This document provides a timeline of important events and discoveries in the field of forensic science from BCE to 2002 CE. Some key developments include the first use of fingerprints to solve a crime in 1880, the establishment of the first police crime laboratory in 1910, the development of blood typing techniques in the early 20th century, and the founding of organizations like the American Academy of Forensic Science in 1950 and the Federal Bureau of Investigation crime laboratory in 1932. The timeline is intended as a historical overview of the emerging field of forensic science.
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.Hamza Mohammad
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
This document provides an introduction to forensic science. It defines forensic science as using scientific methods to examine information about the past, especially for legal purposes. Forensic science originated in ancient Rome where criminal cases were presented before public forums, with the best argument determining the outcome. The document outlines several fathers of modern forensic science disciplines like toxicology, ballistics, and fingerprinting. It traces the origins and development of forensic science from ancient accounts to its systemization starting in 16th century Europe. Key fields of forensic science discussed include toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprints.
This document discusses voice analysis and its applications in forensic science. It covers several key points:
1) Voices convey a great deal of information beyond language, such as the speaker's identity, emotions, and health. This makes voice analysis potentially useful for forensic purposes.
2) Common forensic tasks involving voice analysis include speaker identification, where an unknown voice is compared to voice samples from known individuals, and voice comparison to determine if two recordings come from the same speaker.
3) Automatic speaker recognition techniques use algorithms like Gaussian mixture models and mel-frequency cepstral coefficients to analyze and compare voice recordings without human interpretation. These techniques aim to provide more objective and universal analysis compared to older auditory-based methods.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
This document provides information about various topics in forensic science, including fingerprints, footwear impressions, and the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). It discusses the main types of fingerprints (loops, arches, and whorls), how AFIS works by storing digitized fingerprint images in a searchable database, and the identifying characteristics used. For footwear impressions, it explains the differences between positive and negative impressions, and notes that footwear evidence is often overlooked at crime scenes.
This document discusses ear prints and their use in criminal identification and solving crimes. It provides details on ear anatomy and development. Ear prints are 2D impressions of the outer ear that can be left on surfaces. The first successful ear print identification of a criminal was in 1965 in Switzerland. The document then describes a 1983 murder case in Brno, Czech Republic where the murderer was identified through an ear print left on the victim's front door. Jan Holub was convicted based on a match between the ear print from the crime scene and his ear print. His conviction was upheld, and he was executed in 1986.
This document discusses various methods used to alter documents, including erasure and obliteration. It notes that erasures can be detected under microscopic examination but may not reveal the original text. Obliteration through chemicals is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen under microscopy. Infrared luminescence examination can determine if different inks were used for original text versus obliterated text, but recovery is impossible if the same ink was used.
This document discusses definitions related to fire investigation, including the definitions of fire, activation energy, and arson. It then covers the chemistry of fire and the tetrahedron model. The rest of the document outlines the process of investigating a potential arson scene, including identifying the point of origin, presence of accelerants, and analytical methods like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to detect accelerants in fire debris.
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.Hamza Mohammad
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
This document provides an introduction to forensic science. It defines forensic science as using scientific methods to examine information about the past, especially for legal purposes. Forensic science originated in ancient Rome where criminal cases were presented before public forums, with the best argument determining the outcome. The document outlines several fathers of modern forensic science disciplines like toxicology, ballistics, and fingerprinting. It traces the origins and development of forensic science from ancient accounts to its systemization starting in 16th century Europe. Key fields of forensic science discussed include toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprints.
This document discusses voice analysis and its applications in forensic science. It covers several key points:
1) Voices convey a great deal of information beyond language, such as the speaker's identity, emotions, and health. This makes voice analysis potentially useful for forensic purposes.
2) Common forensic tasks involving voice analysis include speaker identification, where an unknown voice is compared to voice samples from known individuals, and voice comparison to determine if two recordings come from the same speaker.
3) Automatic speaker recognition techniques use algorithms like Gaussian mixture models and mel-frequency cepstral coefficients to analyze and compare voice recordings without human interpretation. These techniques aim to provide more objective and universal analysis compared to older auditory-based methods.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
This document provides information about various topics in forensic science, including fingerprints, footwear impressions, and the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). It discusses the main types of fingerprints (loops, arches, and whorls), how AFIS works by storing digitized fingerprint images in a searchable database, and the identifying characteristics used. For footwear impressions, it explains the differences between positive and negative impressions, and notes that footwear evidence is often overlooked at crime scenes.
This document discusses ear prints and their use in criminal identification and solving crimes. It provides details on ear anatomy and development. Ear prints are 2D impressions of the outer ear that can be left on surfaces. The first successful ear print identification of a criminal was in 1965 in Switzerland. The document then describes a 1983 murder case in Brno, Czech Republic where the murderer was identified through an ear print left on the victim's front door. Jan Holub was convicted based on a match between the ear print from the crime scene and his ear print. His conviction was upheld, and he was executed in 1986.
This document discusses various methods used to alter documents, including erasure and obliteration. It notes that erasures can be detected under microscopic examination but may not reveal the original text. Obliteration through chemicals is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen under microscopy. Infrared luminescence examination can determine if different inks were used for original text versus obliterated text, but recovery is impossible if the same ink was used.
This document discusses definitions related to fire investigation, including the definitions of fire, activation energy, and arson. It then covers the chemistry of fire and the tetrahedron model. The rest of the document outlines the process of investigating a potential arson scene, including identifying the point of origin, presence of accelerants, and analytical methods like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to detect accelerants in fire debris.
This document discusses various techniques for developing latent fingerprints, including the application of lasers. It describes how argon lasers can cause fingerprints to fluoresce without treatment due to components like riboflavin and pyridoxine in sweat. However, post-treatment is usually needed to improve fluorescence. Methods include using luminescent materials or chemicals that react with sweat to form luminous products. Other techniques discussed are forensic light sources, chromatic white light sensors, and x-ray fluorescence radiography which detects fingerprint ridge patterns through fluorescence of elements like sodium and potassium in sweat.
This document discusses forensic audio analysis and speaker identification. It covers:
1. How sound is produced through vibration of the vocal cords and interpreted by the brain.
2. The process of speaker identification which determines the identity of an unknown speaker by comparing their speech signals to a database of known speakers. This can be open-set where the speaker may not be in the database, or closed-set where they are known to be there.
3. Problems that can occur in forensic speaker examination including low quality recordings, disguised voices, health issues and non-cooperative suspects. Good quality samples with minimal noise are important for accurate analysis.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. It discusses how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his Sherlock Holmes series introduced many forensic science techniques. It also describes the contributions of Hans Gross who detailed the application of various sciences to criminal investigations, and Edmond Locard who established the first crime laboratory and developed Locard's exchange principle. The document outlines the basic units of a crime laboratory and discusses judicial standards for the admissibility of forensic evidence in court.
Fingerprints are formed during fetal development from ridges on fingers and palms. These ridges are unique to each individual. Fingerprint analysis relies on the permanence and individuality of ridge patterns and characteristics. Latent fingerprints left at crime scenes can be developed and identified by analyzing the ridge flow, patterns like loops and whorls, and minute characteristics called minutiae. Fingerprint evidence plays an important role in criminal investigations.
Psychological profiling is a forensic technique used by investigative agencies to develop a profile of the type of person likely to have committed a crime based on evidence and characteristics of the crime scene. The profile considers factors like the crime scene evidence, victimology, and forensic details to reconstruct the crime and assess whether it was organized or disorganized. This leads to developing a criminal profile with demographics, physical traits, habits, and behavioral characteristics to guide the investigation in apprehending the offender.
This document summarizes the key components and capabilities of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). It discusses the goals of understanding AFIS, how fingerprints are acquired and processed, different types of fingerprint searches, system accuracy, current issues and limitations, and emerging technologies like mobile AFIS.
