Historical Development in Criminalistics-1.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•134 views
Criminalistics is the scientific study and evaluation of physical evidence in criminal cases. It operates under forensic sciences and involves the application of scientific principles to provide legal evidence. While the term was coined in the 19th century, the field began developing much earlier, with important contributions from scientists in the mid-19th century applying scientific methods to legal cases. Key figures like Hans Gross and forensic techniques for fingerprint analysis, anthropology, and photography advanced the field in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, establishing criminalistics as a recognized science.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Crime scenes presentation
The document provides an overview of crime scene investigation procedures. It discusses establishing the crime scene perimeter and securing evidence, documenting the scene through photography, sketching, and note taking, conducting systematic searches using standard patterns, collecting, packaging, and maintaining chain of custody of evidence, submitting evidence to labs for analysis, and the roles of various personnel including medical examiners. Crime scene investigation aims to reconstruct events and identify suspects through careful documentation and recognition of physical evidence.
crime scene.pptx
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.
Crime scene management
This document discusses the importance of crime scene investigation, including the collection and preservation of evidence. It emphasizes that physical evidence found at a crime scene can provide crucial details about the how, what, why of a crime and help identify victims and offenders. It outlines best practices for processing a crime scene such as isolating and securing the area, documenting the scene thoroughly, searching methodically for evidence, collecting and packaging evidence maintaining a proper chain of custody, and submitting evidence to a crime lab. The document stresses that following proper protocols in investigating and documenting a crime scene is essential for obtaining factual evidence that can be used to determine the truth and administer justice.
Processing the crime scene
This document provides guidance on processing crime scenes and securing physical evidence. Key steps include prioritizing medical aid, arresting perpetrators, securing the scene to preserve evidence, taking photographs to document locations and details, creating sketches of the scene, conducting systematic searches, carefully collecting and packaging all potential evidence while maintaining chain of custody, and considering legal and safety issues. Court decisions provide parameters around warrantless searches.
Overview History of Forensic Science
The document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. It discusses how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his Sherlock Holmes series introduced many forensic science techniques. It also describes the contributions of Hans Gross who detailed the application of various sciences to criminal investigations, and Edmond Locard who established the first crime laboratory and developed Locard's exchange principle. The document outlines the basic units of a crime laboratory and discusses judicial standards for the admissibility of forensic evidence in court.
Crime Scene
This document discusses crime scenes and physical evidence. It defines a crime scene as any location where a crime was committed or evidence may be found. Crime scenes can be indoors, outdoors, or involve vehicles or open areas. Physical evidence includes anything related to people or objects and is important for criminal investigations. The document outlines Locard's principle of exchange, which states that contact between two objects will result in an exchange of material. It also notes some limitations of physical evidence and importance of properly preserving, recording, and searching crime scenes to find evidence.
Mobile Forensic Van (MFV)
“Mobile Forensic Van” (MFV) (Big/Small) is being launched by Gujarat
Forensic Sciences University (GFSU) and Helik Advisory Ltd which helps
in reaching the crime scene at the earliest to assist the Investigating
Officers (IOs) in identifying and collecting relevant forensic evidence
from crime scene, victims & from suspects which are the primary
sources of forensic evidence. The Mobile Forensic Team assists the
Investigating Officer in linking the crime with the perpetrator through
the forensic evidence, collected from the crime scene, victims and
suspects.
First Responder Officer in Cyber Crime
An officer responding first to a cyber crime scene is called a first responder. They are responsible for identifying, protecting, and preserving digital evidence found at the crime scene. This includes securing the area, documenting findings, collecting evidence forensically, and maintaining the chain of custody when transporting digital evidence to a forensics laboratory for examination. Digital evidence has properties making it suitable for forensic investigation, such as being duplicable without risk of damage to the original, and difficult to permanently destroy.
Recommended
Crime scenes presentation
The document provides an overview of crime scene investigation procedures. It discusses establishing the crime scene perimeter and securing evidence, documenting the scene through photography, sketching, and note taking, conducting systematic searches using standard patterns, collecting, packaging, and maintaining chain of custody of evidence, submitting evidence to labs for analysis, and the roles of various personnel including medical examiners. Crime scene investigation aims to reconstruct events and identify suspects through careful documentation and recognition of physical evidence.
crime scene.pptx
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.
Crime scene management
This document discusses the importance of crime scene investigation, including the collection and preservation of evidence. It emphasizes that physical evidence found at a crime scene can provide crucial details about the how, what, why of a crime and help identify victims and offenders. It outlines best practices for processing a crime scene such as isolating and securing the area, documenting the scene thoroughly, searching methodically for evidence, collecting and packaging evidence maintaining a proper chain of custody, and submitting evidence to a crime lab. The document stresses that following proper protocols in investigating and documenting a crime scene is essential for obtaining factual evidence that can be used to determine the truth and administer justice.
