The document summarizes a student mini project on developing a thermoelectric air conditioning system. The system uses a thermoelectric Peltier module based on the Peltier effect to provide cooling without moving parts. It consists of a 12V Peltier device sandwiched between two heat sinks to dissipate heat, powered by a 12V battery. Fans are used to aid heat transfer. The document discusses thermoelectric principles, components used including specifications, assembly, advantages and limitations. The system was able to lower temperature by 2.11°C with a coefficient of performance of 0.8064 for cooling.
Peltier Effect- when a voltage or DC current is applied
to two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that
allows for continuous heat transport between the
conductor’s junctions. The Seebeck Effect- is the reverse
of the Peltier Effect. By applying heat to two different
conductors a current can be generated
To design a project that could be used to utilize the waste heat energy into electricity for multipurpose use in various applications and household purposes. This system should be economical, easy to implement and does not produce any kind of pollution, it is silent and does not require any kind of fuel to work. The main feature of this project is that it converts direct temperature difference into electricity. It is based upon thermoelectric energy generation concept and has many applications in electricity generation from automobile waste heat, heat liberated from household items, electricity generation from glaciers (ice) and a lot of similar applications where temperature difference from environment is converted into electricity. This concept is very useful in terms that it adds up to other renewable sources of energy and can be used in place of other non-conventional sources of energy like wind, solar, tides, geothermal heat, etc. This is a new concept for electricity generation using temperature difference between junctions of a peltier element to be used in our project. The complete Thermo Electric Generator would be based on Seebeck Effect that is reverse of peltier effect. The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice-versa
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) devices typically use special semiconductor materials, which are optimized for the Seebeck effect. The simplest TEG device consists of a thermocouple, comprising a p-type and n-type material connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is applied into one side of the couple and rejected from the opposite side. An electrical current is produced, proportional to the temperature gradient between the hot and cold junctions.
Peltier Effect- when a voltage or DC current is applied
to two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that
allows for continuous heat transport between the
conductor’s junctions. The Seebeck Effect- is the reverse
of the Peltier Effect. By applying heat to two different
conductors a current can be generated
To design a project that could be used to utilize the waste heat energy into electricity for multipurpose use in various applications and household purposes. This system should be economical, easy to implement and does not produce any kind of pollution, it is silent and does not require any kind of fuel to work. The main feature of this project is that it converts direct temperature difference into electricity. It is based upon thermoelectric energy generation concept and has many applications in electricity generation from automobile waste heat, heat liberated from household items, electricity generation from glaciers (ice) and a lot of similar applications where temperature difference from environment is converted into electricity. This concept is very useful in terms that it adds up to other renewable sources of energy and can be used in place of other non-conventional sources of energy like wind, solar, tides, geothermal heat, etc. This is a new concept for electricity generation using temperature difference between junctions of a peltier element to be used in our project. The complete Thermo Electric Generator would be based on Seebeck Effect that is reverse of peltier effect. The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice-versa
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) devices typically use special semiconductor materials, which are optimized for the Seebeck effect. The simplest TEG device consists of a thermocouple, comprising a p-type and n-type material connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is applied into one side of the couple and rejected from the opposite side. An electrical current is produced, proportional to the temperature gradient between the hot and cold junctions.
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electricity generation from waste heat of gas.Vikas Rathod
Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy, for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment.
The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the original energy source.
Testing and Validation of Thermoelectric CoolersIJERA Editor
The first Air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases such as Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFC’s), Hydro Chloro Fluorocarbons (HCFC’s), Hydro Fluoro Carbons (HFC’s) and ammonia that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked into the atmosphere. In an automobile, the AC system increases fuel consumption of the vehicle, which uses around 4HP (i.e. 3 kW) of the engine's power. Most refrigerants used for AC system contribute to global warming, and may also destroy the ozone layer. CFC’s, HCFC’s, and HFC’s are poisonous greenhouse gases when they are leaked to the atmosphere and 100 gm of HFC’s destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. In recent years, demand for small size active cooling equipment has increased which includes TEC and water cooled heat sink. While on the other hand the passive cooling system includes heat sink and fan which is not effective enough to cope with task of cooling various electronic components. The active cooling system using TEC can be used where precise control of temperature is required. The energy conversion process which is carried out by active cooling system to absorb the heat from the surface to be cooled and reject that heat to the surrounding. Our project objective is testing and validation of TEC1-12706 and evaluating its capacity, limitations and performance to be used to produce cooling effect in R&AC system. Authors are presenting performance curve enabling the user to design the optimum number of thermoelectric module (TEM) for any required cooling system. In order to find out the capacity of single TEC we have made a prototype in which the existing refrigerants are replaced by newly emerging TEC which works on Peltier effect in AC system. TEC can be used as a generator to generate electricity by applying reverse engineering.
