It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed. It is starting point for the investigator.

2. The term Crime is derived from Latin word crimen meaning offence and also wrong-doer.
A Public Wrong is a 'Crime'. It is an injury to the State even though the victim of the crime
is an individual. Acts of crime are considered anti-social. Hence the States takes the
responsibility of punishing the criminal in the interest of state.
Acts that are not punishable by the State are not treated as crimes even though people violate
moral principles.

3. No Ultimate Definition of Crime
We do know that there is no single objective definition of crime.
There are legal definitions
There are social definitions
There are subjective (personal) definitions
There are organizational definitions
What is crime?
1. Unlawful behavior,
2. Behavior that is formally processed as criminal
3. Socially harmful behavior
4. Anything the state wants it to be

4. A crime is an act
committed in violation of a law forbidding it (e.g. theft, arson)
or omitted in violation of a law commanding it (paying taxes)
and for which society has provided a formally sanctioned punishment

5. To Sum up:
What is crime?
Crime: ‘An intentional act in violation of the criminal law committed without
defense or excuse, and penalized by the state.’
A crime is an act in violation of a criminal law for which a punishment is
prescribed; the person committing it must have intended to do so and must have
done so without legally acceptable defense or justification.

6. Crime Scenes
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be
used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a
place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.

7. Defining a Crime Scene
Crime scenes are never consistent- they are ALWAYS inconsistent
Each one presents an investigator with a new challenge
Can be classified by the location of the crime
Primary crime scene
Secondary crime scene

8. Crime scenes may also be classified according to size
Macroscopic
Comprised of many crime scenes
Gunshot an victim’s body dumped in field
Microscopic
Trace evidence found on the body, gunshot residue, or tire tread
marks

9. Also classified by
Type of crime
Homicide, robbery, burglary, sexual assault
By organization or disorganization of scene
Physical location
Indoor, outside, vehicle

10. Crime Scene Investigation
Based on the scientific method and the Locard Exchange Principle,
logic and forensic techniques involve
Recognition- scene survey,
documentation,
Collection
Identification- comparison testing
Individualization- evaluation and interpretation
Reconstruction- reporting and presenting

11. Crime Scene Investigation
Goals are to determine the following
What happened
Where did it happen
When did it happen
Why did it happen
Who may have perpetrated these actions
How was the incident carried out

13. ROLE OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATOR
A crime scene investigator, at the scene of a crime, may:
Work with law enforcement to identify, isolate and secure the crime scene
Work with law enforcement to establish a restricted perimeter around the crime scene as to not compromise
evidence
 Work with law enforcement to define a clear set of restrictions regarding nonessential personnel and
investigative personnel
Preserve, collect and record impressions, including tool marks, footprints, tire marks, bite marks, and
fingerprints
Collect DNA evidence, including blood, semen, hair, skin, blood stain patterns, bodily fluids and nails
 Collect trace evidence, including gunshot residue, fibers, accelerant, paint, glass, etc.
 Collect firearms evidence, including weapons, spent casings, bullet fragments, cartridges, and gun powder
patterns

14. A CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATOR SHOULD ENSURE THAT :
 All laws are followed
 The crime scene and all collected evidence are properly documented
 Evidence is processed in an expeditious manner
 Evidence is processed without compromising it
 Proper methods and techniques for evidence recovery are followed
 All equipment and resources are properly used
 All evidence is properly handled, packaged and transported
 All physical evidence is recovered
 Safety precautions are followed

15. The Crime Scene Approach
Regardless of the specific job of the crime scene investigator, all CSI professionals at the scene
of a crime must adhere to the same set of regulations and the same protocol, which generally
includes:
Scene Recognition: The initial phase of a crime scene investigation involves
identifying and recognizing the scene and the physical evidence to be collected. A crime scene
leader is generally responsible for this initial, organizational phase, which involves approaching
the search using an organized method or pattern. This may mean identifying the number of CSI
professionals on the scene, the size of the area, and the extent of the crime scene. Recognizing
the scene and the physical evidence at the scene is crucial as to ensure that the evidence is not
compromised in any way and that it can be identified, processed, and packaged in an organized
fashion. This phase of the investigation also involves identifying the resources and equipment
that may be needed and identifying and addressing any safety concerns or hazards.