Processing the crime scene
This document provides guidance on processing crime scenes and securing physical evidence. Key steps include prioritizing medical aid, arresting perpetrators, securing the scene to preserve evidence, taking photographs to document locations and details, creating sketches of the scene, conducting systematic searches, carefully collecting and packaging all potential evidence while maintaining chain of custody, and considering legal and safety issues. Court decisions provide parameters around warrantless searches.
Overview History of Forensic Science
The document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. It discusses how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his Sherlock Holmes series introduced many forensic science techniques. It also describes the contributions of Hans Gross who detailed the application of various sciences to criminal investigations, and Edmond Locard who established the first crime laboratory and developed Locard's exchange principle. The document outlines the basic units of a crime laboratory and discusses judicial standards for the admissibility of forensic evidence in court.
Crime Scene
This document discusses crime scenes and physical evidence. It defines a crime scene as any location where a crime was committed or evidence may be found. Crime scenes can be indoors, outdoors, or involve vehicles or open areas. Physical evidence includes anything related to people or objects and is important for criminal investigations. The document outlines Locard's principle of exchange, which states that contact between two objects will result in an exchange of material. It also notes some limitations of physical evidence and importance of properly preserving, recording, and searching crime scenes to find evidence.
Mobile Forensic Van (MFV)
“Mobile Forensic Van” (MFV) (Big/Small) is being launched by Gujarat
Forensic Sciences University (GFSU) and Helik Advisory Ltd which helps
in reaching the crime scene at the earliest to assist the Investigating
Officers (IOs) in identifying and collecting relevant forensic evidence
from crime scene, victims & from suspects which are the primary
sources of forensic evidence. The Mobile Forensic Team assists the
Investigating Officer in linking the crime with the perpetrator through
the forensic evidence, collected from the crime scene, victims and
suspects.
First Responder Officer in Cyber Crime
An officer responding first to a cyber crime scene is called a first responder. They are responsible for identifying, protecting, and preserving digital evidence found at the crime scene. This includes securing the area, documenting findings, collecting evidence forensically, and maintaining the chain of custody when transporting digital evidence to a forensics laboratory for examination. Digital evidence has properties making it suitable for forensic investigation, such as being duplicable without risk of damage to the original, and difficult to permanently destroy.
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
Crime Scene Documentation
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Securing the Crime Scene
Securing the crime scene involves locking down the area, establishing perimeters, and controlling access. It is important to protect the life of victims and secure the scene and evidence. This involves stopping any activity, removing unauthorized people, and installing physical barriers to define the scene perimeter and isolate the area. A pathway of contamination is established and documented to control how evidence is affected. Crime scene security then guards the area, only allowing authorized forensic specialists, investigators, or coroners to enter after logging their presence and purpose.
Forensic Question Document Examination,
This document discusses different types of forgery including:
1. Free hand forgery which involves copying a model signature without direct tracing.
2. Transplantation forgery which is transferring a signature or image from one document to another, often using computers or photocopying to commit fraud.
3. Forgery over a genuine signature which alters an original document signed legitimately to deceive the signer, such as changing amounts on a check.
Detection methods include examining paper fibers, ink, handwriting style, and instrument marks to determine if a signature or document has been tampered with or forged. Forensic analysis plays an important role in uncovering forgery attempts.
Computer Forensic Softwares
This document discusses computer forensic software. It begins by defining forensic science and its application in criminal investigations and law. Computer forensics is described as applying investigative techniques to gather and analyze digital evidence from computing devices in a way that can be presented in a court of law. The benefits of computer forensics for various groups are outlined. The typical steps in a computer forensic investigation including acquisition, analysis, and reporting are explained. Popular forensic software like Encase and Access Data are introduced, noting their features for versatility, flexibility, robustness, and ability to handle different file types and operating systems.
Crime scene sketching basics
The document provides guidance on sketching a crime scene, including the purpose of crime scene sketches, the types of sketches (rough and finished), necessary materials, and step-by-step instructions. It emphasizes accurately documenting the location and relationships of objects and evidence through measurement and notation. The reader is then assigned to visit a virtual crime scene and complete a rough sketch and finished sketch, including specified measurements and evidence.
Types of Crime Scenes
There are four main types of crime scenes: outdoor scenes which are more susceptible to environmental contamination; indoor scenes which are easier to secure but more prone to multiple contaminations; conveyance or mobile scenes involving vehicles; and scenes classified based on the location and type of crime committed such as homicides, burglaries, or accidents. Crime scenes can also be classified based on whether they are the primary location where the crime occurred or a secondary connected location, and by their size from the macro scene to microscopic trace evidence.
