Leprosy
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Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprosy, an acid-fast bacillus. It has a long incubation period of 2-5 years and optimal growth temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. Men are affected more than women at a ratio of 2:1. Key signs include hypoesthetic or anesthetic skin lesions and thickened peripheral nerves. Leprosy is classified based on infectivity and treatment response. The Ridley-Jopling classification categorizes cases as tuberculoid (TT), borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline borderline (BB), borderline lepromatous (BL) or lepromatous (LL) based on skin and nerve involvement. Dif
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- Collagen-vascular disorders such as Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis and Wegener's granulomatosis can present with oral signs and symptoms.
- Op
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This document summarizes several common viral infections that can affect the oral cavity. It discusses the causative agents, symptoms, and treatments for conditions like herpes simplex, varicella, infectious mononucleosis, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, mumps, measles, and HIV/AIDS. For each condition, it provides details on factors like typical age of occurrence, incubation period, clinical manifestations, potential complications, diagnosis, and recommended treatment approaches. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of the major viral infections that can impact oral health.
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leprosy for medical students
Oldest disease known to mankind
First described in ancient Indian
texts as “Kustha roga” attributed ]
to curse from God
Leper : Greek “scaly”
Hansen’s Disease – 1873 Norwegian Armauer Hansen discovered that leprosy is caused by bacterium - Mycobacterium leprae
Albert Neisser (1879) – stained the organism with fuchsin & gentian violet ( AFB )
Leprosy
This document provides an overview of leprosy (Hansen's disease):
- It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and mainly involves the peripheral nerves and skin. It can also involve other organs like the mouth, eyes, bones, and testes.
- Leprosy exists in several forms along a spectrum from tuberculoid leprosy to lepromatous leprosy. It is transmitted through droplets from the nose and mouth during close and frequent contact with untreated cases.
- Diagnosis involves clinical symptoms, skin smears, skin biopsies, and nerve biopsies to look for acid-fast bacilli and determine bacterial load and immune response patterns. There is
GPE.pdf
This document provides guidance on performing a physical examination, beginning with introducing yourself to the patient and ensuring their comfort. It describes examining each body system using inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Key signs to examine include vital signs, facial features, skin signs like jaundice and cyanosis, the oral cavity, hair, neck, nails, and edema. Specific diagnostic facial features and skin signs associated with various conditions are highlighted. The levels of pitting edema are defined.
SKIN DISORDERS ADULT HEALTH NURSING-I LEPROSY.pptx
INTRODUCTION:
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes. Leprosy is known to occur at all ages ranging from early infancy to very old age.
DEFINITION:
ACCORDING TO BRUNNER AND SUDDHART :
“ Leprosy is an infectious disease that has been known since biblical times. It is characterized by disfiguring skin sores, nerve damage, and progressive debilitation”.
CAUSATIVE AGENT:
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid fast, rod – shaped bacilli.
TYPES:
Depending on clinical features, leprosy is classified as:
Indeterminate leprosy (IL)
Tuberculoid leprosy (TT)
Borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT)
Borderline borderline leprosy (BB)
Borderline lepromatous leprosy (BL)
Lepromatous leprosy (LL)
Depending on WHO classification:
Paucibacillary (PB)
Multibacillary (MB)
TRANSMISSION:
Droplet infection : leprosy is believed to transmit through nasal discharge .
Contact infection : studies indicate that leprosy is transmitted through direct skin contact.
Vector –born infection.
Trough placenta and milk .
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Numbness and loss of touch, pain, temperature sensation .
Granulomas of the nerves ,respiratory tract ,skin and eyes
Painless ulcer
Skin lesions
Loss of digits
Facial disfigurement
Leprosy ( hansen’s disease )
Leprosy (also known Hansen’s Disease) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae which involves the skin and peripheral nerves.
