Tissue cysts are surrounded by a thin primary cyst wall and contain 100s of basophillic bradyzoites. • Gamonts exhibit sexual differentiation, with ;microgamonts (m)apparent as multinucleate basophilic stages ultimately shedding small biflagellated microgametes; and macrogamonts (f) evident as uninucleate eosinophilic cells with a single ovoid nucleus. • Oocysts are small ovoid stage with 2 round sporocysts, each containing 4 elongate sporozoites.
- 6. • Acute infection in normal adults- lymphademopathy with or With out fever; mimicking a lymphoma or a viral infection. Diagnosis by- examination of an incised lymph node. • Infants and children- sever acute febrile form with pneumonia, liver dysfungtion or myocarditis. • Early pregnancy - may be entirely asymptomatic; but placental involvement results in still birth or neonatal jaundice, pneumonia, myocarditis, or encephalitis. non fatal infection- braindamage, hydrocephalus, mental retardation, seizures, deafness, or other permenent neurologic deficits.
- 7. • In immunosuppressant individuals- acute progressive encephalitis . • Toxoplasma retinochorditis - blindness and glucoma is a rare complication of chronic toxoplasmosis,sometimes seen in corticosteroid treated individuals. • The morphological pattern most often seen is lymphadentitis. suggested by the triad of follicular hyperplasia , focal proliferation of transformed, “histoid” B cells, and scattered focal accumulations of small numbers of epitheliod- type macrophages not forming well defined granulomas. cervical lymphnodes are mostly affected. Diagnosis confirmed by serological titer.
- 8. • Neonatal toxoplasmosis is characterised by destructive lesions in multiple organs, notably the Brain . lesser destructive lesions occur in severe form of acute adult toxoplasmosis.In CNS microglial nodules withmany tachyzoites appear (ventricles and aqueduct), followed by necrosis, vascular thrombosis, nd intense inflammation. obstruction of aqueduct leads to hydrocephalus. if infant survives-lesions calcify. • In infants, brain changes are preceded by liver cell necrosis and adrenal necrosis. lung and heart maybe necrotic and inflamed. there is extramedullary hematopoiesis.
- 9. • toxoplasma encephalitis of immuno suppressant patients- cysts in brain is common- which bursts to release bradyzoites to incite a microglial nodular reaction. • in toxoplasma chorioretinitis, tachyzoites destructs retina ; there will be granulomatous reaction in choroid and retina. • adult toxoplasmosis is treatable by a combination of drugs ; damage to fetus- irreversible.
- 10. SPONGYLOIDES • one of the smallest human pathogenic parasitic roundworm causing strongyloidiasis. • female filariform larvae-slender, fastmoving. (50 micrometer in dia., 350-600micrometer in length) • Both sexes possess a tiny buccal capsule and cylindrical esophagus with a posterior bulb. in freeliving state esophagi are rhabditiform. • males can be distinguished from females by 2 structures : spicules and gubernaculum. • S.stercoralis female buries in intestinal crypts of the duodenum or upper jejunum-its a luminal dweller-damages the absorptive surface-leading to chronic enteritis and malabsorptive syndrome.
- 11. SPONGYLOIDES
- 12. • its the only common human intestinal nematode whose life cycle permits larvae to become infective both in soil and in the host intestine itself, - malnourished and immunosuppressed individuals. • Duodenal aspiration or biopsy - needed for diagnosis .
- 13. • in hypertensive patients- larval skin penetration- urticarial eruption-fades in few days. • larval lung migration at about 7 days passes with a slight coughing episode unless infection is massive. • chronic intestinal phase- results in intermittent bouts of diarrhoea.
- 14. • endogenous strongyloides hyper infection as seen in malnourished children or in cortisone treated patients- nausea, fever, diarrhea, paralytic ileus. • concomitantly there may be gram negative sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis, to recur even after antibiotic treatment unless the underlying, strongyloidiasis is cured. • Persistant eosinophilia is the rule in moderate infection. but this decreases in hyperinfected altered host. • lesions mirrors the clinical events.in mild subclinical infectionsfocalerythema and eosinophilia of the duodenal mucosa
- 15. • in malabsorptive cases-lamina propria is heavilly infiltrated, mucosal villi are blunted, lacteals are dialated, and widespread mucosal edema. • in hyperinfection- ulceration of small bowel. • migrating filariform larvae are most frequently seen in lungs often associated with hemorrhage but with little focal inflammation. • septic bacterial foci facillitated by the hyperinfection and depressed immunity are commonly seen at this stage , and haemorrhagic pneumonia is often the final result.
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