There are four main types of crime scenes: outdoor scenes which are more susceptible to environmental contamination; indoor scenes which are easier to secure but more prone to multiple contaminations; conveyance or mobile scenes involving vehicles; and scenes classified based on the location and type of crime committed such as homicides, burglaries, or accidents. Crime scenes can also be classified based on whether they are the primary location where the crime occurred or a secondary connected location, and by their size from the macro scene to microscopic trace evidence.
The document summarizes the history and development of forensic science from ancient times to the present. Some key points covered include:
- Archimedes in 287 BC is considered the father of forensic science due to applying math and physics to investigate legal matters.
- Major developments in the field occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with contributions from scientists in toxicology, fingerprint analysis, blood typing, and toolmark examination.
- Forensic science became recognized as an academic discipline in the early 20th century with the establishment of university courses and programs.
- Modern forensic science draws on multiple traditional sciences and has specialized branches like fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and crime scene investigation to assist law enforcement.
The goal of a crime scene investigation is to recognize, document, and collect evidence. Evidence can be direct, like eyewitness accounts, or circumstantial. Physical evidence includes fingerprints, DNA, and trace evidence. Following Locard's exchange principle, investigators look for transfers between people and objects. Proper documentation through photography, sketching, and note taking is important. Evidence must be properly packaged and maintained in the chain of custody to be useful in reconstructing the crime.
The document discusses key aspects of processing a crime scene:
1. Recognition, preservation, identification, comparison, individualization, interpretation, and reconstruction are the seven major activities of forensic investigations.
2. Evidence must be collected, packaged, and maintained in a proper chain of custody. Photographs, sketches, and notes are used to document the crime scene.
3. A crime scene may be searched using line, grid, zone, or wheel/spiral methods depending on the type of scene. The body is processed by the coroner or medical examiner.
The document discusses bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA), which analyzes bloodstains at crime scenes to reconstruct events. BPA has been used since the late 19th century. Stains are classified by velocity (low, medium, high) and morphology (passive, transfer, projected). Analysts examine stain patterns to determine the area of convergence and origin to deduce the positions of victim and assailant. BPA supports other forensic evidence and can refute witness statements, but does not determine all crime details on its own.
This document discusses soil as forensic evidence. It begins by introducing soil as commonly found evidence at crime scenes and transferred between locations. It then describes the components and formation of soil, as well as factors like climate, topography, and organisms that influence soil composition over thousands of years. The document outlines how soil can be collected and examined, such as through microscopic analysis and density gradient tests, to potentially link suspects or objects to crime scenes. Proper collection and preservation of soil samples is also emphasized for successful forensic analysis and investigations.
This document provides an introduction to forensic biology. It discusses how forensic science applies various scientific disciplines to criminal and civil law. Forensic biology is a branch of forensic science that utilizes biology, and has several sub-disciplines including forensic serology, DNA fingerprinting, forensic anthropology, and forensic entomology. These specializations analyze evidence like blood, semen, hair, and insects to identify individuals and determine details about crime scenes. Forensic scientists play an important role in the criminal justice system by using scientific analysis to help investigate crimes.
Soil analysis can link suspects to crime scenes by comparing soil on their clothing or vehicles to the soil at the crime scene. Physical characteristics like plant and animal materials or artificial debris are examined microscopically. Chemical characteristics like pH levels and minerals are also analyzed. To determine if soil samples have a common origin, analysts consider multiple comparable features and how frequently they occur. Proper training in geology is important since there are over 2,200 minerals that can be present in soil.
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.
Fingerprints have been used for identification for thousands of years, but it was not until the late 19th century that they began to be used systematically by police. The first system was developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1883, but it was prone to errors. In the 1880s, Henry Fauld and William Herschel independently discovered the potential of fingerprints for identification. Sir Francis Galton's seminal research in the 1890s established that no two fingerprints are alike and they do not change over time. Classification systems were then developed to organize large fingerprint databases. By the early 20th century, fingerprints had replaced anthropometry as the primary method of criminal identification.
This document discusses various methods for examining documents to detect alterations or forgeries. It describes how erasures, overwritten text, and chemical treatments can be detected through microscopic analysis, ultraviolet light, infrared photography, and digital image processing. Chromatography and ink libraries can be used to match ink between known and questioned documents. Paper composition can also provide clues through features like watermarks.
This presentation is a study material for the forensic aptitude and caliber test (fact and fact plus examination). This contains the topics Principles of forensic science and disciplines of forensic science. For the educational video please go to the link https://youtu.be/VBpgshoOQR4
This document discusses soil forensics and soil composition. It provides details on the four main components of soil - mineral matter, soil water, soil air, and organic material. It also describes various forensic soil tests that can be used to analyze properties like soil density, texture, color, structure, nutrients, and microscopically. The document explains how soil can be a useful trace evidence due to its individualistic properties and ability to transfer between surfaces based on the Locard Exchange Principle. It provides information on differentiating between soil samples and using databases and analytical methods in soil forensics analysis.
The National Academy of Sciences convened a committee to study forensic science needs and issues. The committee made 13 recommendations in its report, including creating a National Institute of Forensic Sciences, standardizing terminology and practices, and improving research, education, oversight and accreditation. The National Institute of Justice recognizes the need for reform and is taking steps like funding research projects and establishing advisory groups to address the report's recommendations.
The document discusses several issues facing the future of corrections, including a lack of clear mission and competing priorities, difficulty choosing effective methods, internal and external structural divisions, challenges in personnel recruitment and motivation, rising costs, and the need for evidence-based practices and professionalization. It proposes three main challenges: reinvigorating correctional leadership, refocusing investments in prevention programs, and reclaiming moral and ethical standards.
This document discusses various techniques for developing latent fingerprints, including the application of lasers. It describes how argon lasers can cause fingerprints to fluoresce without treatment due to components like riboflavin and pyridoxine in sweat. However, post-treatment is usually needed to improve fluorescence. Methods include using luminescent materials or chemicals that react with sweat to form luminous products. Other techniques discussed are forensic light sources, chromatic white light sensors, and x-ray fluorescence radiography which detects fingerprint ridge patterns through fluorescence of elements like sodium and potassium in sweat.
This document discusses forensic audio analysis and speaker identification. It covers:
1. How sound is produced through vibration of the vocal cords and interpreted by the brain.
2. The process of speaker identification which determines the identity of an unknown speaker by comparing their speech signals to a database of known speakers. This can be open-set where the speaker may not be in the database, or closed-set where they are known to be there.
3. Problems that can occur in forensic speaker examination including low quality recordings, disguised voices, health issues and non-cooperative suspects. Good quality samples with minimal noise are important for accurate analysis.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. It discusses how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his Sherlock Holmes series introduced many forensic science techniques. It also describes the contributions of Hans Gross who detailed the application of various sciences to criminal investigations, and Edmond Locard who established the first crime laboratory and developed Locard's exchange principle. The document outlines the basic units of a crime laboratory and discusses judicial standards for the admissibility of forensic evidence in court.
Fingerprints are formed during fetal development from ridges on fingers and palms. These ridges are unique to each individual. Fingerprint analysis relies on the permanence and individuality of ridge patterns and characteristics. Latent fingerprints left at crime scenes can be developed and identified by analyzing the ridge flow, patterns like loops and whorls, and minute characteristics called minutiae. Fingerprint evidence plays an important role in criminal investigations.
Psychological profiling is a forensic technique used by investigative agencies to develop a profile of the type of person likely to have committed a crime based on evidence and characteristics of the crime scene. The profile considers factors like the crime scene evidence, victimology, and forensic details to reconstruct the crime and assess whether it was organized or disorganized. This leads to developing a criminal profile with demographics, physical traits, habits, and behavioral characteristics to guide the investigation in apprehending the offender.
