Parasitic infestations
•
0 likes•744 views
This document summarizes various parasitic infestations and their clinical features. It discusses papular urticaria caused by sensitivity to insect antigens, scabies caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, and different types of pediculosis caused by head lice, body lice, and crab lice. It also mentions other conditions like myiasis, pulicosis, tungiasis, cimicosis, blister beetle dermatitis, spider bites, demodicidosis, larva migrans, leishmaniasis, and lymphatic filariasis. For each condition, it provides details on the causative organism, clinical manifestations, distribution of lesions
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Bacterial infection
Bacterial infection is caused by disease-causing bacteria invading body tissues. This leads to bacteria multiplying and the body reacting to the microorganisms and toxins they produce. The document discusses many specific types of bacterial infections caused by different bacteria that affect various parts of the body, including their symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene is a life-threatening infection caused by Clostridium bacteria. It results in tissue death and gas formation in muscles. Common causes are traumatic wounds, surgery, or underlying conditions impairing the immune system. Symptoms include severe pain that spreads from the infection site. Signs include swelling, discoloration of the skin, gas-filled blisters, and a sweet smell. Treatment requires prompt antibiotic therapy with penicillin, sometimes plus clindamycin, as well as extensive surgical debridement of dead tissue. Adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy may improve outcomes by enhancing antibiotic effects and tissue delineation for surgery. Without adequate treatment, gas gangrene can cause complications like organ failure and lead to
filovirus
This document summarizes key information about filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus. It describes their family, genera, species, genome structure, morphology, replication, pathogenesis, outbreak history, transmission, vaccine development, recovery mechanisms, and suspected bat reservoirs. Major points include that filoviruses cause hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Africa with high fatality rates through close contact transmission, and while experimental vaccines exist, recovery mechanisms remain unknown.
Actinomycetes and Nocardia
Actinomycetes and Nocardia, Bacteria but similar to fungi usually because of its morphological feature of forming a branching filament network, causing Actinomycosis, Actinomycetoma, Farmer's Lung, etc. Demonstrated under microscope by Gram's stain and ZN staining. Cultured on BHI and Thioglycolate broth. Characteristically produce Supher granules. Penicillin is the drug of choice in allergic to penicillin can be replaced by Erythromycin or Tetracycline. In worst cases surgical removal of affected tissue required.
1.1.1. bacterial infection of skin [compatibility mode]
1.1.1. bacterial infection of skin [compatibility mode]BP KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HELATH SCIENCS,, NEPAL
The document discusses common bacterial infections of the skin. It begins by describing the skin and its normal bacterial flora. It then covers various pyodermas (skin infections caused by bacteria) including folliculitis, furuncles/boils, carbuncles, impetigo, periporitis, ecthyma, sycosis barbae, cellulitis, erysipelas, pyonychia, scalded skin syndrome, and erysipeloid. For each infection, it discusses causes, symptoms, and treatment. It concludes with principles of therapy for pyodermas, including good hygiene, local and systemic antibiotics, and addressing predisposing factors.Fungal infection in hair
Fungal infections can affect hair in various ways. The document discusses three main types: Piedra, caused by fungi that form nodules on the hair shaft; White piedra caused by Trichosporon species forming white or gray nodules; and Black piedra caused by Piedra hortae forming hard black nodules. It also discusses dermatophyte infections including Tinea capitis, Favus, Kerion and Tinea barbae that are caused by fungi like Trichophyton and Microsporum. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of hair and cultures. Treatment involves antifungal medications like griseofulvin or newer azoles depending on the specific
Mycosis
Syed Hussain Shah's presentation topic is on mycosis, or fungal infections. Mycosis is caused by fungi like Aspergillus, Histoplasma, and other pathogenic fungi. Those at risk include people with weakened immune systems from HIV/AIDS, steroid use, chemotherapy, or diabetes. Mycoses are classified by the tissue initially infected, such as superficial infections of the outer skin/hair, cutaneous infections deeper in the skin/nails, subcutaneous infections of the dermis and muscles, and systemic infections originating in the lungs or from opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised individuals. Prevention methods include keeping skin clean and dry, maintaining good hygiene, and washing clothes after contact
Moraxella
Moraxella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the Moraxellaceae family. It is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Victor Morax. The organisms are short rods, coccobacilli, or as in the case of Moraxella catarrhalis, diplococci in morphology, with asaccharolytic, oxidase-positive, and catalase-positive properties
Recommended
Bacterial infection
Bacterial infection is caused by disease-causing bacteria invading body tissues. This leads to bacteria multiplying and the body reacting to the microorganisms and toxins they produce. The document discusses many specific types of bacterial infections caused by different bacteria that affect various parts of the body, including their symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene is a life-threatening infection caused by Clostridium bacteria. It results in tissue death and gas formation in muscles. Common causes are traumatic wounds, surgery, or underlying conditions impairing the immune system. Symptoms include severe pain that spreads from the infection site. Signs include swelling, discoloration of the skin, gas-filled blisters, and a sweet smell. Treatment requires prompt antibiotic therapy with penicillin, sometimes plus clindamycin, as well as extensive surgical debridement of dead tissue. Adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy may improve outcomes by enhancing antibiotic effects and tissue delineation for surgery. Without adequate treatment, gas gangrene can cause complications like organ failure and lead to
filovirus
This document summarizes key information about filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus. It describes their family, genera, species, genome structure, morphology, replication, pathogenesis, outbreak history, transmission, vaccine development, recovery mechanisms, and suspected bat reservoirs. Major points include that filoviruses cause hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Africa with high fatality rates through close contact transmission, and while experimental vaccines exist, recovery mechanisms remain unknown.
Actinomycetes and Nocardia
Actinomycetes and Nocardia, Bacteria but similar to fungi usually because of its morphological feature of forming a branching filament network, causing Actinomycosis, Actinomycetoma, Farmer's Lung, etc. Demonstrated under microscope by Gram's stain and ZN staining. Cultured on BHI and Thioglycolate broth. Characteristically produce Supher granules. Penicillin is the drug of choice in allergic to penicillin can be replaced by Erythromycin or Tetracycline. In worst cases surgical removal of affected tissue required.