GEQD Kolkata
GEQD stands for Government Examiner of Questioned Documents and it refers to a government position with the basic task of providing forensic document analysis and services.
Scope of Forensic Anthropology
Forensic anthropologists apply their expertise in physical anthropology to legal investigations. Their work includes identifying human remains, estimating age, sex, stature and ancestry to create a biological profile. They also analyze trauma to determine cause and manner of death. Forensic anthropologists help in mass disasters by separating and identifying commingled remains. They also use their archaeological skills to locate buried evidence at crime scenes. Anthropometry, the systematic measurement of the human body, is another tool used for individual identification in forensic investigations.
History development of forensic science
The document summarizes the history and development of forensic science from ancient times to the present. Some key points covered include:
- Archimedes in 287 BC is considered the father of forensic science due to applying math and physics to investigate legal matters.
- Major developments in the field occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with contributions from scientists in toxicology, fingerprint analysis, blood typing, and toolmark examination.
- Forensic science became recognized as an academic discipline in the early 20th century with the establishment of university courses and programs.
- Modern forensic science draws on multiple traditional sciences and has specialized branches like fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and crime scene investigation to assist law enforcement.
alteration_in_documents.pptx
This document discusses various methods used to alter documents, including erasure and obliteration. It notes that erasures can be detected under microscopic examination but may not reveal the original text. Obliteration through chemicals is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen under microscopy. Infrared luminescence examination can determine if different inks were used for original text versus obliterated text, but recovery is impossible if the same ink was used.
Forensic Biology Case Study :- The Colin Pitchfork Case
On November 21, 1983 and July 31, 1986 Colin Pitchfork raped and murdered two girls in Narborough, Leicestershire. Lynda Mann, who was 15 years old left her home one evening to visit her friend’s house and did not return. The next morning she was found on a deserted footpath known locally as the black pad raped and murdered. Taken from the crime scene, semen found was later tested which shown the person had type A blood.
On July 31, 1986 Dawn Ashworth, 15 years old took a shortcut instead of taking her normal route home, two days later was found in a wooded area near a footpath called ten pound lane raped and murdered. In the same position as Lynda Mann, a semen sample was taken from Dawn and tested. The modus operandi matched that of the first attack, and semen samples revealed the same blood type.
The first criminal caught using DNA fingerprinting (England), using the DNA profiling method published in 1985 by Sir Alec Jeffrey’s.
Richard Buckland became the first person in the world to be exonerated of murder through the use of DNA profiling.
Police and Detective Training Schools
Police and detective training schools provide training to individuals seeking careers in law enforcement. They offer physical, legal, and firearms training to prepare recruits. Some key police training institutes in India include the National Police Academy, Central Detective Training School, Central Bureau of Investigation Academy, and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. These institutes train officers for organizations like the Central Reserve Police Force, Border Security Force, Railway Police Force, and state police forces. The training aims to develop officers' law enforcement skills and abilities for maintaining public order and security nationwide.
Intro to Forensic Science
Forensic science applies scientific knowledge and technology to criminal and civil law. Forensic scientists analyze physical evidence found at crime scenes and compare it to evidence from suspects. Their work and expert testimony in court helps determine guilt or innocence. Crime labs employ various specialists like those in biology, chemistry, fingerprints, documents, and more to analyze different types of evidence. Their work is important for the justice system.
Impression evidence
Impression evidence refers to objects or materials that retain characteristics of other objects through direct contact. Examples include shoeprints, tire tracks, tool marks, and bite marks. Investigators analyze unique characteristics in impressions to link evidence found at crime scenes to objects associated with suspects. Impression evidence can be collected using various methods like photography, casting, electrostatic dusting, and gel lifting to preserve dimensional characteristics for analysis.
Preservation, Packaging, Sealing, Labeling, and Forwarding of Physical Eviden...
Short summary of Preservation, Packaging, Sealing, Labeling, and Forwarding of Physical Evidence in the field of forensics .
Introduction to forensic science
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal questions. It involves using scientific methods and techniques to investigate and establish facts in criminal or civil cases. Forensic science assists in criminal investigations by analyzing evidence scientifically to help identify individuals, reconstruct events, and determine causes of injuries or death. Some key branches of forensic science include forensic pathology, anthropology, odontology, serology, toxicology, and questioned documents.
Crime Scenc Investigation Evidence Collection
The goal of a crime scene investigation is to recognize, document, and collect evidence. Evidence can be direct, like eyewitness accounts, or circumstantial. Physical evidence includes fingerprints, DNA, and trace evidence. Following Locard's exchange principle, investigators look for transfers between people and objects. Proper documentation through photography, sketching, and note taking is important. Evidence must be properly packaged and maintained in the chain of custody to be useful in reconstructing the crime.
