Solid cooling and heating with help of peltier plate by using solar energy with the help of a micro controller. The cop of this refrigeration effect is always less than 1 because we in intake low grade thermal energy.
This document summarizes a student project report on designing a mini compressor-less Peltier refrigerator. It begins with acknowledgements to the student's project guide and department head for their support and guidance. It then provides a project certificate signed by the internal and external guides. The document outlines the objectives of studying Peltier cooling technology and designing a refrigerator. It describes the materials used, including an aluminum evaporator box and a 12V water pump for cooling the hot side of the Peltier module. The remaining chapters will cover the refrigerator's construction, working principle, cost analysis, and conclusions.
Ferrotec nord develops more than 250 types of peltier devices and for the sake of customer convenience, categorize them on the basis of peltier element and place them on table so that it can be easily recognized according to requirement. For further information visit @ http://ferrotec-nord.com/support/peltier-modules
This document describes a physics project report submitted by six students on building a mini refrigerator. It discusses the objectives, principles, materials used including the peltier module, heat sinks, fans, thermocol casing and power supply. It explains the working based on the peltier effect and describes the construction process. The benefits are discussed such as being eco-friendly and limitations around small storage capacity. Testing showed it was capable of cooling contents within an hour.
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
This document presents a capstone project report on developing a refrigerator that works using the Peltier effect without a compressor. The project was carried out by 4 students under the guidance of their professor. The report includes an introduction to different refrigeration methods, background on thermoelectric refrigeration using the Peltier effect, objectives of the project, descriptions of the components used including the Peltier module, heat sinks, fans, etc., design and analysis of the refrigerator, advantages of the thermoelectric refrigerator, and conclusions. The goal of the project was to create an energy efficient and environmentally friendly refrigerator without moving parts like a compressor.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on thermoelectric cooling systems. It introduces thermoelectric coolers and their basic principles, including the Peltier effect whereby applying a voltage creates a heat pump effect. Common materials used are bismuth telluride semiconductors. Multistage cooler designs can improve performance by decreasing the minimum cold side temperature. Thermoelectric coolers have advantages over vapor compression systems like no moving parts, quick response time, and lower power usage. Applications include electronics cooling, refrigeration, medical and laboratory equipment.
This document summarizes a student project report on designing a mini compressor-less Peltier refrigerator. It begins with acknowledgements to the student's project guide and department head for their support and guidance. It then provides a project certificate signed by the internal and external guides. The document outlines the objectives of studying Peltier cooling technology and designing a refrigerator. It describes the materials used, including an aluminum evaporator box and a 12V water pump for cooling the hot side of the Peltier module. The remaining chapters will cover the refrigerator's construction, working principle, cost analysis, and conclusions.
Ferrotec nord develops more than 250 types of peltier devices and for the sake of customer convenience, categorize them on the basis of peltier element and place them on table so that it can be easily recognized according to requirement. For further information visit @ http://ferrotec-nord.com/support/peltier-modules
This document describes a physics project report submitted by six students on building a mini refrigerator. It discusses the objectives, principles, materials used including the peltier module, heat sinks, fans, thermocol casing and power supply. It explains the working based on the peltier effect and describes the construction process. The benefits are discussed such as being eco-friendly and limitations around small storage capacity. Testing showed it was capable of cooling contents within an hour.
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
This document presents a capstone project report on developing a refrigerator that works using the Peltier effect without a compressor. The project was carried out by 4 students under the guidance of their professor. The report includes an introduction to different refrigeration methods, background on thermoelectric refrigeration using the Peltier effect, objectives of the project, descriptions of the components used including the Peltier module, heat sinks, fans, etc., design and analysis of the refrigerator, advantages of the thermoelectric refrigerator, and conclusions. The goal of the project was to create an energy efficient and environmentally friendly refrigerator without moving parts like a compressor.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on thermoelectric cooling systems. It introduces thermoelectric coolers and their basic principles, including the Peltier effect whereby applying a voltage creates a heat pump effect. Common materials used are bismuth telluride semiconductors. Multistage cooler designs can improve performance by decreasing the minimum cold side temperature. Thermoelectric coolers have advantages over vapor compression systems like no moving parts, quick response time, and lower power usage. Applications include electronics cooling, refrigeration, medical and laboratory equipment.