1.1.1. bacterial infection of skin [compatibility mode]
1.1.1. bacterial infection of skin [compatibility mode]BP KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HELATH SCIENCS,, NEPAL
The document discusses common bacterial infections of the skin. It begins by describing the skin and its normal bacterial flora. It then covers various pyodermas (skin infections caused by bacteria) including folliculitis, furuncles/boils, carbuncles, impetigo, periporitis, ecthyma, sycosis barbae, cellulitis, erysipelas, pyonychia, scalded skin syndrome, and erysipeloid. For each infection, it discusses causes, symptoms, and treatment. It concludes with principles of therapy for pyodermas, including good hygiene, local and systemic antibiotics, and addressing predisposing factors.Fungal infection in hair
Fungal infections can affect hair in various ways. The document discusses three main types: Piedra, caused by fungi that form nodules on the hair shaft; White piedra caused by Trichosporon species forming white or gray nodules; and Black piedra caused by Piedra hortae forming hard black nodules. It also discusses dermatophyte infections including Tinea capitis, Favus, Kerion and Tinea barbae that are caused by fungi like Trichophyton and Microsporum. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of hair and cultures. Treatment involves antifungal medications like griseofulvin or newer azoles depending on the specific
Mycosis
Syed Hussain Shah's presentation topic is on mycosis, or fungal infections. Mycosis is caused by fungi like Aspergillus, Histoplasma, and other pathogenic fungi. Those at risk include people with weakened immune systems from HIV/AIDS, steroid use, chemotherapy, or diabetes. Mycoses are classified by the tissue initially infected, such as superficial infections of the outer skin/hair, cutaneous infections deeper in the skin/nails, subcutaneous infections of the dermis and muscles, and systemic infections originating in the lungs or from opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised individuals. Prevention methods include keeping skin clean and dry, maintaining good hygiene, and washing clothes after contact
Moraxella
Moraxella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the Moraxellaceae family. It is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Victor Morax. The organisms are short rods, coccobacilli, or as in the case of Moraxella catarrhalis, diplococci in morphology, with asaccharolytic, oxidase-positive, and catalase-positive properties
Lab diagnosis of fungal infections, Dr Naveen Reddy
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. It begins by classifying fungi based on morphology and fungal diseases. Common oral fungal infections are described. Specimen collection and various laboratory techniques for fungal diagnosis are then outlined in detail, including staining methods like KOH, culture media used for isolation, and biochemical and serological tests. Molecular techniques like PCR and potential artifacts are also mentioned.
Herpes virus
The document discusses several herpes viruses that commonly infect humans, including herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. It provides details on the clinical manifestations of infection, methods of diagnosis, and treatment options for acute and chronic diseases caused by these viruses.
Mycoses
This document summarizes different types of mycoses (fungal infections). It discusses four categories: superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and subcutaneous zygomycoses. For each type, it provides the causative organisms, clinical symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and common treatments. The document primarily focuses on describing the characteristic features of different fungal infections for identification and management purposes.
Herpes virus infections copy
1. Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses that cause both lytic and latent infections in humans. The five important human pathogens are herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus.
2. Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 establish latent infections in nerve cells and can reactivate, causing lesions in the mouth, genitals or eyes. They are highly prevalent worldwide.
3. Cytomegalovirus commonly causes asymptomatic infection but can also lead to disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals or congenital infections resulting in developmental defects.
Adenovirus
Adenovirus causes many upper and lower respiratory tract diseases as well as conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. It is a medium-sized, non-enveloped virus with double-stranded DNA and an icosahedral nucleocapsid. It enters cells via its fiber, replicates in the nucleus, and is released through cell lysis. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route, or direct inoculation of conjunctiva. Infection is common in children and causes respiratory illness, keratoconjunctivitis, or hemorrhagic cystitis depending on serotype. Immunity is type-specific and lifelong. There is no antiviral treatment, only symptom
Actinomyces & nocardia
This document discusses Actinomyces and Nocardia infections. Actinomyces israelii is normal flora that can cause actinomycosis, a chronic infection presenting with hard swellings that drain pus through sinuses. Diagnosis involves finding sulfur granules or filamentous bacteria on smears and cultures. Treatment is surgical drainage and penicillin. Nocardia species like N. asteroides are environmental bacteria that can cause pulmonary or skin infections. Diagnosis involves identifying thin, branching, weakly acid-fast filaments on smears and cultures. Treatment involves drainage and antibiotics like TMP-SMX.
Deep fungal infections
This document discusses several types of deep fungal infections, including mycetoma/Madura foot, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and chromomycosis. It provides details on the causative agents, typical presentations, diagnoses, and treatments for each infection. Key information includes that mycetoma presents as painless swelling and sinus tracts discharging grains or pus, while sporotrichosis typically causes lymphangitic lesions along lymphatic channels. Chromomycosis presents as verrucous plaques on the feet and legs. Proper diagnosis requires identifying the fungal elements via culture, histology or other methods.
Tularemia
Tularemia is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is commonly found in animals like rabbits and rodents and can infect humans through insect bites, contact with infected animal skin or meat, or inhalation. Symptoms vary depending on how the disease enters the body but can include ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, eye infections, and flu-like symptoms. While it poses a risk to humans, tularemia does not naturally occur in people. Diagnosis involves blood tests and cultures, and treatment consists of antibiotics for 10-21 days.
varicella zoster
This document summarizes characteristics of the varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. It notes that chickenpox presents as an itchy rash and blisters that typically cause a mild illness in children but can lead to serious complications in some groups. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with blisters or respiratory droplets from an infected person. While chickenpox spreads easily between people, the vaccine has proven effective at preventing and limiting the severity of outbreaks when widely used in communities.