Forensic science powerpoint
An investigator's job is to determine key details of a crime including who the perpetrator and victim are, what happened and when, and how the crime occurred. They collect and analyze evidence from the crime scene such as fingerprints, DNA, footprints and insect activity to help establish things like the time of death and a potential suspect's height and movements. The investigator works methodically, carefully documenting and collecting all evidence before questioning witnesses and suspects to solve the crime.
crime scene investigation
This document provides an overview of crime scene investigation and analysis of forensic evidence. It discusses what constitutes a crime scene and the types of evidence that may be collected, including biological evidence, latent prints, footwear and tire tracks, trace evidence, and firearm evidence. It outlines the basic process of conducting a crime scene investigation and how the evidence is analyzed, with a focus on DNA evidence analysis using techniques like polymerase chain reaction, short tandem repeats, Y-chromosome analysis, and mitochondrial DNA analysis.
Introduction to forensic science
This document provides an introduction to forensic science. It defines forensic science as using scientific methods to examine information about the past, especially for legal purposes. Forensic science originated in ancient Rome where criminal cases were presented before public forums, with the best argument determining the outcome. The document outlines several fathers of modern forensic science disciplines like toxicology, ballistics, and fingerprinting. It traces the origins and development of forensic science from ancient accounts to its systemization starting in 16th century Europe. Key fields of forensic science discussed include toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprints.
introductiontoforensicscience-141011231729-conversion-gate01.pdf
Forensic science is the scientific method of examining evidence from a crime scene to aid law enforcement. It draws from various scientific fields like biology, chemistry, and physics. The word "forensic" comes from the Latin meaning "of or before the forum," referring to presenting evidence in court. While ancient sources contained early techniques, modern forensic science began in the 16th century with medical examiners studying causes of death. Key figures established foundations in fields like toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprint analysis that are still used today. Forensic science has grown to encompass many specialized subdivisions that can provide objective evidence to help resolve legal matters.
More Related Content
What's hot
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
Crime Scene Documentation
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Securing the Crime Scene
Securing the crime scene involves locking down the area, establishing perimeters, and controlling access. It is important to protect the life of victims and secure the scene and evidence. This involves stopping any activity, removing unauthorized people, and installing physical barriers to define the scene perimeter and isolate the area. A pathway of contamination is established and documented to control how evidence is affected. Crime scene security then guards the area, only allowing authorized forensic specialists, investigators, or coroners to enter after logging their presence and purpose.
Forensic Question Document Examination,
This document discusses different types of forgery including:
1. Free hand forgery which involves copying a model signature without direct tracing.
2. Transplantation forgery which is transferring a signature or image from one document to another, often using computers or photocopying to commit fraud.
3. Forgery over a genuine signature which alters an original document signed legitimately to deceive the signer, such as changing amounts on a check.
Detection methods include examining paper fibers, ink, handwriting style, and instrument marks to determine if a signature or document has been tampered with or forged. Forensic analysis plays an important role in uncovering forgery attempts.
Computer Forensic Softwares
This document discusses computer forensic software. It begins by defining forensic science and its application in criminal investigations and law. Computer forensics is described as applying investigative techniques to gather and analyze digital evidence from computing devices in a way that can be presented in a court of law. The benefits of computer forensics for various groups are outlined. The typical steps in a computer forensic investigation including acquisition, analysis, and reporting are explained. Popular forensic software like Encase and Access Data are introduced, noting their features for versatility, flexibility, robustness, and ability to handle different file types and operating systems.
Crime scene sketching basics
The document provides guidance on sketching a crime scene, including the purpose of crime scene sketches, the types of sketches (rough and finished), necessary materials, and step-by-step instructions. It emphasizes accurately documenting the location and relationships of objects and evidence through measurement and notation. The reader is then assigned to visit a virtual crime scene and complete a rough sketch and finished sketch, including specified measurements and evidence.
Types of Crime Scenes
There are four main types of crime scenes: outdoor scenes which are more susceptible to environmental contamination; indoor scenes which are easier to secure but more prone to multiple contaminations; conveyance or mobile scenes involving vehicles; and scenes classified based on the location and type of crime committed such as homicides, burglaries, or accidents. Crime scenes can also be classified based on whether they are the primary location where the crime occurred or a secondary connected location, and by their size from the macro scene to microscopic trace evidence.
GEQD Kolkata
GEQD stands for Government Examiner of Questioned Documents and it refers to a government position with the basic task of providing forensic document analysis and services.