This document summarizes the key components and capabilities of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). It discusses the goals of understanding AFIS, how fingerprints are acquired and processed, different types of fingerprint searches, system accuracy, current issues and limitations, and emerging technologies like mobile AFIS.
There are four main types of crime scenes: outdoor scenes which are more susceptible to environmental contamination; indoor scenes which are easier to secure but more prone to multiple contaminations; conveyance or mobile scenes involving vehicles; and scenes classified based on the location and type of crime committed such as homicides, burglaries, or accidents. Crime scenes can also be classified based on whether they are the primary location where the crime occurred or a secondary connected location, and by their size from the macro scene to microscopic trace evidence.
The document summarizes the history and development of forensic science from ancient times to the present. Some key points covered include:
- Archimedes in 287 BC is considered the father of forensic science due to applying math and physics to investigate legal matters.
- Major developments in the field occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with contributions from scientists in toxicology, fingerprint analysis, blood typing, and toolmark examination.
- Forensic science became recognized as an academic discipline in the early 20th century with the establishment of university courses and programs.
- Modern forensic science draws on multiple traditional sciences and has specialized branches like fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and crime scene investigation to assist law enforcement.
The goal of a crime scene investigation is to recognize, document, and collect evidence. Evidence can be direct, like eyewitness accounts, or circumstantial. Physical evidence includes fingerprints, DNA, and trace evidence. Following Locard's exchange principle, investigators look for transfers between people and objects. Proper documentation through photography, sketching, and note taking is important. Evidence must be properly packaged and maintained in the chain of custody to be useful in reconstructing the crime.
The document discusses key aspects of processing a crime scene:
1. Recognition, preservation, identification, comparison, individualization, interpretation, and reconstruction are the seven major activities of forensic investigations.
2. Evidence must be collected, packaged, and maintained in a proper chain of custody. Photographs, sketches, and notes are used to document the crime scene.
3. A crime scene may be searched using line, grid, zone, or wheel/spiral methods depending on the type of scene. The body is processed by the coroner or medical examiner.
The document discusses bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA), which analyzes bloodstains at crime scenes to reconstruct events. BPA has been used since the late 19th century. Stains are classified by velocity (low, medium, high) and morphology (passive, transfer, projected). Analysts examine stain patterns to determine the area of convergence and origin to deduce the positions of victim and assailant. BPA supports other forensic evidence and can refute witness statements, but does not determine all crime details on its own.
This document discusses soil as forensic evidence. It begins by introducing soil as commonly found evidence at crime scenes and transferred between locations. It then describes the components and formation of soil, as well as factors like climate, topography, and organisms that influence soil composition over thousands of years. The document outlines how soil can be collected and examined, such as through microscopic analysis and density gradient tests, to potentially link suspects or objects to crime scenes. Proper collection and preservation of soil samples is also emphasized for successful forensic analysis and investigations.
This document provides an introduction to forensic biology. It discusses how forensic science applies various scientific disciplines to criminal and civil law. Forensic biology is a branch of forensic science that utilizes biology, and has several sub-disciplines including forensic serology, DNA fingerprinting, forensic anthropology, and forensic entomology. These specializations analyze evidence like blood, semen, hair, and insects to identify individuals and determine details about crime scenes. Forensic scientists play an important role in the criminal justice system by using scientific analysis to help investigate crimes.
Soil analysis can link suspects to crime scenes by comparing soil on their clothing or vehicles to the soil at the crime scene. Physical characteristics like plant and animal materials or artificial debris are examined microscopically. Chemical characteristics like pH levels and minerals are also analyzed. To determine if soil samples have a common origin, analysts consider multiple comparable features and how frequently they occur. Proper training in geology is important since there are over 2,200 minerals that can be present in soil.
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.
Fingerprints have been used for identification for thousands of years, but it was not until the late 19th century that they began to be used systematically by police. The first system was developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1883, but it was prone to errors. In the 1880s, Henry Fauld and William Herschel independently discovered the potential of fingerprints for identification. Sir Francis Galton's seminal research in the 1890s established that no two fingerprints are alike and they do not change over time. Classification systems were then developed to organize large fingerprint databases. By the early 20th century, fingerprints had replaced anthropometry as the primary method of criminal identification.
This document discusses various methods for examining documents to detect alterations or forgeries. It describes how erasures, overwritten text, and chemical treatments can be detected through microscopic analysis, ultraviolet light, infrared photography, and digital image processing. Chromatography and ink libraries can be used to match ink between known and questioned documents. Paper composition can also provide clues through features like watermarks.
This presentation is a study material for the forensic aptitude and caliber test (fact and fact plus examination). This contains the topics Principles of forensic science and disciplines of forensic science. For the educational video please go to the link https://youtu.be/VBpgshoOQR4
This document discusses soil forensics and soil composition. It provides details on the four main components of soil - mineral matter, soil water, soil air, and organic material. It also describes various forensic soil tests that can be used to analyze properties like soil density, texture, color, structure, nutrients, and microscopically. The document explains how soil can be a useful trace evidence due to its individualistic properties and ability to transfer between surfaces based on the Locard Exchange Principle. It provides information on differentiating between soil samples and using databases and analytical methods in soil forensics analysis.
The National Academy of Sciences convened a committee to study forensic science needs and issues. The committee made 13 recommendations in its report, including creating a National Institute of Forensic Sciences, standardizing terminology and practices, and improving research, education, oversight and accreditation. The National Institute of Justice recognizes the need for reform and is taking steps like funding research projects and establishing advisory groups to address the report's recommendations.
The document discusses several issues facing the future of corrections, including a lack of clear mission and competing priorities, difficulty choosing effective methods, internal and external structural divisions, challenges in personnel recruitment and motivation, rising costs, and the need for evidence-based practices and professionalization. It proposes three main challenges: reinvigorating correctional leadership, refocusing investments in prevention programs, and reclaiming moral and ethical standards.
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil law. The history of forensic science began with early developments in China and Europe in the 3rd century and 18th century, where scientific methods were first applied to investigate crimes. Over the 19th century, many scientific disciplines were increasingly applied to criminal investigations, including toxicology, fingerprints, and serology. In the 20th century, breakthroughs like DNA profiling revolutionized the field, allowing positive personal identification. Today, modern crime laboratories employ various scientific disciplines and technologies to analyze evidence and assist law enforcement.
The document summarizes the key areas and activities of criminology as an academic discipline. It discusses how criminologists use scientific methods to study criminal behavior, develop theories of crime causation, understand different types of criminal behavior, study the criminal justice system and laws, and address ethical issues in research. Some of the areas criminologists focus on include criminal statistics, sociology of law, developing and testing theories of crime causation, penology, victimology, and understanding how societies define crime.
This document provides an overview of forensic science. It begins by defining forensic science as the application of science to matters of criminal and civil law. It discusses Locard's principle of exchange and how physical evidence is crucial. Examples of various types of physical evidence are given. The history and development of forensic science is then outlined, including early contributions from China, Orfila, Bertillon, Galton and others. Finally, the organization and units of a typical forensic science laboratory in India are described.
Nina Jaffe is an award-winning storyteller and author known for retelling Jewish and world folklore. She holds degrees from Wesleyan University and Bank Street College of Education. She has represented the United States at international festivals and created a Wonder Woman series emphasizing the character's mythological background. Jaffe has authored several books for children and young adults on folktales and stories from different cultures and religious traditions. Many of her works have received awards and honors.
The brief history of criminology progressed through several perspectives on the causes of crime. The Demonic perspective during the Middle Ages viewed crime as the result of demonic possession or temptation. The Classical school that emerged in the late 1700s focused on free will and deterrence through punishment. The Positivist school in the mid-1800s took a scientific approach and viewed criminals as biologically or mentally different. Sociological criminology from the mid-1800s onward examined social factors like family, peers, and environment that influence criminal behavior.
