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Introduction to Forensic Biology
- 1. Introduction to Forensic Biology Dr.Archana Mahakalkar Assistant Professor Department of Forensic Biology Government Institute of Forensic Science,Nagpur
- 2. Forensic Science • Any science can be a forensic science if it has some application to justice What is Forensic Science? • The application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. • Often called “criminalistics”
- 4. Forensic Toxicology Forensic Ballistics Cyber and digital Forensics Document Fingerprinting Forensic Science Various Specializations of Forensic science Forensic Biology Forensic Psychology
- 5. Forensic Biology Microbial forensics Forensic Anthropology Forensic Odontology Forensic Entomology Forensic DNA Fingerprinting Forensic Serology Various branches of Forensic Biology
- 6. • Preliminary assay • Confirmatory assay • Origin of species • DNA Isolation • Fingerprinting Forensic Serology blood, semen saliva Preliminary Assay •1.Benzidine reaction •2.Leucomalachite Green reaction •3.Phenolphthalein reaction •4.Luminol test: Confirmatory Assay •1.TeichmannTest •2.Takayama Test Species Identification •Precipitin reaction sweat Urine milk Fecal matter Hair
- 8. In London 28th April 2014 The strange case of the time travel murder 99.9% of DNA from two people will be identical, the 0.1% that varies is what makes us individual
- 9. In Germany 2007 a murder of policeman officer and at crime a women DNA was found When run thr’ German database identical DNA was found in such 40 separate samples. German authorities spent 2 years and thousands of hours seeing for the culprit. Finally they found that DNA in fact been present on swabs used at crime scene which had been contaminated by a women working at the factory that produce them. Germany's Phantom Serial Killer: A DNA Blunder
- 10. Sex determination Age determination Stature estimation Facial reconstruction Bones tells us a lot Forensic Anthropology
- 13. Forensic Palynology Pollen grains Spores Location of Crime
- 14. Police officer on scene Investigator Medics(if needs) Photographer or field Evidence technician DNA expert Serologist Pathologist Toxicologist Forensic Odontologist Forensic phycologist Forensic Anthropologist Forensic Entomologist Firearm examiner Bomb and arson expert Document and Handwriting Expert Fingerprint Expert Crime Scene Team
- 15. Education and Scope Professors Associate professors Assistant professors Researcher Lab instructor Trainers Legal advisors Job responsibilities Designing and teaching Forensic Science Specific Courses: both practical and theory Conducting forensic Science Based Research Other Administrative responsibilities Who they work for? Academies Community colleges Colleges and Universities Federal, State and Local Law Enforcement
- 16. If you have a love of science You would like to use it for the good of society and public safety Forensic Science could be a career for you! Summing it Up
- 17. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- A woman had been brutally murdered in London and biological material had been found under her fingernails, possibly indicating that she might have scratched her attacker just before she died. A sample of the material was analysed and results compared with the National DNA database and quickly came back with a positive match. The problem was, the "hit" identified a woman who had herself been murdered - a full three weeks before the death of her alleged "victim". The killings had taken place in different areas of the capital and were being investigated by separate teams of detectives. With no sign of a connection between the two women and nothing to suggest they had ever met, the most "likely" scenario was that the samples had been mixed-up or contaminated at the one obvious place that they had come together - the forensic laboratory. A complaint was made by the senior investigating officer. It was 1997 and I was the national account manager for the Forensic Science Service at the time, so it was my responsibility to find out if a mistake had been made at the laboratory. My first thought was that perhaps the second victim's fingernail clipping had been mislabelled and had actually come from the first victim all along. As soon as I started to look at the samples, I could see this wasn't the case. DNA testing 99.9% of DNA from two people will be identical, the 0.1% that varies is what makes us individual Forensic profiling examines six to ten specific variations, called markers, to create a DNA profile The chance that two unrelated people have identical profiles is less than one in one billion Source: BBC Science How does DNA testing work? Crime scene forensics: 360 The victim had painted her nails with a distinctive leopard skin pattern and the cuttings that had been taken bore the exact same pattern. There was no doubt that they were the correct ones. I then checked through the laboratory records to see if there was any way the samples could have been accidentally mixed-up. This too turned out to be a non-starter as the two sets of samples had never been out of the lab's exhibit store at the same time. In any event, several weeks had passed between the analysis of the first and second clippings and different members of staff had been involved. Determined to get to the bottom of the mystery, I decided to look more closely at how the clippings themselves had come to be collected and discovered that both bodies had undergone an autopsy at the same mortuary, though they had arrived there several weeks apart. Forensic autopsies - those carried out in the case of murder or suspicious death - are far more detailed and involved than standard, non-criminal autopsies. Among other examinations, blood and organ samples are collected for toxicological testing, stomach contents are collected and analysed and fingernails are scraped and clipped. It