Scope of Forensic Anthropology
Forensic anthropologists apply their expertise in physical anthropology to legal investigations. Their work includes identifying human remains, estimating age, sex, stature and ancestry to create a biological profile. They also analyze trauma to determine cause and manner of death. Forensic anthropologists help in mass disasters by separating and identifying commingled remains. They also use their archaeological skills to locate buried evidence at crime scenes. Anthropometry, the systematic measurement of the human body, is another tool used for individual identification in forensic investigations.
History development of forensic science
The document summarizes the history and development of forensic science from ancient times to the present. Some key points covered include:
- Archimedes in 287 BC is considered the father of forensic science due to applying math and physics to investigate legal matters.
- Major developments in the field occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries with contributions from scientists in toxicology, fingerprint analysis, blood typing, and toolmark examination.
- Forensic science became recognized as an academic discipline in the early 20th century with the establishment of university courses and programs.
- Modern forensic science draws on multiple traditional sciences and has specialized branches like fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and crime scene investigation to assist law enforcement.
alteration_in_documents.pptx
This document discusses various methods used to alter documents, including erasure and obliteration. It notes that erasures can be detected under microscopic examination but may not reveal the original text. Obliteration through chemicals is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen under microscopy. Infrared luminescence examination can determine if different inks were used for original text versus obliterated text, but recovery is impossible if the same ink was used.
Forensic Biology Case Study :- The Colin Pitchfork Case
On November 21, 1983 and July 31, 1986 Colin Pitchfork raped and murdered two girls in Narborough, Leicestershire. Lynda Mann, who was 15 years old left her home one evening to visit her friend’s house and did not return. The next morning she was found on a deserted footpath known locally as the black pad raped and murdered. Taken from the crime scene, semen found was later tested which shown the person had type A blood.
On July 31, 1986 Dawn Ashworth, 15 years old took a shortcut instead of taking her normal route home, two days later was found in a wooded area near a footpath called ten pound lane raped and murdered. In the same position as Lynda Mann, a semen sample was taken from Dawn and tested. The modus operandi matched that of the first attack, and semen samples revealed the same blood type.
The first criminal caught using DNA fingerprinting (England), using the DNA profiling method published in 1985 by Sir Alec Jeffrey’s.
Richard Buckland became the first person in the world to be exonerated of murder through the use of DNA profiling.
Police and Detective Training Schools
Police and detective training schools provide training to individuals seeking careers in law enforcement. They offer physical, legal, and firearms training to prepare recruits. Some key police training institutes in India include the National Police Academy, Central Detective Training School, Central Bureau of Investigation Academy, and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. These institutes train officers for organizations like the Central Reserve Police Force, Border Security Force, Railway Police Force, and state police forces. The training aims to develop officers' law enforcement skills and abilities for maintaining public order and security nationwide.
Intro to Forensic Science
Forensic science applies scientific knowledge and technology to criminal and civil law. Forensic scientists analyze physical evidence found at crime scenes and compare it to evidence from suspects. Their work and expert testimony in court helps determine guilt or innocence. Crime labs employ various specialists like those in biology, chemistry, fingerprints, documents, and more to analyze different types of evidence. Their work is important for the justice system.
Impression evidence
Impression evidence refers to objects or materials that retain characteristics of other objects through direct contact. Examples include shoeprints, tire tracks, tool marks, and bite marks. Investigators analyze unique characteristics in impressions to link evidence found at crime scenes to objects associated with suspects. Impression evidence can be collected using various methods like photography, casting, electrostatic dusting, and gel lifting to preserve dimensional characteristics for analysis.
Preservation, Packaging, Sealing, Labeling, and Forwarding of Physical Eviden...
Short summary of Preservation, Packaging, Sealing, Labeling, and Forwarding of Physical Evidence in the field of forensics .
Introduction to forensic science
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal questions. It involves using scientific methods and techniques to investigate and establish facts in criminal or civil cases. Forensic science assists in criminal investigations by analyzing evidence scientifically to help identify individuals, reconstruct events, and determine causes of injuries or death. Some key branches of forensic science include forensic pathology, anthropology, odontology, serology, toxicology, and questioned documents.
Crime Scenc Investigation Evidence Collection
The goal of a crime scene investigation is to recognize, document, and collect evidence. Evidence can be direct, like eyewitness accounts, or circumstantial. Physical evidence includes fingerprints, DNA, and trace evidence. Following Locard's exchange principle, investigators look for transfers between people and objects. Proper documentation through photography, sketching, and note taking is important. Evidence must be properly packaged and maintained in the chain of custody to be useful in reconstructing the crime.