This study shows the experimental comparison
between a commercial vapor compression refrigerator and a
laboratory built thermoelectric beverage cooler. Tests were
carried out to determine the time taken for the temperature of
325 ml of water in a glass jar to be reduced from 32oC to below
6oC. The result shows that in the freezer compartment of the
commercial refrigerator, the temperature of the water decreased
linearly with increasing time. However, for the thermoelectric
refrigerator, the water temperature decreased exponentially with
increasing time. In other words, cooling rate for the refrigerator
was constant while for the thermoelectric it decreased
exponentially. The study also shows that that in the freezer
compartment of the commercial refrigerator the water took 61
min to cool to 6°C while the thermoelectric beverage cooler took
69 min. It can be seen that for the majority of the cooling time,
the thermoelectric refrigerator was cooling at a faster rate than
the commercial refrigerator.
Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Thermoelectric effect (also known as peltier effect) is the direct
conversion of electric voltage to temperature differences and vice
verse. The direction of heat flow can be controlled by changing
the polarities of the voltage source.
• Thermoelectric cooling incorporates both semiconductors and electronic
assembly techniques.
• In a TEC (eg: Peltier device) one side gets hot and the other side gets
cold. Therefore, they can be used to either warm something up or cool
something down, depending on which side we use.
• Thermoelectric coolers (TEC) create a temperature differential on each
side.
• They are an excellent cooling alternative to vapor compression coolers for
systems that are sensitive to mechanical vibration.
3. OUR MODEL
Our project is a Thermoelectric Peltier Module. It is based on the
‘Peltier Effect’ (named after Jean Peltier).
Advantage of using such a device for the purpose of cooling is that it is
solid state (no moving parts), vibration free, noise-free. They are
modular devices, So are simple to install and operate.
Characteristics of the Peltier Module:
• Its ability to lower temperature below ambient.
• Heat transport controlled by current input.
• Compact size make them useful for applications where size or weight
is a constraint.
• Ability to alternate between heating and cooling.
4.
5. Some Essential features
On an industrial level, this kind of a setup is used widely in
the field of Electronic, Medical, Aerospace,
Telecommunications.
For Cooling, this module is used in :
• Refrigerators
• Telecommunications equipment
• Laboratory instruments
• Electronic enclosures
• Temperature control in missiles and space systems
6. Some Essential features
The standard specifications for a thermoelectric module
are :
1.) The heat pumping capacity, or Qmax
in Watts
2.) The maximum achievable difference in temperature
between the hot and cold sides of the module, known
as the δTmax or ∆Tmax
3.) The maximum (optimal) input current in amps or
Imax
4.) The maximum input voltage or Vmax when the
current input is optimal (Imax ).
In mathematical formulae, temperatures are typically
expressed in Kelvin (K) units
7. COMPONENTS USED
Component Quantity Description Cost (Rs.)
Battery 1 12V, 7.5 Amp-hr -
Battery 6 9V 240
Peltier Device 1 12V, 6 Amp 450
Heat Sink 2 L Shape, Al 120
DC Fan 1 12V, 6.8 Watt 80
Epoxy 1 Araldite (90 g) 160
Thermocol 1 100 x 50 cm 60
Connecting
Wires
2 1 metre 30
SPDT Switch 1 - 12
Insulation Tape 1 Red 20
Glass Vessel 1 15 x 15 cm -
Extras - Blade, Glue, etc 100
8. Working Principles
Peltier Effect:
Jean Peltier discovered that the opposite was also possible.
By sending a current through 2 metals, you could create a
temperature difference in them.