This document provides an overview of law enforcement procedures for criminal investigations, including preliminary investigations, securing crime scenes, collecting evidence, and forensic analysis techniques. It discusses protocols for responding to and documenting crime scenes, as well as collecting trace evidence like fingerprints, ballistics, and DNA. Advanced technologies like AFIS, NIBIN, and superglue fuming have improved the ability to identify suspects and link crimes through physical evidence analysis.
This chapter provides an overview of forensic document examination. It defines forensic science as the application of scientific techniques to legal investigations. Forensic document examination specifically involves the scientific examination of questioned documents to determine their authenticity, origin, and history. The PNP Questioned Document Examination Division examines questioned documents and provides expert testimony in court. A forensic document examiner studies all aspects of a document, including handwriting, signatures, paper and ink analysis, to determine facts about its preparation and history.
This document provides an overview of criminology, including definitions, history, and theories. It discusses how criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. The history section outlines the evolution of criminology from classical to positivist to sociological approaches. Classical criminology focused on free will and choice, while positivist criminology examined internal/biological factors. Sociological criminology analyzed the influence of social structure, processes, and conflicts on criminal behavior. Contemporary criminology takes a developmental perspective, seeing criminality as dynamically influenced over time by individual characteristics and social experiences.
7 Forensic Science Powerpoint Chapter 07 Forensic AnthropologyGrossmont College
The document discusses the role and techniques of forensic anthropology. It covers how forensic anthropologists examine human remains to develop a biological profile of victims and help with identification. They assess bones for characteristics like age, sex, ancestry and compare to records. Forensic anthropologists also study taphonomy and trauma to reconstruct events. Their expertise complements forensic pathologists in investigations.
An investigator's job is to determine key details of a crime including who the perpetrator and victim are, what happened and when, and how the crime occurred. They collect and analyze evidence from the crime scene such as fingerprints, DNA, footprints and insect activity to help establish things like the time of death and a potential suspect's height and movements. The investigator works methodically, carefully documenting and collecting all evidence before questioning witnesses and suspects to solve the crime.
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal matters. It involves using various scientific techniques to analyze evidence found at crime scenes. Some key areas of forensic science include analyzing fingerprints, DNA, ballistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, questioned documents, and trace evidence. The goal is to apply scientific processes and reasoning to help determine exactly what happened in criminal cases.
Lab 7 dna fingerprinting and gel electrophoresis fall 2014Amy Hollingsworth
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to distinguish individuals by analyzing DNA sample patterns. It involves obtaining a DNA sample, amplifying the DNA, cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size using gel electrophoresis, and analyzing the fragment pattern. DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify suspects in crimes by comparing DNA patterns from biological evidence left at a crime scene. It has also been used to determine paternity and solve medical problems by identifying inherited disorders.
This document provides an overview of theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior. It discusses classical, neoclassical, and positivist criminological theories. Classical theory views criminal behavior as resulting from free will and aims to achieve deterrence through punishment. Neoclassical theory introduced factors like premeditation and diminished responsibility. Positivist theories view human behavior as determined and see criminals as fundamentally different. Biological theories propose innate physiological differences between criminals and non-criminals. Psychological theories explore factors like intelligence, psychoanalysis, and humanistic perspectives. Sociological theories emphasize social and environmental influences on behavior. Theories discussed include anomie, collective conscience, and the work of the Chicago School studying neighborhood crime rates.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. It discusses early developments in China and Europe utilizing scientific techniques to solve crimes. Major advancements included the first use of fingerprints for identification in the late 19th century by Francis Galton, the establishment of blood typing by Karl Landsteiner in 1901, and the founding of the first crime lab in Lyon, France by Edmond Locard in 1910. The 20th century saw further breakthroughs, including the refinement of firearms analysis and microscopic examination techniques. Overall, the document traces the evolution of forensic science from its initial uses in ancient times to its establishment as a legitimate scientific field.
Forensic science is defined as the application of scientific principles and methods to matters of criminal justice, such as using biological evidence to identify criminals. Some key developments in forensic science history include Mathieu Orfila establishing modern toxicology methods in early 19th century Paris, Alphonse Bertillon developing anthropometry for personal identification in 1879, and Francis Galton undertaking the first systematic fingerprint study and proving their uniqueness in 1892. Hans Gross's 1893 book on criminal investigation principles and Edmond Locard's 1910 establishment of a police crime laboratory in Lyons also advanced the field.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. Some key points include:
- Forensic science began to emerge in the 19th century following advances in chemistry. One landmark was the 1836 Marsh test for detecting arsenic poisoning.
- Early methods for identifying criminals included Bertillonage, which used body measurements, and fingerprint analysis developed in the late 1800s.
- Foundational principles like Locard's exchange principle established that contact between people or objects leaves evidence.
- Forensic science split into medical and crime lab divisions, with medical forensic focusing on determining cause and manner of death through tools like estimating time of death.
Forensic science applies scientific knowledge to criminal investigations by analyzing evidence. It has roots in ancient Rome where cases were decided based on public speeches, and the first written accounts of using medical evidence to solve crimes come from Song Dynasty China. Modern forensic science developed from 16th century European medical examiners studying causes of death, with key advances like the first use of fingerprints and analysis of arsenic as a poison in the 1800s.
A forensic science laboratory is a scientific laboratory specializing in forensic science. Such laboratories may be run by private companies or the government but are often associated with the law enforcement infrastructure of a country.
Forensic science is the scientific method of examining evidence from a crime scene to aid law enforcement. It draws from various scientific fields like biology, chemistry, and physics. The word "forensic" comes from the Latin meaning "of or before the forum," referring to presenting evidence in court. While ancient sources contained early techniques, modern forensic science began in the 16th century with medical examiners studying causes of death. Key figures established foundations in fields like toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprint analysis that are still used today. Forensic science has grown to encompass many specialized subdivisions that can provide objective evidence to help resolve legal matters.
This document discusses the history and development of forensic science. It begins with early methods used in ancient times and progresses to modern developments. Key events and figures mentioned include the first use of forensic techniques in China in 1248, the contributions of Ambroise Pare in the 16th century, the founding of toxicology and ballistics analysis, and the pioneering work of Bertillon, Gross, Locard and others in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. The document also outlines the subfields of forensic science and bodies that foster its development.
Bio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of BiologyJaycris Agnes
This document provides a timeline of major biological discoveries, thoughts, and technologies from 500 BC to the present. It outlines key developments such as Aristotle founding zoology in 350 BC, the invention of the compound microscope in 1590, cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-1839, Mendel's laws of inheritance in 1866, discovery of DNA's structure in 1953, and the first draft of the human genome in 2001. Notable figures who advanced biology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, and Robert Koch.
The document provides a detailed overview of the historical development of bacteriology from the 16th century through the 20th century. Some of the key events and figures discussed include:
(1) Girolamo Fracastoro's early proposal of the germ theory of disease in the 16th century;
(2) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic observations of microorganisms in the 1670s; and
(3) Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1850s-1860s that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established the germ theory of disease.
This document provides biographical information about several important figures in the history of radiology and physics. It discusses Wilhelm Röntgen, the German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895. It also mentions Ivan Puluj, a Ukrainian/Czech inventor who independently researched X-rays around the same time. Further, it summarizes the contributions of physicists Antoine Henri Becquerel, who discovered radioactivity; Ernest Rutherford, known as the "father of nuclear physics"; James Chadwick, who discovered the neutron; and Marie Curie, the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, who researched radioactivity alongside her husband Pierre Curie.