Forensic science powerpoint
An investigator's job is to determine key details of a crime including who the perpetrator and victim are, what happened and when, and how the crime occurred. They collect and analyze evidence from the crime scene such as fingerprints, DNA, footprints and insect activity to help establish things like the time of death and a potential suspect's height and movements. The investigator works methodically, carefully documenting and collecting all evidence before questioning witnesses and suspects to solve the crime.
crime scene investigation
This document provides an overview of crime scene investigation and analysis of forensic evidence. It discusses what constitutes a crime scene and the types of evidence that may be collected, including biological evidence, latent prints, footwear and tire tracks, trace evidence, and firearm evidence. It outlines the basic process of conducting a crime scene investigation and how the evidence is analyzed, with a focus on DNA evidence analysis using techniques like polymerase chain reaction, short tandem repeats, Y-chromosome analysis, and mitochondrial DNA analysis.
What's hot (20)
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.
Forensic Biology Case Study :- The Colin Pitchfork Case
Forensic Biology Case Study :- The Colin Pitchfork Case
Preservation, Packaging, Sealing, Labeling, and Forwarding of Physical Eviden...
Preservation, Packaging, Sealing, Labeling, and Forwarding of Physical Eviden...
Similar to Historical Development in Criminalistics-1.pptx
Introduction to forensic science
This document provides an introduction to forensic science. It defines forensic science as using scientific methods to examine information about the past, especially for legal purposes. Forensic science originated in ancient Rome where criminal cases were presented before public forums, with the best argument determining the outcome. The document outlines several fathers of modern forensic science disciplines like toxicology, ballistics, and fingerprinting. It traces the origins and development of forensic science from ancient accounts to its systemization starting in 16th century Europe. Key fields of forensic science discussed include toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprints.
introductiontoforensicscience-141011231729-conversion-gate01.pdf
Forensic science is the scientific method of examining evidence from a crime scene to aid law enforcement. It draws from various scientific fields like biology, chemistry, and physics. The word "forensic" comes from the Latin meaning "of or before the forum," referring to presenting evidence in court. While ancient sources contained early techniques, modern forensic science began in the 16th century with medical examiners studying causes of death. Key figures established foundations in fields like toxicology, ballistics, anthropometry, and fingerprint analysis that are still used today. Forensic science has grown to encompass many specialized subdivisions that can provide objective evidence to help resolve legal matters.
ACFrOgAga3dNd2sR-yAX-Y0m_Kaq-BE27Tj6ouay6Pcc2wyCM27xQN7JjaA1iQLWr8u3ppBp2kNiu...
A forensic science laboratory is a scientific laboratory specializing in forensic science. Such laboratories may be run by private companies or the government but are often associated with the law enforcement infrastructure of a country.
1.2--POWERPOINT--History_of_Forensics.pptx
This document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. It discusses early developments in China and Europe utilizing scientific techniques to solve crimes. Major advancements included the first use of fingerprints for identification in the late 19th century by Francis Galton, the establishment of blood typing by Karl Landsteiner in 1901, and the founding of the first crime lab in Lyon, France by Edmond Locard in 1910. The 20th century saw further breakthroughs, including the refinement of firearms analysis and microscopic examination techniques. Overall, the document traces the evolution of forensic science from its initial uses in ancient times to its establishment as a legitimate scientific field.
Forensic science 2011
This document provides an overview of the history and development of forensic science. Some key points include:
- Forensic science began to emerge in the 19th century following advances in chemistry. One landmark was the 1836 Marsh test for detecting arsenic poisoning.
- Early methods for identifying criminals included Bertillonage, which used body measurements, and fingerprint analysis developed in the late 1800s.
- Foundational principles like Locard's exchange principle established that contact between people or objects leaves evidence.
- Forensic science split into medical and crime lab divisions, with medical forensic focusing on determining cause and manner of death through tools like estimating time of death.
CSI
The document discusses the history and development of forensic science. It describes how Sir Arthur Conan Doyle popularized forensic investigation through Sherlock Holmes and contributors like Mathieu Orfila, who established the science of toxicology. Major figures who advanced forensic science included Francis Galton through his studies of fingerprints, and Hans Gross, who wrote books incorporating science into crime scene investigation. The document also mentions that Edmond Locard created the first crime lab in France and established the principle of transference of evidence between criminal and crime scene.
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE
Forensic science is defined as the application of scientific principles and methods to matters of criminal justice, such as using biological evidence to identify criminals. Some key developments in forensic science history include Mathieu Orfila establishing modern toxicology methods in early 19th century Paris, Alphonse Bertillon developing anthropometry for personal identification in 1879, and Francis Galton undertaking the first systematic fingerprint study and proving their uniqueness in 1892. Hans Gross's 1893 book on criminal investigation principles and Edmond Locard's 1910 establishment of a police crime laboratory in Lyons also advanced the field.