Seebeck Effect (vice verse) :
In the 1820’s, Thomas Seebeck discovered that if 2 metals at
different temperatures were touching, an electric current
can be generated.
9. Peltier Effect
The Peltier effect is a
temperature difference
created by applying a
voltage between two
electrodes connected to a
sample of semiconductor
material.
The Peltier effect occurs whenever electrical current flows through
two dissimilar conductors. The flow of electricity causes one side to
get hot and the other to get cold. The degree of heating or cooling that
you get is determined in large part by the type of metal that is used.
Bismuth Telluride is a very commonly used Peltier element
metal.
10. Peltier Device
•When a voltage or DC current is applied to
two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be
created that allows for continuous heat
transport between the conductor’s junctions.
•A typical Peltier module is composed of two
ceramic substrates sandwiching many pairs,
or "couples" of Bismuth Telluride dice. The
(pairs of) dice are connected electrically in
series, and thermally in parallel, between
the ceramics. One of these ceramics will be
the "hot-side" and the other, the "cold-side.“
For example, when n- and p-type semiconductors are biased in the same
direction, their charge carriers flow in opposite directions. As a result, n-
and p-type Peltier elements create opposite temperature gradients .
11. Peltier Device
Alumina ceramic substrates are commonly used for making TE
modules. They're ridged, thermally conductive and excellent electrical
insulators. In addition to providing a sturdy foundation, the ceramics
insulate the electrical elements within the module from a heat-sink on the
hot-side of the module, and the object being cooled on the cold-side
Heat transfer occurs in the direction of charge carrier movement.
12. Peltier Device Specifications
Type TEC1-12706
Dimensions 40 x 40 x 4mm
Couples 127
Qmax (Watts) 50
Delta Tmax (ºC) 66
Imax (Amps) 6.4
Vmax (Volts) 14.4
Module Resistance
(Ohms)
1.98
Fully sealed for protection against moisture
13. Basic Principles
• To increase heat transport, several P type or N type
thermoelectric(TE) components can be hooked up in
parallel.
• However, the device requires low voltage and
therefore, a large current which is too great to be
commercially practical.
• The current should always be DC and not AC.
14. Seebeck Effect
• The Seebeck effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature
difference between two dissimilar electrical conductors or
semiconductors produces a voltage difference between the two
substances.
The Seebeck Coefficient is given
by:
where is the
electric field.
dxdT
x
/
15. Battery
• We have used a 12V rechargable lead acid battery with a current rating
of 7.5 Amp hours.
• Lead acid batteries provide a good amount of power and are compact.
They are widely used for storage in backup power supplies.
• Excessive charging of the lead acid battery Causes electrolysis, i.e.
Release of Hydrogen and O² gas. Accumulation of these gasses leads to
explosion of the Battery.
16. Heat Sink
• A heat sink is an electronic
device that incorporates either
a fan or a peltier device to keep
a hot component such as a
processor cool.
• There are two heat
sink types: Active and Passive.
• Heat Sink prevents a device
from overheating by absorbing
its heat and dissipating it into
the air.
17. HEAT SINK
• WHAT IS A HEAT SINK?
A heat sink is an environment or object that absorbs and
dissipates heat from another object using thermal contact. Heat
sinks are used in a wide range of applications wherever efficient
heat dissipation is required; major examples include refrigeration,
heat engines, cooling electronic devices and lasers.
Thermal resistance is defined as
temperature rise per unit of power,
analogous to electrical resistance,
and is expressed in units of degrees
Celsius per watt (°C/W).
We Have used an
L-Shape Heat Sink
18. HEAT SINK
• PRINCIPLE OF HEAT SINK:
Heat sinks function by efficiently transferring thermal energy from
an object at a relatively high temperature to a second object at a
lower temperature with a much greater heat capacity. This rapid
transfer of thermal energy quickly brings the first object into thermal
equilibrium with the second, lowering the temperature of the first
object, fulfilling the heat sink's role as a cooling device.
epoxy
19. HEAT SINK
• Performance:
Heat sink performance is a function of material,
geometry, and overall surface heat transfer coefficient.
Generally, forced convection heat sink thermal
performance is improved by increasing the thermal
conductivity of the heat sink materials,increasing the
surface area and by increasing the overall area heat
transfer coefficient .