Dimorphic fungi
Dimorphic fungi can exist in both a mycelial and yeast-like state. They commonly transition between these states depending on temperature, with the mycelial form growing at 25°C and the yeast-like pathogenic form at 37°C. This document discusses two specific dimorphic fungi, Sporothrix schenckii and Histoplasma capsulatum. It defines their morphology and growth characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases they cause - sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis.
Oncogenic viruses
The document discusses viral oncogenesis and viruses associated with human tumors. It provides a brief history and discoveries related to oncogenic viruses over the years. Some key points include that approximately 10-20% of human tumors are caused by viruses. Viruses can cause cancer through direct introduction of viral oncogenes or indirect modulation of cellular genes. Some major viruses associated with human cancers include human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and human T-cell leukemia virus.
Trypanosomiasis
This is the presentation on Trypanosomiasis that covers classification and diseases caused by Trypanosoma, its life cycle, Geographical distribution, Transmission, diagnosis and treatment and finally its scenario in India.
Some flow charts have been taken from published articles, that can be searched directly from net.
Herpesviruses
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
Fungal infections
This document provides information on fungal infections and actinomycosis. It describes common endemic and opportunistic fungal infections like Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Cryptococcus that typically infect immunocompromised individuals. Superficial fungal infections involve the skin, hair and nails, while deep infections spread systemically. Specific fungal infections discussed include candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, and madura foot. Actinomycosis is also covered, which is caused by bacteria like Nocardia and Actinomyces. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. Diagnosis involves microscopic
Cutaneous leishmaniasis clinical spectrum management
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is classified based on the site and severity of infection into cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. The parasite exists in three forms - amastigotes within macrophages, promastigotes in the sand fly gut, and paramastigotes during transmission between hosts. Clinical features vary depending on the infecting species and immune response. Diagnosis involves demonstration of the parasite or use of tests like the leishmanin skin test, histopathology, culture, or PCR.
Flavivirus
Flaviviruses are a family of small, spherical, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes. Important flaviviruses that cause disease in humans include dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Dengue virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has four serotypes. It causes dengue fever and the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Symptoms range from mild fever to bleeding, low platelets and shock. There is no vaccine for dengue virus, so prevention depends on controlling mosquito populations.
Skin and Soft tissue infections
This document summarizes various skin and soft tissue infections, including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. Erysipelas is a streptococcal infection of the skin that causes a painful, erythematous rash. Impetigo is a contagious superficial infection commonly caused by streptococci or staphylococci in children. Folliculitis is a bacterial infection of hair follicles that causes papules and pustules. Boils are deeper hair follicle infections forming tender, red swellings. Carbuncles are clusters of interconnected boils. Cellulitis is a spreading bacterial skin infection beneath the skin. Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe infection of the fascia requiring aggressive
Parasitic skin infestation
This document discusses parasitic skin diseases, focusing on scabies and pediculosis (lice infestation). Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite burrowing under the skin and laying eggs. It causes itching, especially at night, and lesions in skin folds. Treatment includes topical scabicides and oral ivermectin. Pediculosis is infestation by head lice, body lice, or pubic lice. A 13-year-old patient presented with itchy scalp and post-auricular swelling, suggestive of head lice (pediculosis capitis).
Plague
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is typically transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected flea. It presents as bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic plague. Effective control relies on early treatment with antibiotics, flea control, vaccination in high risk groups, and public education to reduce contact with infected rodents and fleas.
Adenoviruses
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Dermatology made easy
This document provides summaries of common dermatological conditions including psoriasis, lichen planus, pityriasis rosea, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, scabies, cutaneous larva migrans, alopecia areata, varicella, herpes zoster, herpes labialis, herpes genitalis, hand foot and mouth disease, tinea versicolor, kerion, impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, verruca vulgaris, seborrheic keratosis, and tinea incognito. For each condition, it describes key characteristics, types, complications, treatments, and other relevant
Integumentary system
a short clinical introduction regarding the integumentary system for medical and paramedical students.
More Related Content
What's hot
Lab diagnosis of fungal infections, Dr Naveen Reddy
This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. It begins by classifying fungi based on morphology and fungal diseases. Common oral fungal infections are described. Specimen collection and various laboratory techniques for fungal diagnosis are then outlined in detail, including staining methods like KOH, culture media used for isolation, and biochemical and serological tests. Molecular techniques like PCR and potential artifacts are also mentioned.
Herpes virus
The document discusses several herpes viruses that commonly infect humans, including herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. It provides details on the clinical manifestations of infection, methods of diagnosis, and treatment options for acute and chronic diseases caused by these viruses.
Mycoses
This document summarizes different types of mycoses (fungal infections). It discusses four categories: superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, and subcutaneous zygomycoses. For each type, it provides the causative organisms, clinical symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and common treatments. The document primarily focuses on describing the characteristic features of different fungal infections for identification and management purposes.
Herpes virus infections copy
1. Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses that cause both lytic and latent infections in humans. The five important human pathogens are herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus.
2. Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 establish latent infections in nerve cells and can reactivate, causing lesions in the mouth, genitals or eyes. They are highly prevalent worldwide.
3. Cytomegalovirus commonly causes asymptomatic infection but can also lead to disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals or congenital infections resulting in developmental defects.
Adenovirus
Adenovirus causes many upper and lower respiratory tract diseases as well as conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. It is a medium-sized, non-enveloped virus with double-stranded DNA and an icosahedral nucleocapsid. It enters cells via its fiber, replicates in the nucleus, and is released through cell lysis. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route, or direct inoculation of conjunctiva. Infection is common in children and causes respiratory illness, keratoconjunctivitis, or hemorrhagic cystitis depending on serotype. Immunity is type-specific and lifelong. There is no antiviral treatment, only symptom
Actinomyces & nocardia
This document discusses Actinomyces and Nocardia infections. Actinomyces israelii is normal flora that can cause actinomycosis, a chronic infection presenting with hard swellings that drain pus through sinuses. Diagnosis involves finding sulfur granules or filamentous bacteria on smears and cultures. Treatment is surgical drainage and penicillin. Nocardia species like N. asteroides are environmental bacteria that can cause pulmonary or skin infections. Diagnosis involves identifying thin, branching, weakly acid-fast filaments on smears and cultures. Treatment involves drainage and antibiotics like TMP-SMX.