This document provides a history of the development of forensic science from ancient times to the modern era. It describes how early techniques included using scientific methods to solve crimes in 3rd century China. It then outlines key figures and discoveries from the 17th century onward that helped establish forensic science disciplines like toxicology, serology, fingerprint analysis and more. These developments led to the application of science in criminal investigations and court cases. The document also reviews the establishment of early crime labs in the United States and abroad in the 20th century.
Today marks the death of the Austrian zoologist Konrad Lorenz in 1903. He was the founder of modern ethnology (the study of animal behaviour by means of comparative zoological methods). He was known affectionately by his pupils as the "father of the grey geese" which he studied. His ideas revealed how behavioural patterns may be traced to an evolutionary past, and he was also known for his work on the roots of aggression. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine, for developing a unified, evolutionary theory of animal and human behaviour.
Historical Development in Criminalistics-1.pptxGeoffOgunde1
Criminalistics is the scientific study and evaluation of physical evidence in criminal cases. It operates under forensic sciences and involves the application of scientific principles to provide legal evidence. While the term was coined in the 19th century, the field began developing much earlier, with important contributions from scientists in the mid-19th century applying scientific methods to legal cases. Key figures like Hans Gross and forensic techniques for fingerprint analysis, anthropology, and photography advanced the field in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, establishing criminalistics as a recognized science.
This document contains a presentation in Vietnamese on the topic of X-rays and their discovery. It includes slides with information about Wilhelm Röntgen, who discovered X-rays in 1896. The document notes that Röntgen took the first X-ray photograph of his wife's hand that same year. It then discusses how X-rays have been used in medicine to allow doctors to see inside the body, as well as other developing applications of the technology over time, establishing X-rays as an important scientific discovery that changed the world.
This document provides information on the history and development of fingerprint identification. Some key points:
- Fingerprints first began being used for identification in the late 19th century in India and Argentina. Sir Francis Galton established their individuality and permanence in 1892.
- The Henry Classification System, developed in India in 1897, became the standard fingerprint classification system used in English-speaking countries.
- Fingerprint use began being adopted for criminal identification in the early 20th century, first in England and Wales in 1901 and then in the US starting in the 1900s and growing rapidly in the following decades.
- The FBI began centralizing US fingerprint records and identification efforts in the 1920s, growing their database to
The document provides a detailed history of fingerprinting from ancient China and Japan to modern uses by law enforcement. Some key points include:
- Fingerprints have been used for identification in China since at least 300 BC and in Japan by 702 AD.
- Sir William Herschel is credited with beginning the scientific study of fingerprints in India in 1877 and advocating for their use in identification.
- One of the earliest uses of fingerprint evidence to solve a crime was in Argentina in 1892.
- The Henry fingerprint classification system was developed in 1894 and became the standard used by law enforcement.
- In the early 1900s, fingerprint evidence began being admitted in courts and used to solve numerous crimes in
The document discusses the history and development of forensic science. It describes how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle popularized forensic investigation through Sherlock Holmes and contributors like Mathieu Orfila, who established the science of toxicology. Major figures who advanced forensic science included Francis Galton through his studies of fingerprints, and Hans Gross, who wrote books incorporating science into crime scene investigation. The document also mentions that Edmond Locard created the first crime lab in France and established the principle of transference of evidence between criminal and crime scene.
The document provides a history of microbiology from its early discoveries in the 1600s to modern developments. It describes key figures like Robert Hooke, who first observed microorganisms under a microscope in 1665. Later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made many important discoveries about microbes in the 1670s. Scientists like Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur helped disprove the theory of spontaneous generation and establish the germ theory of disease. Robert Koch developed methods to prove specific microbes cause specific diseases. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. Later scientists like Hans Christian Gram and Alexander Fleming also made important advances.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main human blood groups in 1900 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work, which formed the basis for subsequent blood detection and typing. In 1910, Edmund Locard established the first police crime laboratory at the University of Lyons in France. Albert S. Osborne published the influential book Questioned Documents about document examination. International organizations for criminal identification were also founded in this time period.
Crij 103 001 w intro to law and justice summer 2012 schedulesevans-idaho
This document outlines the schedule and assignments for an online course on law and justice over two modules in the summer of 2012. Module 1 takes place over weeks 1 and 2 (June 4-10 and June 11-17) and focuses on readings from the textbook "Law, Justice and Society" as well as weekly discussion questions, individual posts, and article or film responses on topics like the function and purpose of law and justice and law. Students are expected to complete reading assignments, discussion questions, individual posts, and a response paper each week for a total of 25 points per week.
Cwi crij 103 intro to law and justice summer 2012 syllabussevans-idaho
This document provides the syllabus for an online Introduction to Law and Justice course offered during the summer of 2012 at the College of Western Idaho. The syllabus outlines the course objectives, which include gaining an understanding of the criminal justice system and applying sociological and psychological principles to legal issues. Students will be assessed through exams, discussion posts, article responses, and individual posts. The course will be conducted entirely online and expects students to dedicate 12-16 hours per week to be successful.
1) Law serves to regulate human behavior and transform self-interest into social interest by establishing general rules that bind a community.
2) Scholars have proposed different perspectives on law and its role in society, ranging from it maintaining order and consensus to it perpetuating conflicts between groups.
3) Key thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Hobbes, and Locke contributed different philosophical views of law and its relationship to concepts like justice, the state, and social contracts.
This chapter discusses the future of corrections by examining 5 dilemmas, 4 trends, and 3 challenges facing the system. It outlines how the philosophy and methods of corrections have changed, and aspirations for a system focused on evidence-based practices, technology, cost-effectiveness, and professionalism. The key challenges are to develop new leadership promoting best practices, refocus investments on rehabilitation programs, and restore moral and ethical priorities.
A man was found dead in a bedroom with reddish-brown stains on the walls and carpet, and a broken bottle nearby. The forensic team must collect evidence from the crime scene to determine if the death was from natural causes or foul play. Samples will be analyzed in a lab to uncover clues like DNA, fingerprints, and traces of substances. A forensic pathologist will also examine the body to look for causes of injury or death. The analysis aims to reconstruct what happened and solve the crime.
DNA profiling is a forensic technique that uses a person's unique DNA to identify them. It examines DNA found at crime scenes. Two main techniques are used: Restriction fragment length polymorphism cuts DNA into fragments of varying lengths, which are then compared to suspects' DNA. Short tandem repeat profiling makes copies of DNA sections and examines repetitive patterns that differ between people. DNA profiling is a powerful forensic tool that can include or exclude suspects by matching DNA evidence to their profiles.
Islamic law, or Sharia, originated from the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad. It developed over centuries as Islamic legal scholars interpreted Sharia and adapted it to changing circumstances. By the 10th century, the classic Sharia took shape, covering religious, family, property, commercial, and criminal law. It was not a strict legal code but a body of religious scholarship that continued evolving. Modern influences like Western colonialism have led to reforms, but Sharia remains influential in many Muslim-majority nations.
Common law systems like those in the United States and United Kingdom have legal systems that evolve through judicial decisions and rely heavily on legal precedents set in past cases. In civil law systems found in Europe and Latin America, legislative statutes are the primary source of law and judicial decisions have weaker precedential value. Common law systems emphasize procedural correctness and debate during adversarial trials, while civil law prioritizes establishing factual certainty through an inquisitorial judicial examination process.
Canada has two legal systems: common law from England and civil law from France. Common law is based on precedent from past court cases, while civil law relies on codified legal texts. Quebec uses civil law based on codes originating from French rule. The rest of Canada uses common law, with the exception of some Indigenous legal traditions. The Canadian legal system has evolved through influences from both common law and civil law.
This document provides an overview of comparative law and different legal traditions around the world. It discusses the legal systems of preliterate bands and tribes, and the four main modern legal traditions: common law, civil law, socialist law, and Islamic law. It also addresses the rule of law and convergence of legal systems as globalization increases interactions between cultures.