20. HEAT SINK
• Construction and Materials:
A heat sink usually consists of a base with one or more flat surfaces
and an array of comb or fin-like protrusions to increase the heat
sink's surface area contacting the air, and thus increasing the heat
dissipation rate. Heat sinks are made from a good thermal
conductor such as copper or aluminum alloy. Copper (401 W/(m·K)
at 300 K) is significantly heavier and more expensive than aluminum
(237 W/(m·K) at 300 K) but is also roughly twice as efficient as a
thermal conductor.
Aluminum has the significant advantage that it can be easily formed
by extrusion, thus making complex cross-sections possible.
21. HEAT SINK
• Explanation:
In common use, a heat sink is a metal object brought into contact
with an electronic component's hot surface — though in most cases,
a thin thermal interface material mediates between the two
surfaces.
Microprocessors and power handling semiconductors are examples of
electronics that need a heat sink to reduce their temperature
through increased thermal mass and heat dissipation .
22. EPOXY
• Stabilizing and mounting of the DC fan and peltier on the Heat sink
was done using epoxy.
Characteristics –
• Stress Proof
• Heat proof
• Water proof
• Non-corrosive
• Non-Toxic
• Resistant to most chemicals.
• Araldite is used as a Standard Epoxy Adhesive.
23. CALCULATIONS
T cold = 35.8ºF = 2.11ºC
T hot = 115.7ºF = 46.5ºC
So,
COP cooling = Tc / (Th – Tc)
= 0.8064
COP heating = Th / (Th – Tc)
= 1.055
Where,
T cold – Minimum Temp. of
Peltier
T hot – Maximum Temp. of
Peltier
COP – Coefficient of
Performance (measure of
success of cooling/heating)
25. Cooling Container
Material – Thermocol (Polystyrene Foam)
Dimensions = 248 x 235 x 285 mm
Thickness = 30 mm
We used Polystyrene Foam due to its high heat
and cold resisting property.
26. Advantages
• Thermoelectric modules have no moving parts and do not require the
use of chlorofluorocarbons. Therefore they are safe for the environment,
inherently reliable, and virtually maintenance free.
• A thermoelectric cooler permits lowering the temperature of an object
below ambient as well as stabilizing the temperature of objects above
ambient temperatures.
27. Advantages
• Ability to lower temperature below ambient.
• Heat transport controlled by current input.
• Able to operate in any orientation.
• Compact size make them useful for applications
where size or weight is a constraint.
• Ability to alternate between heating and cooling.
• Excellent cooling alternative to vapor compression
coolers for systems that are sensitive to mechanical
vibration.
28. Dis-Advantages
• Able to dissipate limited amount of heat flux.
• Lower coefficient of performance than vapor-compression
systems.
• Relegated to low heat flux applications.
• More total heat to remove than without a TEC.
29. Problems Faced
• We encountered a problem
with one of the dc fans so we
decided to dissipitate the
heat energy from hot side i.e
hot heat sinks we kept those
sinks in water bath.
• Firstly we used 12V lead acid
battery 1 AHr which didn’t
give a sufficient result of
what we have expected. So
we used a higher rating
battery from a motor bike.
• Stabilizing and mounting of
the DC fan and peltier on the
Heat sink was done using
epoxy
30. RECOMMENDATIONS
• When a laptop is running on batteries, the electricity
used to power the fan comes from the battery.
Therefore, to conserve battery life, a thermoelectric
power generator is a good alternative.
• We can insulate the surrounding areas of the peltier
device with thermofoam (or any other material with
high resistance to thermal energy) so as to avoid heat
dissipation into the surrounding atmosphere.
• We can use another peltier module at the bottom of
the apparatus and convert the heat liberated, into
electrical energy using Seebeck Effect.
31. References
• Goldsmid H. (1986). Electronic Refrigeration.London:Pion.
• Goldsmid H.(1964). Thermoelectric Refrigeration. New York:Plenum.
• Lasance, C.J.M., and Simmons, R.E. (2005) Advances In High-Performance Cooling For
Electronics. Electronics Cooling. Retrieved May2006. http://www.electronics-
cooling.com/html/2005_nov_article2.html
• Mollar(2003). Themoelectric Cooler Selection Procedure. Retieved June 2006.
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