Deep fungal infections
This document discusses several types of deep fungal infections, including mycetoma/Madura foot, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and chromomycosis. It provides details on the causative agents, typical presentations, diagnoses, and treatments for each infection. Key information includes that mycetoma presents as painless swelling and sinus tracts discharging grains or pus, while sporotrichosis typically causes lymphangitic lesions along lymphatic channels. Chromomycosis presents as verrucous plaques on the feet and legs. Proper diagnosis requires identifying the fungal elements via culture, histology or other methods.
Tularemia
Tularemia is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is commonly found in animals like rabbits and rodents and can infect humans through insect bites, contact with infected animal skin or meat, or inhalation. Symptoms vary depending on how the disease enters the body but can include ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, eye infections, and flu-like symptoms. While it poses a risk to humans, tularemia does not naturally occur in people. Diagnosis involves blood tests and cultures, and treatment consists of antibiotics for 10-21 days.
varicella zoster
This document summarizes characteristics of the varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. It notes that chickenpox presents as an itchy rash and blisters that typically cause a mild illness in children but can lead to serious complications in some groups. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with blisters or respiratory droplets from an infected person. While chickenpox spreads easily between people, the vaccine has proven effective at preventing and limiting the severity of outbreaks when widely used in communities.
Dimorphic fungi
Dimorphic fungi can exist in both a mycelial and yeast-like state. They commonly transition between these states depending on temperature, with the mycelial form growing at 25°C and the yeast-like pathogenic form at 37°C. This document discusses two specific dimorphic fungi, Sporothrix schenckii and Histoplasma capsulatum. It defines their morphology and growth characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases they cause - sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis.
Oncogenic viruses
The document discusses viral oncogenesis and viruses associated with human tumors. It provides a brief history and discoveries related to oncogenic viruses over the years. Some key points include that approximately 10-20% of human tumors are caused by viruses. Viruses can cause cancer through direct introduction of viral oncogenes or indirect modulation of cellular genes. Some major viruses associated with human cancers include human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and human T-cell leukemia virus.
Trypanosomiasis
This is the presentation on Trypanosomiasis that covers classification and diseases caused by Trypanosoma, its life cycle, Geographical distribution, Transmission, diagnosis and treatment and finally its scenario in India.
Some flow charts have been taken from published articles, that can be searched directly from net.
Herpesviruses
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
Fungal infections
This document provides information on fungal infections and actinomycosis. It describes common endemic and opportunistic fungal infections like Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Cryptococcus that typically infect immunocompromised individuals. Superficial fungal infections involve the skin, hair and nails, while deep infections spread systemically. Specific fungal infections discussed include candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, and madura foot. Actinomycosis is also covered, which is caused by bacteria like Nocardia and Actinomyces. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. Diagnosis involves microscopic
Cutaneous leishmaniasis clinical spectrum management
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is classified based on the site and severity of infection into cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. The parasite exists in three forms - amastigotes within macrophages, promastigotes in the sand fly gut, and paramastigotes during transmission between hosts. Clinical features vary depending on the infecting species and immune response. Diagnosis involves demonstration of the parasite or use of tests like the leishmanin skin test, histopathology, culture, or PCR.
Flavivirus
Flaviviruses are a family of small, spherical, enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes. Important flaviviruses that cause disease in humans include dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Dengue virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has four serotypes. It causes dengue fever and the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Symptoms range from mild fever to bleeding, low platelets and shock. There is no vaccine for dengue virus, so prevention depends on controlling mosquito populations.
Skin and Soft tissue infections
This document summarizes various skin and soft tissue infections, including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. Erysipelas is a streptococcal infection of the skin that causes a painful, erythematous rash. Impetigo is a contagious superficial infection commonly caused by streptococci or staphylococci in children. Folliculitis is a bacterial infection of hair follicles that causes papules and pustules. Boils are deeper hair follicle infections forming tender, red swellings. Carbuncles are clusters of interconnected boils. Cellulitis is a spreading bacterial skin infection beneath the skin. Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe infection of the fascia requiring aggressive
Parasitic skin infestation
This document discusses parasitic skin diseases, focusing on scabies and pediculosis (lice infestation). Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite burrowing under the skin and laying eggs. It causes itching, especially at night, and lesions in skin folds. Treatment includes topical scabicides and oral ivermectin. Pediculosis is infestation by head lice, body lice, or pubic lice. A 13-year-old patient presented with itchy scalp and post-auricular swelling, suggestive of head lice (pediculosis capitis).
Plague
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is typically transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected flea. It presents as bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic plague. Effective control relies on early treatment with antibiotics, flea control, vaccination in high risk groups, and public education to reduce contact with infected rodents and fleas.
Adenoviruses
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
What's hot (20)
Lab diagnosis of fungal infections, Dr Naveen Reddy
Lab diagnosis of fungal infections, Dr Naveen Reddy
Cutaneous leishmaniasis clinical spectrum management
Cutaneous leishmaniasis clinical spectrum management
Similar to Parasitic infestations
Dermatology made easy
This document provides summaries of common dermatological conditions including psoriasis, lichen planus, pityriasis rosea, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, scabies, cutaneous larva migrans, alopecia areata, varicella, herpes zoster, herpes labialis, herpes genitalis, hand foot and mouth disease, tinea versicolor, kerion, impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, verruca vulgaris, seborrheic keratosis, and tinea incognito. For each condition, it describes key characteristics, types, complications, treatments, and other relevant
Integumentary system
a short clinical introduction regarding the integumentary system for medical and paramedical students.
onchocerciasis-170406210709.pdf
This document summarizes Onchocerca volvulus, the filarial worm that causes river blindness. It discusses the worm's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, epidemiology in tropical Africa and Americas, and the pathology and clinical manifestations of infection, including skin changes, blindness, and lymphadenitis. Diagnosis involves skin snips, eye exams, and nodule removal and examination. Treatment is annual ivermectin doses plus doxycycline to kill Wolbachia bacteria in the worms. Prevention includes ivermectin prophylaxis and avoiding areas where blackfly vectors breed and bite.