16.  Scene Documentation
The next phase involves documenting and processing the physical evidence. This is
done through written notes, diagrams, reports, photographs, and sketches. This
information must be comprehensive, accurate, and factual, as it may be used by
forensic scientists in the laboratory, by law enforcement officials, and in a court
of law.

17.  Evidence Collection
Once the crime scene has been properly assessed and all information has been recorded, it is the
job of the crime scene investigators to recover the physical evidence at the crime scene
through a number of technical and scientific methods and procedures. Proper care must be
taken at all times to ensure that the physical evidence is collected and preserved according to
strict standards.

18. LOCARD’S PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE
“Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves
will serve as a silent witness against him."
Edmond Locard
Dr. Edmond Locard (1877 – 1966) was a pioneer in forensic science who
became known as the Sherlock Holmes of France.
He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every Contact
Leaves a Trace". This became known as Locard's Exchange Principle.

19. 'Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will
serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his
hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he
scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects.
All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not
forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human
witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure
itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it,
can diminish its value. '
-Professor Edmond Locard

20. Different Kinds of Witnesses
The witness can be divided mainly into two categories-
(1) Eye Witness
(2) Circumstantial Witness

21. Prosecution Witness
A witness for the prosecution is a witness who is brought into the court in order to
provide testimony which supports the prosecution’s overall case. A witness for the
prosecution, thus, would likely provide testimony affirming that the defendant did
whatever action he or she is being put on trial for, for example, or otherwise would
produce some form of statement which helps to push the jury in favor of the
prosecution’s argument.

22. Defense Witness–
Defense side in a criminal proceeding is opposing or denial of the truth or
validity of the prosecutor’s complaint, the proceedings by a defendant or
accused party or his legal agents for defending himself.
A witness summoned on the request of the defending party is known as a
Defense Witness.

23. Expert Witness–
An ‘expert’ is not a ‘witness’ of fact. His evidence is really of an advisory character.
The duty of an ‘expert witness’ is to furnish the judge with the necessary scientific
criteria for testing the accuracy of the conclusion so as to enable the judge to form his
independent judgment by the application of this criteria to the facts proved by the
evidence of the case. The scientific opinion evidence, if intelligible, convincing and
tested becomes a factor and along with the other evidence of the case. The credibility
of such a witness depends on the reasons stated in support of his conclusions and the
data furnished which form the basis of his conclusions.

24. Eye Witness–
A witness who gives testimony to facts seen by him is called an eye witness, an eye
witness is a person who saw the act, fact or transaction to which he testifies. An eye
witness must be competent (legally fit) and qualified to testify in court. A witness
who was intoxicated or insane at the time the event occurred will be prevented from
testifying, regardless of whether he or she was the only eyewitness to the
occurrence. Identification of an accused in Court by an ‘Eye witness’ is a serious
matter and the chances of a false identification are very high.

25. Crime Victims
A victim of a crime, or crime victim, is in criminology and
criminal law, the identifiable person who has been harmed
individually and directly by the perpetrator or defendant (an
individual, company, or institution sued or accused in a court of
law) , rather than merely society as a whole.

26. Types of Victims
The term “crime victim” refers to any person, group or entity who has suffered
injury or loss due to illegal activity of someone. The harm can be physical,
psychological or economic. Such a person may be called a “primary victim of
crime”.
Besides, there are also “secondary crime victims” who suffer harm or injury as a
result of injury or harm to the primary crime victim. For example, the children of
a raped woman or a battered woman suffering from lack of paternity and are
secondary victims.

27. Von Hentig (1948) placed victims in five main categories as
follows:
The innocent who fell a victim in crime being in the wrong place at the
wrong time.
The depressive types who are an easy target, being careless and
unsuspecting.
The greedy type who are easily duped because of craze for money and easy
gain.
The wanton type who are particularly vulnerable to stresses of life such as
juvenile victims.
The tormentor type who is the victim of attack from the target of his/her
abuse such as battered women.

28. The reluctance of victims to report cases to the police remains an issue
to be probed in by victimologists. Some of the reasons for non-reporting
of crimes are:
1. People‘s apathy and attitude of indifference;
2. The effect of crime being insignificant or petty;
3. Identity of the offender being unknown;
4. Apprehension of threat or harassment from the culprit;
5. Social and public indignation, particularly in cases of rape, illegal abortion
and other sexual offences;
6. Considerable loss of time, money in prolonged criminal litigation;
7. Reluctance of witnesses to testify or possibility of their turning hostile;
8. Lack of faith and confidence in police action.