Anthony serero-rad-investigation
Forensic science applies scientific knowledge to criminal investigations by analyzing evidence. It has roots in ancient Rome where cases were decided based on public speeches, and the first written accounts of using medical evidence to solve crimes come from Song Dynasty China. Modern forensic science developed from 16th century European medical examiners studying causes of death, with key advances like the first use of fingerprints and analysis of arsenic as a poison in the 1800s.
Forensic science as a basis for forensic investigation
Forensic science as a basis for forensic investigationGodwin Emmanuel Oyedokun MBA MSc PhD FCA FCTI FCNA CFE FFAR
This document discusses the history and development of forensic science. It begins with early methods used in ancient times and progresses to modern developments. Key events and figures mentioned include the first use of forensic techniques in China in 1248, the contributions of Ambroise Pare in the 16th century, the founding of toxicology and ballistics analysis, and the pioneering work of Bertillon, Gross, Locard and others in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. The document also outlines the subfields of forensic science and bodies that foster its development.Timeline of forensic science
This document provides a timeline of important events and discoveries in the field of forensic science from BCE to 2002 CE. Some key developments include the first use of fingerprints to solve a crime in 1880, the establishment of the first police crime laboratory in 1910, the development of blood typing techniques in the early 20th century, and the founding of organizations like the American Academy of Forensic Science in 1950 and the Federal Bureau of Investigation crime laboratory in 1932. The timeline is intended as a historical overview of the emerging field of forensic science.
HistoryForensicScience.ppt
This document provides a history of the development of forensic science from ancient times to the modern era. It describes how early techniques included using scientific methods to solve crimes in 3rd century China. It then outlines key figures and discoveries from the 17th century onward that helped establish forensic science disciplines like toxicology, serology, fingerprint analysis and more. These developments led to the application of science in criminal investigations and court cases. The document also reviews the establishment of early crime labs in the United States and abroad in the 20th century.
Period 3, mr. haymore's project
Forensic anthropology involves the examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement agencies to determine identity. It applies anthropological knowledge in a legal context. Forensic anthropologists work to determine aspects like gender, age, time since death, trauma, and ancestry from skeletal remains to aid investigations. The field has developed from physical anthropology in the early 20th century. It is important for identifying remains and providing testimony in court. Forensic anthropologists also study ancient remains to learn about past populations.
Period 3, mr. haymore project
Forensic anthropology involves the examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement agencies to determine identity. It applies anthropological knowledge in a legal context. Forensic anthropologists seek to determine aspects like gender, age, time since death, and possible cause of death. They may also assess ancestry by examining skeletal features. While the field has existed informally for some time, it grew in the 1930s as a way to help investigate gangland murders. Forensic anthropologists provide valuable assistance to criminal investigators and often testify in court.
Introduction to Forensics by Piyush B. Thakur
Forensic scientist manage crime scene evidence for Police Department, Crime Branches, CBI, CID, Forensic Science Laboratories, IB, Banks, Defense/Army, Courts, Quality Control Bureau, Narcotics Dept., Universities, Hospitals, Organizations etc...also in Private Sector like Detective Agencies, Banks, Insurance Companies, Universities, Hospitals, Security Services Agencies, Helpful to Lawyers/Advocates, Law Firms, Private Companies, Own Private Practice etc... they play an integral role in the catching, conviction and acquittal of suspects in cases of all levels .
IntroductiontoForensics.ppt
Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws. It involves various scientific disciplines like chemistry, biology, and physics to analyze physical evidence. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle popularized crime scene investigation methods in his Sherlock Holmes stories. Over time, experts like Alphonse Bertillon, Francis Galton, and Calvin Goddard developed techniques like fingerprint analysis, ballistics analysis, and blood typing that are now core parts of forensic science. Modern crime labs provide services like evidence collection, DNA analysis, toxicology, and pathology to aid legal investigations. Forensic scientists analyze evidence scientifically and may provide expert testimony in court.
Forensic anthropology
Forensic anthropology is the application of anthropological techniques to legal investigations. It involves the examination of human remains to assist in identification and help determine characteristics like age, sex, and ancestry. The field has grown out of physical anthropology and its use in criminal cases. Forensic anthropologists employ methods like assessing skeletal features to estimate these biological profiles and help identify unknown remains. They also assist in investigations of mass graves and genocides. The subfields of forensic osteology, archaeology, and taphonomy further the study of human remains for legal applications.
2mock up of Odontology
Forensic dentistry has a long history dating back to at least 49 AD when a woman identified a decapitated head by inspecting its teeth. Several notable cases throughout history demonstrated the use of dental evidence, including identifying battlefield remains and solving murders. In the late 19th century, dental identification became more accepted in courts, and the first textbook on the subject was published in 1897. The field continued to advance through the 20th century with the development of bite mark analysis, dental record databases, and computer software for identification.