Onchocerciasis
onchocerciasis, definition, onchocerca volvulus, epidemiology of onchocerciasis, management of onchocerciasis, prevention of onchocerciasis, pathology of onchocerciasis
Medical mycology 2
This document provides information on several fungal infections that can affect the skin and other body systems. It describes the causative fungi, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment for conditions like pityriasis versicolor, tinea nigra, cutaneous candidiasis, dermatophytosis, mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, rhinosporidiosis, cryptococcosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis. Key diagnostic methods include microscopy of skin or tissue samples using potassium hydroxide, fungal culture, histopathology and serological tests
Yersinia pasteurella fransicella
These gram-negative bacteria - Yersinia, Pasteurella, and Francisella - are rod-shaped pathogens commonly found in rodents. Yersinia pestis causes bubonic plague via transmission from infected rats by fleas to humans. Pasteurella multocida causes hemorrhagic septicemia in animals. Francisella tularensis causes the zoonotic disease tularemia transmitted by ticks or infected meat. Laboratory identification involves culture, biochemical testing, and microscopy of these facultatively anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria.
Scabies and pediculosis
1. Scabies and pediculosis are parasitic infestations caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite and human lice respectively.
2. Scabies causes intense itching and skin lesions due to an allergic reaction to the mite and its burrows. Common signs include burrows, papules, and excoriations.
3. Pediculosis involves infestation by three types of lice - head lice, body lice, and pubic lice - which feed on human blood and cause intense itching.
Carbuncle.pptx
1. Folliculitis is an inflammation of hair follicles that can be caused by bacterial, fungal or viral infections. It can range from superficial to deep infections.
2. Boils (furuncles) are deep, painful abscesses that develop within a hair follicle, often evolving from a preceding folliculitis. Carbuncles are clusters of furuncles that are even deeper and more extensive than individual furuncles.
3. Treatment for folliculitis involves keeping the area clean and using topical antibiotics. Boils and carbuncles often require incision, drainage and a course of systemic antibiotics to resolve the infection. Recurrence is possible if the predisposing causes are not
Mycotic(fungal) Infections
1. Fungal infections in humans can be classified based on the level of tissue involved as superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, or opportunistic.
2. Superficial infections involve only the superficial layer of skin, while cutaneous infections penetrate the keratinized layer of skin. Subcutaneous infections penetrate deeper to involve subcutaneous tissue.
3. Systemic fungal infections spread throughout the body via the blood or lymphatic system and can infect multiple internal organs. Opportunistic infections occur in immunocompromised individuals and involve normal fungal flora that have become pathogenic.
Trachoma.pptx
Trachoma is a chronic eye disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the leading cause of infectious blindness globally, affecting over 150 million people. The disease is associated with poor hygiene and sanitation. It is characterized by follicles on the conjunctiva and scarring that can lead to trichiasis, entropion, and corneal opacity causing blindness. Risk factors include dust, flies, overcrowding, and lack of sanitation. Treatment involves antibiotics like azithromycin or tetracycline. Prevention strategies focus on facial cleanliness, environmental improvements, and surgery to correct trichiasis under the SAFE strategy promoted by WHO.
Pathology of bacterial infections of skin in animals
This document summarizes various bacterial skin infections in animals. It describes the portals of entry for bacteria, locations of infections, causative organisms, and histopathological findings for different types of infections including: superficial pyodermas (impetigo, folliculitis), deep pyodermas (staphylococcal folliculitis, furunculosis, abscesses), granulomatous dermatitis (mycobacterial, botryomycosis), and exudative dermatitides (dermatophilosis, ovine fleece rot, exudative epidermitis). Causative organisms include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Dermatophilus, Mycobacter
Superficial Mycoses
Superficial mycoses are fungal infections that are limited to the outer layers of the skin. Common causative agents include dermatophytes, Malassezia furfur, Piedraia hortae, Trichosporon beigelii, and Exophiala werneckii. Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton cause ringworm infections of the skin, hair, and nails. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the infected area but may include scaly patches with active, inflamed borders. Laboratory identification involves microscopic examination of specimens and fungal culture.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes red scaly patches, most commonly on the elbows, knees, scalp and back. It occurs when the immune system sends out faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells. There are several types of psoriasis including plaque, guttate, inverse and pustular. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and can be triggered by stress, skin injury and certain medications. Treatment depends on the severity but may include topical creams and ointments, phototherapy and systemic drugs.
1.DEEP FUNGAL INFECTIONS 10th feb 2022.pptx
This document discusses several types of deep fungal infections including subcutaneous and systemic mycoses. It provides details on the causative organisms, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations and treatment of specific subcutaneous fungal infections - mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis, sporotrichosis, phaeohyphomycosis, lobomycosis and rhinosporidiosis. It also briefly mentions systemic fungal infections such as histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and coccidiomycosis.
Bacterial infections of the skin
This document summarizes different types of bacterial skin infections:
1) Impetigo can be bullous or non-bullous, caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus, and presents as thick-walled bullae without erythema (bullous) or thin-walled transient bullae with erythema (non-bullous).
2) Folliculitis can be superficial or deep, presenting as pustules in crops on the scalp, hairline, or extremities (superficial) or chronic folliculitis of the legs in young Indian males (deep).
3) Staphylococcus aureus causes furuncles (boils) and
SCABIES Awajo.pptx
1. Scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabei var hominis, which burrows under the skin and lays eggs, causing intense itching.
2. It spreads through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact and can affect people of any age.
3. Treatment involves applying topical scabicides like permethrin or oral ivermectin to kill the mites and eggs, with multiple applications required to fully clear the infection.