Topic paper week 16 cja 101 intro to criminal justicesevans-idaho
This document provides instructions for a topic paper assignment in a criminal justice course. Students must write a 750-1000 word paper answering one of two questions and including an introduction, body, and conclusion using APA format with at least two cited sources and a reference page. The paper is worth 30 points and is due by the end of the course.
The document discusses different types of terrorism including domestic and international terrorism. It outlines the United States Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan which coordinates response to domestic threats. It also discusses terror alerts issued by the Department of Homeland Security that aim to inform the public of potential threats and recommend protective actions.
The document discusses how terrorism has affected the US criminal justice system. It details how the US reorganized law enforcement agencies after 9/11 through the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, which consolidated various federal agencies. It also explains how anti-terrorism laws like the USA Patriot Act have expanded law enforcement powers but raised civil liberties concerns.
Topic paper week 14 cja 104 intro to correctionssevans-idaho
This document provides instructions for a topic paper assignment in an Intro to Corrections course. Students must write a 750-1000 word paper answering one of two questions and including an introduction, body, and conclusion using APA format with at least two sources cited. The paper is worth 25 points and requires selecting a topic about how mental health offenders have challenged corrections systems or the most effective juvenile delinquency programs.
This document discusses several special populations within the correctional system, including elderly prisoners, prisoners with HIV/AIDS, mentally ill prisoners, and long-term prisoners. It also covers the history of the juvenile justice system in the US and challenges in sanctioning and treating juvenile offenders, including those involved in gangs. Key topics include medical care and housing needs of special populations, debates around segregating HIV-infected inmates, high rates of mental illness among prisoners, the high costs of life sentences, and balancing rehabilitation and public safety in the juvenile system.
This chapter discusses special populations within corrections including elderly prisoners, prisoners with HIV/AIDS, mentally ill prisoners, and long-term prisoners. It also covers juvenile corrections, including the history of the juvenile justice system in the US, why juveniles are treated differently than adults, challenges with serious juvenile offenders and gangs, and the future of the juvenile justice system. The chapter outlines topics like the aging correctional population, managing HIV-infected inmates, challenges with the incarcerated mentally ill, the extent of youth crime, and factors considered in sanctioning juvenile offenders.
The document provides an overview of the Marshall Trilogy Supreme Court cases from the 1820s-1830s that established foundational principles of federal Indian law. It then discusses the 1905 case United States v. Winans, which faithfully applied these principles. The Marshall Trilogy established that Congress has plenary power over tribes, tribes have inherent sovereignty unless expressly limited, and the federal government holds tribes' lands in trust. It also established canons of construction that treaties should be interpreted in tribes' favor. Winans affirmed tribes' treaty-reserved rights to fish off-reservation, applying congressional plenary power, inherent tribal sovereignty unless limited, the trust doctrine requiring the federal government sue on tribes' behalf, and canons
The document discusses three main arguments about criminal law and justice:
1) Criminal sentencing laws like California's Three Strikes law have disproportionately impacted minority communities and have fallen short of their intended goals. These laws often result in extreme sentences that outweigh their effectiveness in reducing crime.
2) Social science research on issues like cross-racial eyewitness identification has helped inform criminal procedure and shed light on how race influences criminal trials.
3) Existing criminal procedure has created burdens for criminal defendants. Aggregation of discretionary decisions in the criminal justice system can lead to racial unfairness if not addressed. More analysis is needed on how race impacts criminal punishment and jurisprudence.
This chapter discusses the historical treatment of racial minorities in the US legal system. It outlines how African Americans were legally considered property and faced segregation, disenfranchisement, and lynching. It also discusses the forced removal and cultural assimilation of American Indians. Further, it describes the discriminatory laws faced by Asian immigrants such as Chinese exclusion acts. The chapter examines how civil rights reforms in the 1960s aimed to address these injustices and discrimination, but that racial disparities still persist today in criminal justice.
This document summarizes the findings of a study evaluating the use of restorative justice conferences as an early intervention for young offenders in Indianapolis. Researchers found that:
1) Very young offenders who commit crimes are more likely to reoffend than older offenders, so effective early interventions are needed.
2) The study evaluated the use of restorative justice conferences, which bring together victims, offenders and their supporters to discuss the harm and have the offender make amends.
3) In the program evaluated, first-time offenders under age 14 who admitted to non-serious crimes were randomly assigned to either a restorative justice conference or the traditional juvenile justice system.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
2. 1839 H. Bayard published the first reliable procedures for the microscopic detection of sperm. He also noted the different
microscopic characteristics of various different substrate fabrics.
1851 Jean Servais Stas, a chemistry professorprofessor from Brussels, Belgium, was the first successfully to identify
vegetable poisons in body tissue.
1853 Ludwig Teichmann, in Kracow, Poland, developed the first microscopic crystal test for hemoglobin using hemin
crystals.
1854 An English physician, Maddox, developed dry plate photography, eclipsing M. Daguerre’s wet plate on tin method.
This made practical the photographing of inmates for prison records.
1856 Sir William Herschel, a British officer working for the Indian Civil service, began to use thumbprints on documents
both as a substitute for written signatures for illiterates and to verify document signatures.
1862 The Dutch scientist J. (Izaak) Van Deen developed a presumptive test for blood using guaiac, a West Indian shrub.
1863 The German scientist Schönbein first discovered the ability of hemoglobin to oxidize hydrogen peroxide making it
foam. This resulted in first presumptive test for blood.
1864 Odelbrecht first advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the documentation of
evidence and crime scenes.
1877 Thomas Taylor, microscopist to U.S. Department of Agriculture suggested that markings of the palms of the hands
and the tips of the fingers could be used for identification in criminal cases. Although reported in the American
Journal of Microscopy and Popular Science and Scientific American, the idea was apparently never pursued from this
source.
1879 Rudolph Virchow, a German pathologist, was one of the first to both study hair and recognize its limitations.
1880 Henry Faulds, a Scottish physician working in Tokyo, published a paper in the journal Nature suggesting that
fingerprints at the scene of a crime could identify the offender. In one of the first recorded uses of fingerprints to solve
a crime, Faulds used fingerprints to eliminate an innocent suspect and indicate a perpetrator in a Tokyo burglary.
1882 Gilbert Thompson, a railroad builder with the U.S Geological Survey in New Mexico, put his own thumbprint on
wage chits to safeguard himself from forgeries.
1883 Alphonse Bertillon, a French police employee, identified the first recidivist based on his invention of anthropometry.
1887 Arthur Conan Doyle published the first Sherlock Holmes story in Beeton’s Christmas Annual of London.
1889 Alexandre Lacassagne, professorprofessor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, was the first to
try to individualize bullets to a gun barrel. His comparisons at the time were based simply on the number of lands and
grooves.
1891 Hans Gross, examining magistrate and professor of criminal law at the University of Graz, Austria, published
Criminal Investigation, the first comprehensive description of uses of physical evidence in solving crime. Gross is also
sometimes credited with coining the word criminalistics.
1892 (Sir) Francis Galton published Fingerprints, the first comprehensive book on the nature of fingerprints and their use
in solving crime.
1892 Juan Vucetich, an Argentinean police researcher, developed the fingerprint classification system that would come to
be used in Latin America. After Vucetich implicated a mother in the murder of her own children using her bloody
fingerprints, Argentina was the first country to replace anthropometry with fingerprints.
1894 Alfred Dreyfus of France was convicted of treason based on a mistaken handwriting identification by Bertillon.
1896 Sir Edward Richard Henry developed the print classification system that would come to be used in Europe and
North America. He published Classification and Uses of Finger Prints.