29. Forensic Databases
A computerized arch of information relating to a specific type of physical
evidence. These databases are useful to criminalists because it makes it
easier for a them to link a suspect to the commission of a crime through
comparative analysis of evidence.

30. Three Forensic databases
IAFIS
CODIS
SICAR

31. CODIS
Combined DNA Index System
DNA profiles maintained by the FBI
state and local crime labs electronically exchange and
compare profiles

32. CODIS enables Federal, State, and local crime labs to exchange and compare DNA
profiles electronically, thereby linking crimes to each other and to convicted
offenders.
CODIS uses two indexes:
(1)the Convicted Offender Index, which contains profiles of convicted offenders, and
(2) the Forensic Index, which contains profiles from crime-scene evidence.
How does CODIS work?
Searches are performed to find a match between a sample of biological evidence and
an offender profile.

33. IAFIS
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System
fingerprint system maintained by the FBI
images are submitted nationally by state, local, and federal law
enforcement agencies
a latent-print examiner creates a digital image then marks points to
guide the computer search

34. This FBI-maintained database contains:
Fingerprints acquired after arrest at the city, county, State, and Federal
levels.
Fingerprints acquired through background checks for employment,
licensing, and other noncriminal justice purposes (if authorized by State or
Federal law).
Latent prints found at crime scenes.

35. NIBIN
National Integrated Ballistics Information Network
Maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
firearms are digitized using a microscope and computer for marking
comparisons on bullets and cartridge casings firearms examiner must
make the correlation

36. PDQ
International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query
chemical and color info for car paint
maintained by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
automotive make, model, year, and assembly plant can be
determined to assist mostly with hit-and-runs

37. How does PDQ work?
Each paint layer—an automotive paint job usually consists of four—is examined
to determine the spectra and chemical composition. The chemical components and
proportions are coded into the database.
These known samples are compared against a paint sample from a crime scene or
a suspect’s vehicle to search the make, model, and year of manufacture of a
vehicle involved in a hit-and-run or other criminal activity.

38. SICAR
Shoeprint image capture and retrieval
commercially available retrieval system for shoe soles
investigators link footwear impressions left at a crime
scene to one of 300+ manufactures

39. Research and Analysis
Wing
RAW’s objectives have broadened to include:
monitoring the political and military developments in
adjoining countries, which have direct bearing on India’s
national security and in the formulation of its foreign policy.
seeking the control and limitation of the supply of military
hardware to Pakistan, mostly from European countries, the
United States, and China.

40. Glass Evidence Reference Database
This database contains more than 700 glass samples from
manufacturers, distributors, and vehicle junkyards. It is housed by the
Technical Support Working Group, an interagency group that includes
the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Department of Defense.
Although it cannot determine the source of an unknown piece of glass,
the database can assess the relative frequency that two glass samples
from different sources would have the same elemental profile.

41. The Intelligence Bureau (IB) is India's internal intelligence agency. It was recast as the
Central Intelligence Bureau in 1947 under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Shrouded in secrecy, the IB is used to garner
intelligence from within India and also execute
counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism
tasks. The Bureau comprises employees from
law enforcement agencies, mostly from the
Indian Police Service (IPS) or the Indian
Revenue Service (IRS) and the military.
Rajiv Jain is the current director of IB, holding the position since
January 1, 2017.

42. INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police
organization, with 192 member countries.
The mission:
"Preventing and fighting crime through
enhanced cooperation and innovation on
police and security matters"
INTERPOL’s General Secretariat is based in Lyon, France, supported by the Global Complex for Innovation in
Singapore, seven regional bureaus, and Special Representative offices at the African Union, the European Union
and the United Nations.

43. Its work focuses primarily on public safety and battling transnational crimes
against humanity, computer crime and cybercrime, drug trafficking,
environmental crime, human trafficking, illicit drug production, copyright
infringement, illicit traffic in works of art, intellectual property crime, money
laundering, organized crime, corruption, terrorism, war crimes, weapons
smuggling, and white-collar crime.

44. The National Crime Records Bureau, abbreviated to NCRB, is
an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and
analyzing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry
of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India.