Palmoplantar keratoderma
This document provides information on various types of palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK). It describes the clinical patterns, genetic causes, histopathological findings, and management options for different syndromic and non-syndromic forms of PPK, including epidermolytic, punctate, striate, and transgradient PPK as well as disorders associated with PPK like pachyonychia congenita and Naxos syndrome. The document discusses the characteristic features, genetic defects, and treatment approaches for these PPK subtypes.
diseases caused by arthropods and Scabies
This document discusses diseases caused by arthropods. It begins by classifying arthropods and describing their characteristics. It then discusses different types of arthropods that can cause disease in humans based on their mechanism of disease, including parasitic, stinging, biting, dermatitis-producing, and arthropod vectors. Specific diseases caused by different arthropod vectors like flies, sandflies, mosquitoes, ticks, bugs, and lice are outlined. Scabies and pediculosis caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite and Pediculus humanus louse respectively are then described in more detail, including their lifecycles, symptoms, treatment and complications.
Cutaneous Infections of skin disease management
Impetigo is a common, highly contagious bacterial skin infection that primarily affects children. It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Non-bullous impetigo presents as vesicles or pustules surrounded by erythema, while bullous impetigo features flaccid bullae without surrounding erythema. Both are usually treated with oral antibiotics like erythromycin. Tinea cruris is a fungal infection of the groin caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton rubrum. It presents as well-demarcated erythematous scaly plaques and is diagnosed by microscopy of skin scrapings in potassium hydroxide.
Head and Neck Imaging
The document describes various pathologies that can involve the pharyngeal mucosal space of the head and neck. This most internal compartment is delineated by the middle layer of deep cervical fascia and contains the pharyngeal mucosa. Common benign lesions include Tornwaldt cysts and minor salivary gland lesions. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a primary malignancy associated with Epstein-Barr virus that presents as soft tissue masses. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are other malignancies that can originate in or involve this space. Lymphoma is also discussed.
Similar to Parasitic infestations (20)
Pathology of bacterial infections of skin in animals
Pathology of bacterial infections of skin in animals
More from Dr ABU SURAIH SAKHRI
Pathology of Endometrial cancer 2022.pptx
This is a concise presentation on the pathology of endometrial cancer based on the latest WHO female genital tumors latest edition, 5th edition
prepared on April 2022
Appraoch to autoimmune diseases.pptx
This is an approach to the basis of the common antibodies and the associated diseases, called autoimmune diseases.
Hydatidiform mole/ VESICULAR MOLE
- Hydatidiform mole is a benign tumor of the placenta that has malignant potential. It is more common in Asian women and those over 35.
- Complete moles are diploid and paternal in origin, while partial moles are triploid with both paternal and maternal chromosomes. Complete moles have no fetus while partial moles may have an abnormal fetus.
- Diagnosis is made through ultrasound showing cystic spaces and very high HCG levels. Management involves surgical evacuation followed by monitoring of HCG levels to detect malignant changes, as 20% of complete moles may develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
Mediators of inflammation
This document summarizes the key mediators involved in the inflammatory response. It discusses how chemical mediators called cytokines, chemokines, lipids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, amines such as histamine, peptides, complement proteins, and nitric oxide are released from cells to coordinate and regulate inflammation. These mediators act through receptors on target cells to produce effects like increased vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, pain, and fever responses. The document also outlines the innate and acquired immune responses mediated by cells like phagocytes, natural killer cells, and antibodies.
Psoriasis
1. Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by well-defined, red, scaly plaques located over extensor surfaces and scalp.
2. It has a genetic predisposition and can be triggered by environmental factors such as trauma, infection, drugs, and stress.
3. Treatment involves topical therapies for mild disease and systemic therapies such as phototherapy, retinoids, methotrexate, and biological agents for more severe disease.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, specifically pre-eclampsia. It defines pre-eclampsia and lists risk factors. Diagnosis involves high blood pressure and proteinuria. Classification ranges from mild to severe. Complications for the mother include seizures, stroke, liver or kidney damage. Management involves controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and delivering the baby to resolve symptoms. Close monitoring of the mother and baby postpartum is important.
Neurocutaneous disorders
This document summarizes several neurocutaneous disorders including neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. It describes the neurological, cutaneous, and other system involvement for each disorder including common symptoms such as seizures, tumors, and skin lesions. Diagnostic criteria involving clinical findings are provided. The summary focuses on the key features and manifestations across body systems involved in these genetic neurocutaneous conditions.
Mullerian anomalies
This document discusses Mullerian anomalies/defects, which range from agenesis to duplication of the tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina. It covers the classification system used (AFS), incidence, etiology, genetics, embryogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis using imaging modalies like HSG, USG and MRI, and management of various anomalies like unicornuate uterus, didelphys, bicornuate, septate and arcuate uterus. Complications in reproduction from each anomaly and outcomes of treatments like metroplasty are also summarized. Diethylstilbestrol exposure related abnormalities are briefly discussed.
TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND STRONGYLOIDES
Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite transmitted through contact with infected cat feces or consumption of undercooked meat. It typically causes mild or asymptomatic infections but can cause severe brain and eye damage in fetuses, infants, and immunocompromised individuals. Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode transmitted through skin contact with soil. It resides in the small intestine and can cause chronic diarrhea but also disseminate and cause potentially fatal infections in malnourished or immunosuppressed individuals. Both parasites are diagnosed through examination of infected tissues and confirmed with serological tests.
JVP - A SHORT REVIEW
The jugular venous pulse reflects right atrial pressure and is best examined in the right internal jugular vein. It normally displays three positive waves and two negative troughs related to atrial filling and emptying. Abnormalities can indicate conditions that elevate or lower right atrial pressure such as heart failure, tamponade, constriction. Specific wave changes suggest problems like tricuspid regurgitation or stenosis. The jugular venous pulse is a useful physical exam finding for cardiovascular assessment.
HEART MURMURS
Heart murmurs can be produced by turbulence in blood flow caused by abnormalities in heart valves or structures. A murmur is described by its timing in the cardiac cycle, location, intensity, quality, and radiation pattern.