1898 Paul Jesrich, a forensic chemist working in Berlin, Germany, took photomicrographs of two bullets to compare, and
subsequently individualize, the minutiae.
1901 Paul Uhlenhuth, a German immunologist, developed the precipiten test for species. He was also one of the first to
institute standards, controls, and QA/QC procedures. Wassermann (famous for developing a test for syphilis) and
Schütze independently discovered and published the precipiten test, but never received due credit.
1900 Karl Landsteiner first discovered human blood groups and was awarded the Nobel prize for his work in 1930. Max
Richter adapted the technique to type stains. This is one of the first instances of performing validation experiments
specifically to adapt a method for forensic science. Landsteiner's continued work on the detection of blood, its
species, and its type formed the basis of practically all subsequent work.
3. 1901 Sir Edward Richard Henry was appointed head of Scotland Yard and forced the adoption of fingerprint
identification to replace anthropometry.
1901 Henry P. DeForrest pioneered the first systematic use of fingerprints in the United States by the New York Civil
Service Commission.
1902 Professor R.A. Reiss, professor at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, and a pupil of Bertillon, set up one of the
first academic curricula in forensic science. His forensic photography department grew into Lausanne Institute of
Police Science.
1903 The New York State Prison system began the first systematic use of fingerprints in United States for criminal
identification.
1903 At Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kansas, Will West, a new inmate, was initially confused with a resident convict
William West using anthropometry. They were later (1905) found to be easily differentiated by their fingerprints. For a
historical clarification, please see http://www.scafo.org/library/110105.htm
1904 Oskar and Rudolf Adler developed a presumptive test for blood based on benzidine, a new chemical developed by
Merk.
1905 American President Theodore Roosevelt established Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
1910 Victor Balthazard, professor of forensic medicine at the Sorbonne, with Marcelle Lambert, published the first
comprehensive hair study, Le poil de l'homme et des animaux. In one of the first cases involving hairs, Rosella
Rousseau was convinced to confess to murder of Germaine Bichon. Balthazard also used photographic enlargements
of bullets and cartridge cases to determining weapon type and was among the first to attempt to individualize a bullet
to a weapon.
1910 Edmund Locard, successor to Lacassagne as professor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France,
established the first police crime laboratory.
1910 Albert S. Osborne, an American and arguably the most influential document examiner, published Questioned
Documents.
1912 Masaeo Takayama developed another microscopic crystal test for hemoglobin using hemochromogen crystals.
1913 Victor Balthazard, professor of forensic medicine at the Sorbonne, published the first article on individualizing bullet
markings.
1915 Leone Lattes, professor at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Turin Italy, developed the first antibody test for ABO
blood groups. He first used the test in casework to resolve a marital dispute. He published L’Individualità del sangue
nella biologia, nella clinica, nella medicina, legale, the first book dealing not only with clinical issues, but heritability,
paternity, and typing of dried stains.
1915 International Association for Criminal Identification, (to become The International Association of Identification
(IAI), was organized in Oakland, California.
1916 Albert Schneider of Berkeley, California first used a vacuum apparatus to collect trace evidence.
1918 Edmond Locard first suggested 12 matching points as a positive fingerprint identification.
1904 Locard published L'enquete criminelle et les methodes scientifique, in which appears a passage that may have given
rise to the forensic precept that “Every contact leaves a trace.”
1920 Charles E. Waite was the first to catalog manufacturing data about weapons.
1920s Georg Popp pioneered the use of botanical identification in forensic work.
1920s Luke May, one of the first American criminalists, pioneered striation analysis in tool mark comparison, including an
attempt at statistical validation. In 1930 he published The identification of knives, tools and instruments, a positive
science, in The American Journal of Police Science.
(1920s) Calvin Goddard, with Charles Waite, Phillip O. Gravelle, and John H Fisher, perfected the comparison microscope
for use in bullet comparison.
1921 John Larson and Leonard Keeler designed the portable polygraph.
1923 Vittorio Siracusa, working at the Institute of Legal Medicine of the R. University of Messina, Italy, developed the
absorbtion-elution test for ABO blood typing of stains. Along with his mentor, Lattes also performed significant work
on the absorbtion-inhibition technique.
1923 In Frye v. United States, polygraph test results were ruled inadmissible. The federal ruling introduced the concept of
general acceptance and stated that polygraph testing did not meet that criterion.
4. 1924 August Vollmer, as chief of police in Los Angeles, California, implemented the first U.S. police crime laboratory.
1925 Saburo Sirai, a Japanese scientist, is credited with the first recognition of secretion of group-specific antigens into
body fluids other than blood.
1926 The case of Sacco and Vanzetti, which took place in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, was responsible for popularizing
the use of the comparison microscope for bullet comparison. Calvin Goddard’s conclusions were upheld when the
evidence was reexamined in 1961.
1927 Landsteiner and Levine first detected the M, N, and P blood factors leading to development of the MNSs and P
typing systems.
1928 Meüller was the first medico-legal investigator to suggest the identification of salivary amlyase as a presumptive test
for salivary stains.
1929 K. I. Yosida, a Japanese scientist, conducted the first comprehensive investigation establishing the existence of
serological isoantibodies in body fluids other than blood.
1929 Calvin Goddard’s work on the St. Valentine’s day massacre led to the founding of the Scientific Crime Detection
Laboratory on the campus of Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
1930 American Journal of Police Science was founded and published by staff of Goddard’s Scientific Crime Detection
Laboratory in Chicago. In 1932, it was absorbed by Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, becoming the Journal
of Criminal Law, Criminology and police science.
1931 Franz Josef Holzer, an Austrian scientist, working at the Institute for Forensic Medicine of the University of
Innsbruck, developed the absorbtion-inhibition ABO typing technique that became the basis of that commonly used in
forensic laboratories. It was based on the prior work of Siracusa and Lattes.
1932 The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) crime laboratory was created.
1935 Frits Zernike, a Dutch physicist, invented the first interference contrast microscope, a phase contrast microscope, an
achievement for which he won the Nobel prize in 1953.
1937 Holzer published the first paper addressing the usefulness of secretor status for forensic applications.
1937 Walter Specht, at the University Institute for Legal Medicine and Scientific Criminalistics in Jena, Germany,
developed the chemiluminescent reagent luminol as a presumptive test for blood.
1937 Paul Kirk assumed leadership of the criminology program at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1945, he
formalized a major in technical criminology.
1938 M. Polonovski and M. Jayle first identified haptoglobin.
1940 Landsteiner and A.S. Wiener first described Rh blood groups.
1940 Vincent Hnizda, a chemist with the Ethyl Corporation, was probably the first to analyze ignitable fluid. He used a
vacuum distillation apparatus.
1941 Murray Hill of Bell Labs initiated the study voiceprint identification. The technique was refined by L.G. Kersta.
1945 Frank Lundquist, working at the Legal Medicine Unit at the University of Copenhagen, developed the acid
phosphatase test for semen.
1946 Mourant first described the Lewis blood group system.
1946 R.R. Race first described the Kell blood group system
1950 M. Cutbush, and colleagues first described the Duffy blood group system.
1950 August Vollmer, chief of police of Berkeley, California, established the school of criminology at the University of
California at Berkeley. Paul Kirk presided over the major of criminalistics within the school..
1950 Max Frei-Sulzer, founder of the first Swiss criminalistics laboratory, developed the tape lift method of collecting
trace evidence.
1950 The American Academy of Forensic Science (AAFS) was formed in Chicago, Illinois. The group also began
publication of the Journal of Forensic Science (JFS).
1951 F. H. Allen and colleagues first described the Kidd blood grouping system.
1953 Kirk published Crime Investigation, one of the first comprehensive criminalistics and crime investigation texts that
encompassed theory in addition to practice.