GPEhhhhhhhhffsssssssssssssssssssdddsssssss
This document provides guidance on performing a physical examination, beginning with introducing yourself to the patient and ensuring their comfort. It describes examining each body system using inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Vital signs including pulse, blood pressure, temperature and respiratory rate should be assessed initially. Important diagnostic facial features, jaundice, cyanosis, pallor and other skin signs are highlighted. The oral cavity, hair, neck, nails, edema and clubbing are also examined. Common causes and clinical findings for different conditions are outlined for each system and sign.
Presentation2 [Autosaved].pptx
This document presents the case of a 5-year-old male child diagnosed with Hyper IgE overlap syndrome associated with Prolidase enzyme deficiency. The child has a history of recurrent ear discharge and skin lesions since infancy. Examination found multiple healed skin lesions, enlarged lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen. Testing found very high IgE levels and genetic testing confirmed Prolidase deficiency. This rare condition combines features of both Hyper IgE syndrome and Prolidase deficiency, caused by mutations in the PEPD gene. Prolidase deficiency is typically associated with skin fragility, infections, and developmental delays.
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CHEMO-IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR GLANDERS
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leprosy final.pptx
This document provides an overview of leprosy (Hansen's disease). It discusses the history, epidemiology, etiology, classification, pathogenesis, transmission, clinical features, treatment, reactions, and management of leprosy. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. It is treated using multidrug therapy regimens as recommended by the WHO. Management involves treatment, prevention of disabilities, and social integration programs.
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Leprosy
- 1. Leprosy
- 2. • G.H. Armauer Hansen • Acid fast (mycolic acid) • Generation time :12 to14 days • Non cultivable • Optimum temperature of growth: 30 degrees C • Incubation period 2- 5 yrs
- 3. • Age • Sex : M :F is 2 :1 • Skin, peripheral nerves • Source : Leprosy patients • Portal of exit & entry : Mainly respiratory tract
- 4. • Cardinal signs of leprosy : Hypoesthetic / anaesthetic hypopigmented /erythematous skin lesion Thickened peripheral nerves
- 7. BB
- 10. LL • Nasal symptoms • Oedema of legs • Macules,papules or nodules • Immune areas:axilla,groin,perineum,hairy scalp • Leonine facies • Superciliary&ciliary madarosis • Glove and stocking anaesthesia • Acquired ichthyosis
- 11. LL
- 12. LL
- 13. • Histoid leprosy • Lucio leprosy
- 14. Histoid leprosy
- 15. CLASSIFICATION Classification: why? • Infectivity of patient • Treatment • Prognosis • Research • Leprosy programmes
- 16. Ridley-Jopling Classification TT BT BB BL LL No single upto 5 several many very many Size variable variable variable variable small Surface very dry dry slightly shiny shiny shiny
- 17. Contd…………… TT BT BB BL LL sensation absent ↓↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ not affected Hair growth absent ↓↓↓ ↓↓ ↓ not affected AFB in lesion nil Nil/scanty ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ globi Lepromin test ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ neg neg neg
- 19. NLEP PB Leprosy • Skin lesions - 5 or less • Pure neuritic : Single nerve involvement • Skin smear negative
- 20. MB Leprosy • Skin lesions - > 5 • Pure neuritic : > 1 nerve involvement • Skin smear positive cases
- 22. Tinea versicolor
- 23. Pityriasis alba
- 24. Vitiligo
- 26. Psoriasis
- 27. Pityriasis rosea
- 28. Tinea corporis
- 31. Peripheral neuropathy • DM • Tabes Dorsalis • Syringomyelia • HSMN • HSAN • Entrapment neuropathy:Meralgia paraesthetica, Carpal tunnel syndrome • Drugs • Metabolic
- 32. DIAGNOSIS ●History ●Clinical examination: Cardinal signs of leprosy Skin lesions Sensations Nerves Motor system
- 33. Skin smears • SSS • ELS • BI:Live and dead bacilli • MI:Live bacilli(%)
- 35. TREATMENT • PB: Dapsone:100 mg daily Rifampicin:600mg once a month on empty stomach(supervised) for 6 months
- 36. • MB: Dapsone:100mg daily Rifampicin:600mg once a month(supervised) Clofazimine:300mg once a month(supervised)&50mg daily for 12 months
- 37. THANK YOU