A mid-systolic murmur is the most common murmur and can be caused by ventricular outflow obstructions like aortic stenosis, dilation of the aorta/pulmonary trunk, accelerated flow, or innocent murmurs from normal anatomical variations. Diastolic murmurs include early diastolic murmurs like aortic regurgitation and high-pressure pulmonary regurgitation, and mid-diastolic murmurs caused by stenosis of the mitral or tricuspid valves. Flow murmurs
Development of male and female reproductive system
The document describes the development of the male and female reproductive systems from the indifferent stage through sexual differentiation. It covers the development of the gonads (testes and ovaries), genital ducts, and external genitalia. Some key points include:
- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- The genital ducts also initially develop in an indifferent stage before the mesonephric ducts develop into male structures like the epididymis and vas deferens, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures like the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- External
Chronic Osteomyelitis
This document discusses chronic osteomyelitis, including its causes, pathology, presentations, examinations, investigations, differential diagnoses, and treatments. It can develop following acute osteomyelitis or be caused by tuberculosis or fungi. Pathology involves spread of pus within bone leading to bone death and cavities. Presentations include discharging sinuses and bone fragments. Investigations include x-rays showing bone changes and cultures of pus. Surgical treatments aim to remove dead bone and tissue. Complications include exacerbations, growth abnormalities, and fractures. It also discusses Garre's osteomyelitis and Brodie's abscess as specific types.
Forceps delivery and vacuum extraction
Forceps delivery is an operative vaginal delivery procedure that uses obstetric forceps to assist in the extraction of the fetal head. Forceps have curved blades that fit around the fetal head to allow the operator to apply gentle traction. Forceps delivery is indicated when there are signs of fetal distress, prolonged second stage of labor, or maternal medical complications. Risks include laceration, hemorrhage, and injuries to the mother or baby. Proper technique and only performing the procedure when fully trained can help minimize risks.
Face Presentation
This document provides information on face presentation during childbirth. It defines face presentation as a cephalic presentation with the fetus in a complete extended attitude and the presenting part being the face. The two types of face presentation are primary (presenting before labor) and secondary (caused by extension during labor). The main positions are left and right mentoanterior and mentoposterior. Face presentation has a higher risk of complications compared to vertex presentation such as prolonged labor and increased need for operative delivery. The management involves allowing labor to progress for mentoanterior positions but cesarean section is usually needed for persistent mentoposterior.
E coli - Microbiology
E. coli is a normal flora in the gut but can cause several infections. It is the most common cause of urinary tract infections and can lead to different types of gastroenteritis depending on the strain. Some strains like EHEC O157:H7 can cause hemorrhagic colitis and potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome in young children and the elderly. E. coli is also known to cause neonatal meningitis, wound infections after surgeries, and sepsis.
Blood supply of brain
The brain receives a high blood supply to meet its metabolic demands. Arterial blood reaches the brain through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, forming the circle of Willis at the base of the brain before branching into smaller vessels. Venous blood drains from the brain into internal jugular veins. Disruption of blood flow to the brain through cerebrovascular accidents like stroke can cause rapid loss of consciousness or permanent brain damage. Cerebrospinal fluid produced by choroid plexuses circulates within ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord, carrying nutrients and waste products.
Comprehensive Overview of Medical Genetics
This document discusses genetic diseases and abnormal fetal development. It begins with definitions of genetic terms like genetic code, chromosomes, genes, and cell division. It then discusses abnormal fetal development including malformations, deformations, and disruptions caused by chromosomal abnormalities, genetic defects, and environmental factors. The document ends by covering perinatal pathology including birth defects and metabolic disorders.
Short Review of Thalassemias
This document provides information on thalassemia, a group of genetic disorders that result in reduced hemoglobin production and anemia. It discusses the different types of thalassemia including alpha and beta thalassemia. Alpha thalassemia is caused by genetic deletions of the alpha globin genes and has varying severity from silent carrier to Hemoglobin H Disease to Bart's Hydrops Fetalis Syndrome. Beta thalassemia results from mutations in the beta globin genes and includes forms ranging from silent carrier to beta thalassemia minor to intermedia to major. Laboratory tests outlined can help diagnose and differentiate types of thalassemia based on red blood cell morphology, hemoglobin analysis and iron studies.
Localising the lesion of the CNS
This document provides an overview of localizing neurological lesions, including definitions of key terms like the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It describes various motor and sensory pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Conditions covered include the corticospinal system, stroke syndromes, multiple sclerosis, cerebellar syndrome, and motor neuron disease. For each, the causes, signs, investigations, and management are summarized. Clinical case scenarios are also provided to help localize neurological lesions.
More from Dr ABU SURAIH SAKHRI (20)
Development of male and female reproductive system
Development of male and female reproductive system
Recently uploaded
SENSORY NEEDS B.SC. NURSING SEMESTER II.
Sensation is the neurological process by which we become aware of surrounding environment.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Challenges associated with ageing from a public health perspective
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
What is Obesity? How to overcome Obesity?
Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
Muskan
mpharm
2nd semester
Guru Gobind Singh college of pharmacy, yamunanagar, haryana
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Recently uploaded (20)
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
Parasitic infestations
- 2. PAPULAR URTICARIA • Syn lichen urticatus,prurigo simplex • Acquired specific sensitivity to antigens in insects • 2-7 years • Immigrants • Cancer patients • Mosqitoes,bed bugs ,fleas,mites • seasonal
- 3. • Wheals,papules,wheals surmounted by papules • Central h’gic punctum • Pruritic-excoriated,crusted • Sec. Infection • Rec. crops • Site depend on insect
- 5. SCABIES • By sarcoptes scabiei var hominis • F-0.4x 0.3mm. • 2-3 eggs/d. 10-25eggs. Lives 30 d. • M- 0.2x0.15 • Burrow 2mm. moult thrice.
- 7. Clinical features • Itching –more at night • Typical distribution of lesions-finger webs,flexor wrist,elbow, ant.axillary fold,umbilicus,periumbilical,genitalia,upper thighs,knees &ankles • Family history • Burrow-thread like,grayish or dark line
- 10. • Nodular scabies • Crusted scabies • Scabies incognito • Scabies in clean • Scabies in infants • Animal transmitted scabies • Complications…..