was while I was examining the mortuary records that I came across a possible answer. It transpired that the body of the first murder victim had been kept in the freezer for several weeks while the police carried out their initial investigation. Image copyrightSCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARYImage captionThere have been great leaps in understanding DNA evidence over the last decadeIt had been removed from the freezer to allow the pathologist to take additional nail clippings the day before the body of the second murder victim had arrived at the mortuary. The following day, the same pair of scissors had been used to cut the nails of the second murder victim. Although the scissors had been cleaned between uses, I couldn't help but wonder whether sufficient genetic material had survived the cleaning process to transfer onto the second victim's nails and then produce a DNA profile in the subsequent analysis. I had started my career in forensic science during the late 1970s and back then, the idea of being able to identify someone from a few tiny drops of blood seemed like something out of science fiction. In those early days, we rarely wore protective clothing at crime scenes or worried about potential contamination because there was no method to analyse any biological material that was as small as the eye could see. Today, everyone entering a crime scene has to don a new, clean paper over-suit and overshoes as well as gloves since DNA retrieval techniques are now so sensitive that simply lightly touching an object - such as a door knob or knife handle - can leave enough of a trace to carry out a successful DNA analysis. In 1997, the time of the mystery murder, DNA profiling was only a few years old and, as I was about to discover, the technology was improving so quickly that previously unforeseen problems were beginning to occur. I arranged for the nail scissors from the mortuary to be analysed and discovered not two but three separate DNA profiles were present. Further examination found DNA contamination on several other mortuary instruments but it was only ever going to present a problem when it came to fingernail scissors. The autopsy knives, for example, were found to have traces of DNA of several different people on them, but because incisions were never sampled for DNA, cross contamination was not an issue. Image copyrightMICHAEL LATZImage captionThe "Phantom of Heilbronn" was believed to be behind multiple murders across southern Germany and AustriaI immediately sent out an urgent memo to all coroners, mortuaries and forensic pathologists in the country, highlighting the problem and suggesting that, in the future, all nail clippings should be taken with disposable scissors and that the scissors should then be placed in the evidence bag with the nail clippings to confirm they had only been used once. It's a system that remains in place to this day. Modern DNA analysis is now so sensitive that contamination is a major issue, with the potential to send criminal investigations spiralling off in the wrong direction. In Germany in 2007, traces of DNA belonging to an unknown female were found at the scene of the murder of a police officer. When run through the German database, identical DNA was found to have been present at the scene of five other murders in Germany and France, along with several burglaries and car thefts. In total, the woman's DNA was found at 40 separate crime scenes. The German authorities spent two years and thousands of hours searching for the culprit, only to discover that the DNA had in fact been present on the swabs the crime scene investigators had been using to collect their samples. The swabs had been accidentally contaminated by a woman working at the factory that produced them. For years DNA has been seen as the ultimate crime-fighting weapon with successful convictions arising from ever smaller traces, but in many ways DNA analysis has become a victim of its own success. Now that we have the ability to create a DNA profile from just a few human cells, traces can be found almost everywhere. But as we are all depositing DNA everywhere we go, the significance of finding and analysing these traces will become increasingly open to interpretation unless there is sufficient DNA material present to eliminate the possibility of secondary contact or cross-contamination, or additional evidence supporting direct involvement in the crime. Dr Mike Silverman is the author of Written In Blood, a history of forensic science
- Flies (usually blowflies) are usually the first to arrive at a crime scene Flies and other insects lay their eggs in decaying flesh he First Crime Solved by Forensic Entomology The earliest known case of a crime being solved using insect evidence comes from medieval China. In 1247, the Chinese lawyer Sung Ts'u wrote a textbook on criminal investigations called The Washing Away of Wrongs. In his book, Ts'u recounts the story of a murder near a rice field. The victim had been slashed repeatedly, and investigators suspected the weapon used was a sickle, a common tool used in the rice harvest. How could the murderer be identified, when so many workers carried these tools? The local magistrate brought all the workers together and told them to lay down their sickles. Though all the tools looked clean, one quickly attracted hordes of flies. The flies could sense the residue of blood and tissue invisible to the human eye. When confronted by this jury of flies, the murderer confessed to the crime. Different insects do this at different times Other insects such as beetles and wasps will attack and feed off the insects and eggs This parade of visitors takes place at surprisingly consistent time intervals Forensic entomologists can estimate the postmortem interval (how long ago death occurred) If a person has been poisoned or has overdosed, flies and other insects will ingest this as well