History of Forensic Science.ppt
The document provides a history of forensic science, noting its origins in Roman judicial proceedings held in public forums. It describes some famous early criminalists including Vidocq, the first person to apply scientific methods to criminal investigation through his work with the French police. Hans Gross published works applying various scientific disciplines to criminal investigation. Edmund Locard established the first crime lab and formulated Locard's principle of exchange of evidence between criminal and victim. The FBI forensics laboratory represented a major commitment to forensics under J. Edgar Hoover.
FORENSIC SCIENCE.pptx
Forensic Science , Law, DNA, Finger Impression, Hair, Blood, Evidence, Scientific Evidence, Supreme court, lab,
History of fingerprinting
Fingerprints have been used for identification for thousands of years, but it was not until the late 19th century that they began to be used systematically by police. The first system was developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1883, but it was prone to errors. In the 1880s, Henry Fauld and William Herschel independently discovered the potential of fingerprints for identification. Sir Francis Galton's seminal research in the 1890s established that no two fingerprints are alike and they do not change over time. Classification systems were then developed to organize large fingerprint databases. By the early 20th century, fingerprints had replaced anthropometry as the primary method of criminal identification.
Similar to Historical Development in Criminalistics-1.pptx (20)
introductiontoforensicscience-141011231729-conversion-gate01.pdf
introductiontoforensicscience-141011231729-conversion-gate01.pdf
ACFrOgAga3dNd2sR-yAX-Y0m_Kaq-BE27Tj6ouay6Pcc2wyCM27xQN7JjaA1iQLWr8u3ppBp2kNiu...
ACFrOgAga3dNd2sR-yAX-Y0m_Kaq-BE27Tj6ouay6Pcc2wyCM27xQN7JjaA1iQLWr8u3ppBp2kNiu...
Forensic science as a basis for forensic investigation
Forensic science as a basis for forensic investigation
Recently uploaded
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Music and Medieval History
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices Li...
How do you know your food is safe?
Last Friday was world World Food Safety Day, facilitated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in which the slogan rightly says, 'food safety is everyone's business'. Due to this, I thought it would be worth sharing some data that I have worked on in this field!
Working at Markes International has really opened my eyes (and unfortunately my friends and family 🤣) to food safety and quality, especially with my recent application work on ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol residues in foodstuffs, as of the biggest global food recalls in history was and is still being implemented by the Rapid alert system for food and feed (RASFF) in 2021, for high levels of these carcinogenic compounds.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Recently uploaded (20)
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices Li...
_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices Li...
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Historical Development in Criminalistics-1.pptx
- 1. Historical development of forensic science – In Criminalistics
- 2. • It is very difficult to define a clear origin of criminalistics but the term comes from the German word kriminalistik, invented by Australian Criminalist Hans Gross (1847-1915). Even though the Field of criminalistics started long before Gross' time, the first serious well-documented application of scientific principles to a legal purpose started in the middle Nineteenth Century. Criminalistics can thus be defined as; • The scientific study and evaluation of physical evidence in the commission of crimes. • The science dealing with the detection of crime and the apprehension of criminals. Criminalistics
- 3. • Criminalistics is a discipline that operates under forensic sciences and most at times referred to as forensic science, as it is the application of scientific principles to provide evidence in criminal cases. • The American Board of Criminalistics defines criminalistics as the science and profession dealing with the recognition, collection, identification, individualization, and interpretation of physical evidence, and the application of the natural sciences to law-science matters. • It is the application of scientific techniques in collecting and analyzing physical evidence in criminal cases. Criminalistics is often termed as an applied science. …….cont.
- 5. …..cont., • The famous novel Sherlock Holmes, invented by Sir Aurthur Conan Doyle, was possibly the first fictional founder of criminalistics. • The real recognition of criminalistics as of science itself can be contributed to Hans Gross who published the book Handbuch Fur Untersuchungsrichter Als System Der Kriminalistiks in 1899. • The development of anthropology by the French anthropologist Alphone Bertillon (1853-1914) and also fingerprint analysis in the same period by the Scottish scientist Henry Favids (1843-1911) was started.
- 6. ….cont., • The English scientist Francis Galton(1822-1911), and English Commissioner Sir. Edward Henry (1850-1931), also made a huge impact to the reinforcements of criminalistics. • The progress made in forensic photography by Swiss criminalist Rodolpe Archibald Reiss (1875- 1929) also made a huge impact, but most of all the beginning era of modern CSI is contributed to Criminalist Edmond Locar (1877-1966) and his helper Harry Soderman (1902-1956). In the U.S. the work of American Criminalist Paul Kirk (1902- 1970) reinforced the predominate position of Criminalistics in Forensic Science.