- 14. TREATMENT • Permethrin5% • GBH 1% • Benzyl benzoate 25% • Others-crotamiton 10%, malathion 0.5% • Oral- ivermectin 12mg tab
- 15. PEDICULOSIS • Pediculus humanus var capitis • Pediculus humanus var corporis • Phthirius pubis • Dorsoventrally flattened • Head,thorax,abdomen • Legs-3 pairs with claws
- 16. • Body louse-larger ,grey,300 eggs/d, eggs glued to clothing • Head louse- smaller,darker,100 eggs/d, eggs to hair • 2-3 blood meals/d
- 18. PEDICULOSIS CAPITIS • Mainly scalp • Louse pit • No- rarely>20 • Nits laid close to scalp • Itching-sec. Infection&LNE
- 22. TREATMENT • Permethrin 1% • GBH 1%, .5% malathion • Repeat 10-14 d later • Antibiotics esp cotrimoxazole
- 23. PEDICULOSIS CORPORIS [Vagabond’s disease] • Ery.macules or urticarial wheals ,excoriated papules and parallel linear scratch marks • Pararallel linear scratch marks& hyperpigmentaton over upper back- vagabonds dis. • Clothes-Laundering,hot iron • Pt- scrub bath • Vector –epidemic typhus,relapsing fever,trench fever
- 25. PEDICULOSIS PUBIS • Crab louse • Pubis,abd, thighs,axillae,beard,areolar hair, eyebrow eyelash • May be STD • Maculae cerulae,bluish grey macules upper thighs,abdomen • Rx- permethrin GBH, petrolatum over eyelash, flourescien e/d, ivermectin
- 27. MYIASIS • Infestation of tissues of living vertebrates with larvae of dipterous flies • Cutaneous • Ophthalmic • Nasopharyngeal • Intestinal
- 28. • Creeping myiasis-hypoderma bovis , gastrophilus • Furuncular/true cutaneous • Traumatic/ wound • Rx-furuncular-inscise&pick out, creeping-+antihelmintics, wound- use turpentine/chloroform&pick out
- 29. PULICOSIS • By flea • Human flea-pulex irritans • Wheal/.papule with a central hgic punctum • Grouped lesions • Where cloth fit tightly
- 30. TUNGIASIS- • By sandflea • Tunga penetrans/burrowing flea • Flourish best in sandy soil • fertilised female burrows into feet-under the nail,toe webs and medial side of foot • Genital and perineal regions • Black dotulcer • Extract with a pin,turpentine
- 31. CIMICOSIS • By bed bug • Cimex hemipterus& cimex lectularis • Exposed parts • Bites painless, non pruritic in non sensitised individuals , Sensitised-irritable papules with hgic punctum, wheal • Back of trunk &buttocks-in bed • Insecticides like BHC
- 32. BLISTER BEETLE DERMATITIS • Lytta vesicatoria (spanish fly)-cantharadin • Epicauta solani • Paederus(rove beetles)-pederin
- 33. • Alarmed on waking up • Burning,pain,itching • Wheal……rapidly blisters in 12 hrs • Linear whiplash dermatitis patchy ,herpetiform,bizarre • Kissing lesions • Exposed parts • Residual hyperpigmentation
- 35. SPIDER BITE • LACRODECTISM-L.mactans-black widow spider • Local reaction with 2 punctae • Neurotoxic-vomiting,cramps,delirium, partial paralysis • Recover in 2-3 d • Morphine,calcium gluconate
- 36. • LOXOSCELISUM-L reclusa-brown recluse spider • Necrotic cutaneous loxoscelism-localised type • Viscero-cutaneous loxoscelism –hemotoxic, joint pain • Ice bag,elevation,rest,antibiotics
- 37. DEMODICIDOSIS • Follicle mites • D folliculorum in hair follicle&D brevis- sebaceous and meibomian glands • Usually in older children and adults • Forehead,cheeks,nasolabial folds,chin ,scalp,external ear,upper chest
- 38. • Burning &itching with diffuse erythema of face with dryness and follicular scales • Addl rosacea like lesions • Benzoyl peroxide,Benzyl benzoate, permethrin,ppt sulphur
- 39. CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS • Hookworms-A braziliense,A canium, A ceylonicum • S stercoralis • F hepatica
- 40. • Itchy red papule-vesicular • Itchy,skin coloured.tortuous,3mm wide tract • Ankylostoma-1-2cm/d • Larva migrans-10cm/d • Self limiting • Albendazole 400mg/dx3 • Mebendazole 100mg tid x7d
- 42. LEISHMANIASIS • Old world leishmaniasis-oriental sore, delhi boil • L major,L tropica,L aethiopica,L infantum • P papatasi,P sergenti • L major-nodule-crust-ulcer-heal in 2-6months with scar. Satellite lesons
- 43. • L tropica-nodule,plaque,ulcer with crust , heal in 8-12 months with scar • Rx-sodium stibogluconate, pentamaidine
- 46. NEW WORLD leishmaniasis • L mexicana-chiclero ulcer ..face, retroauricular areas • L brasiliensis • Primary lesion-pruritic nodule.. ulcerate
- 47. • Mucosal lesions - espundia • 2-10 yrs after primary infection-due to hematogenous spread • mainly affect nose mucosa …ulceration and destruction of cartilage ….tapir nose deformity
- 48. • POST KALA AZAR leishmaniasis • Following visceral leishmaniasis • In india 2yrs later • Ery. bat wing rash over face • Hypopigmented….then nodular • May involve mucosa • May resemble LL
- 49. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS • By Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia Malayi, Brugia timori. • Rec. episodes of lymphangitis and lymphadenitis occur. • Lead to elephantiasis - Skin thickened, subcutaneous tissue hypertrophic. Fissuring, nodular and papillomatous to verrucose changes also occur. • Mainly lower limbs. • Rx. - DEC, ivermectin
- 51. THANK YOU