1954 R. F. Borkenstein, captain of the Indiana State Police, invented the Breathalyzer for field sobriety testing.
5. 1958 A. S. Weiner and colleagues introduced the use of H-lectin to determine positively O blood type.
1959 Hirshfeld first identified the polymorphic nature of group specific component (Gc).
1960 Lucas, in Canada, described the application of gas chromatography (GC) to the identification of petroleum products in
the forensic laboratory and discussed potential limitations in the brand identity of gasoline.
1960s Maurice Muller, a Swiss scientist, adapted the Ouchterlony antibody-antigen diffusion test for precipiten testing to
determine species.
1963 D.A. Hopkinson and colleagues first identified the polymorphic nature of erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP).
1964 N. Spencer and colleagues first identified the polymorphic nature of red cell phosphoglucomutase (PGM).
1966 R. A. Fildes and H. Harris first identified the polymorphic nature of red cell adenylate cyclase (AK).
1966 Brian J. Culliford and Brian Wraxall developed the immunoelectrophoretic technique for haptoglobin typing in
bloodstains.
1967 Culliford, of the British Metropolitan Police Laboratory, initiated the development of gel-based methods to test for
isoenzymes in dried bloodstains. He was also instrumental in the development and dissemination of methods for
testing proteins and isoenzymes in both blood and other body fluids and secretions.
1968 Spencer and colleagues first identified the polymorphic nature of red cell adenosine deaminase (ADA).
1971 Culliford published The Examination and Typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory, generally accepted as
responsible for disseminating reliable protocols for the typing of polymorphic protein and enzyme markers to the
United States and worldwide.
1973 Hopkinson and colleagues first identified the polymorphic nature of esterase D (ESD).
1974 The detection of gunshot residue (GSR) using scanning electron microscopy with electron dispersive X-rays (SEM-
EDX) technology was developed by J. E. Wessel, P. F. Jones, Q. Y. Kwan, R. S. Nesbitt and E. J. Rattin at
Aerospace Corporation.
1975 J. Kompf and colleagues, working in Germany, first identified the polymorphic nature of red cell glyoxylase (GLO).
1975 The Federal Rules of Evidence, originally promulgated by the U.S. Supreme Court, were enacted as a congressional
statute. They are based on the relevancy standard in which scientific evidence that is deemed more prejudicial than
probative may not be admitted.
1976 Zoro and Hadley in the United Kingdom first evaluated GC-MS for forensic purposes.
1977 Fuseo Matsumur, a trace evidence examiner at the Saga Prefectural Crime Laboratory of the National Police Agency
of Japan, notices his own fingerprints developing on microscope slides while mounting hairs from a taxi driver murder
case. He relates the information to co-worker Masato Soba, a latent print examiner. Soba would later that year be the
first to develop latent prints intentionally by “Superglue ® ” fuming.
(1977) The fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) is adapted for use in the forensic laboratory.
(1977) The FBI introduced the beginnings of its Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) with the first
computerized scans of fingerprints.
1978 Brian Wraxall and Mark Stolorow developed the “multisystem” method for testing the PGM, ESD, and GLO
isoenzyme systems simultaneously. They also developed methods for typing blood serum proteins such as haptoglobin
and Gc.
1984 (Sir) Alec Jeffreys developed the first DNA profiling test. It involved detection of a multilocus RFLP pattern. He
published his findings in Nature in 1985.
1986 In the first use of DNA to solve a crime, Jeffreys used DNA profiling to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of
two young girls in the English Midlands. Significantly, in the course of the investigation, DNA was first used to
exonerate an innocent suspect.
1983 The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first conceived by Kerry Mullis, while he was working at Cetus
Corporation. The first paper on the technique was not published until 1985.
1986 The human genetics group at Cetus Corporation, led by Henry Erlich, developed the PCR technique for a number of
clinical and forensic applications. This resulted in development of the first commercial PCR typing kit specifically for
forensic use, HLA DQα (DQA1), about 2 years later.
1986 In People v. Pestinikas, Edward Blake first used PCR-based DNA testing (HLA DQα) , to confirm different autopsy
samples to be from the same person. The evidence was accepted by a civil court. This was also the first use of any kind
of DNA testing in the United States
6. 1987 DNA profiling was introduced for the first time in a U.S. criminal court. Based on RFLP analysis performed by
Lifecodes, Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted of a series of sexual assaults in Orlando, Florida.
1987 New York v. Castro was the first case in which the admissibility of DNA was seriously challenged. It set in motion a
string of events that culminated in a call for certification, accreditation, standardization, and quality control guidelines
for both DNA laboratories and the general forensic community.
1988 Lewellen, McCurdy, and Horton, and Asselin, Leslie, and McKinley both publish milestone papers introducing a
novel procedure for the analysis of drugs in whole blood by homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT).
1990 K. Kasai and colleagues published the first paper suggesting the D1S80 locus (pMCT118) for forensic DNA analysis.
D1S80 was subsequently developed by Cetus (subsequently Roche Molecular Systems) corporation as a commercially
available forensic DNA typing system.
1992 In response to concerns about the practice of forensic DNA analysis and interpretation of the results, the National
Research Council Committee on Forensic DNA (NRC I) published DNA Technology in Forensic Science.
1992 Thomas Caskey, professor at Baylor University in Texas, and colleagues published the first paper suggesting the use
of short tandem repeats for forensic DNA analysis. Promega corporation and Perkin-Elmer corporation in
collaboration with Roche Molecular Systems independently developed commercial kits for forensic DNA STR
typing.
1991 Walsh Automation Inc., in Montreal, launched development of an automated imaging system called the Integrated
Ballistics Identification System, or IBIS, for comparison of the marks left on fired bullets, cartridge cases, and shell
casings. This system was subsequently developed for the U.S. market in collaboration with the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF).
1992 The FBI contracted with Mnemonic Systems to developed Drugfire, an automated imaging system to compare marks
left on cartridge cases and shell casings. The ability to compare fired bullets was subsequently added.
1993 In Daubert et al. v. Merrell Dow, a U.S. federal court relaxed the Frye standard for admission of scientific evidence
and conferred on the judge a “gatekeeping” role. The ruling cited Karl Popper’s views that scientific theories are
falsifiable as a criterion for whether something is “scientific knowledge” and should be admissible.
(1994) Roche Molecular Systems (formerly Cetus) released a set of five additional DNA markers (“polymarker”) to add to
the HLA-DQA1 forensic DNA typing system.
1996 In response to continued concerns about the statistical interpretation of forensic DNA evidence, a second National
Research Council Committee on Forensic DNA (NRC II) was convened and published The Evaluation of Forensic
DNA Evidence.
1996 The FBI introduced computerized searches of the AFIS fingerprint database. Live scan and card scan devices allowed
interdepartmental submissions.
1996 In Tennessee v. Ware, mitochondrial DNA typing was admitted for the first time in a U.S. court.
1998 An FBI DNA database, NIDIS, enabling interstate cooperation in linking crimes, was put into practice.
1999 The FBI upgraded its computerized fingerprint database and implemented the Integrated Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (IAFIS), allowing paperless submission, storage, and search capabilities directly to the national
database maintained at the FBI.
1999 A Memorandum of Understanding is signed between the FBI and ATF, allowing the use of the National Integrated
Ballistics Network (NIBIN), to facilitate exchange of firearms data between Drugfire and IBIS.
REFERENCES
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Else, W. M. and Garrow, J. M., The Detection of Crime, The Police Journal–London, 1934.
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Blood and Body Fluids, National Institute of Justice, 1983.
Gaensslen, R. E., Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Gerber, S. M., Saferstein, R., More Chemistry and Crime, American Chemical Society, 1997.
German, E., Cyanoacrylate (Superglue) Discovery Timeline 1999. http://onin.com/fp/cyanoho.html
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