The document summarizes a student project to design and build a portable DC refrigerator. The team members are listed. The problem statement explains the need for a portable refrigerator for outdoor activities and medical purposes. The team objectives are to design and fabricate a mini DC portable refrigerator powered by battery. It will be useful for picnics, sports, and vehicles. Diagrams and flow charts show the circuit design, process, and causes of faults. Marketing considerations include the 7P's. The project budget, costs, profits, and team reflections are presented.
Conversion of dessert cooler into low cost air conditioner using peltier moduleeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes design and fabrication of dessert cooler with certain modifications so that it can be used as low cost air conditioner. The cooling in conventional cooler is done along Wet Bulb Temperature line that reduces Dry Bulb Temperature but simultaneously it increases specific humidly. This paper aims to reduce this humidity with the use of peltier module. This system provides better results than that of conventional cooler. The only disadvantage observed; is long time required to get the desired cooling effect. Keywords: Dessert Cooler, Peltier Module, Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet bulb Temperature
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridgeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a thermoelectric refrigeration system project. It discusses the milestones, realization of the idea, introduction to thermoelectric refrigeration and the Peltier effect. It describes the materials used, working of the project including dimensions, advantages, drawbacks, applications, cost analysis, new opportunities, and concludes that the objective of long term cooling in power failures was achieved with a retention time of 57 minutes.
This document provides information about a project report on refrigeration using a Peltier module. It includes an abstract, introduction, chapters on the basic theory of Peltier devices, materials used, construction and design, working and performance, advantages and disadvantages, cost analysis, and conclusion. The basic theory chapter describes the history of Peltiers, their structure, principles, specifications, applications, heat transport method, doping of semiconductors, and thermoelectric performance factors. It explains how a Peltier module uses the Peltier effect to absorb heat on one side and release it on the other side when a DC current is applied.
This document presents information on a thermoelectric refrigerator. It includes an abstract that describes how thermoelectric modules can be used to produce refrigeration without CFCs. It then discusses the principles of thermoelectric refrigeration including the Peltier effect. It provides descriptions of the key components of the refrigerator like the thermoelectric module, heat sinks, fans, and temperature indicator. It also includes specifications, power calculations, comparisons to normal refrigerators, advantages, applications and concludes that thermoelectric refrigerators are portable, compact and environmentally friendly alternatives for some cooling applications.
Domestic refrigerator vs compressor-less refrigeratorSachin Kumar
The document summarizes and compares a domestic refrigerator and a compressorless refrigerator. It discusses how domestic refrigerators use refrigerants like CFCs that harm the ozone layer and contribute to global warming. However, a compressorless refrigerator uses thermoelectric modules instead of a compressor and refrigerants. It has fewer parts, is more reliable, and does not produce harmful gases. By using renewable energy sources like solar panels, a compressorless refrigerator can provide cooling without negatively impacting the environment.
Peltier Thermoelectric Modules Modeling and EvaluationCSCJournals
The purpose of this work is to develop and experimentally test a model for the Peltier effect heat pump for the transient simulation in Spice software. The proposed model uses controlled sources and lumped components and its parameters can be directly calculated from the manufacturer’s data-sheets. In order to validate this model, a refrigeration chamber was designed and fabricated by using the Peltier modules. The overall system was experimentally tested and simulated with Spice. The simulation results were found to be compatible with the experimental results. This model will help designers to better design thermal systems using the Peltier modules.
Thermoelectric refrigeration uses the Peltier effect to cool or heat the junction between two dissimilar conducting materials when electric current is passed through. Thermoelectric modules made of doped semiconductors like bismuth telluride are commercially available and have applications like mini-bar refrigerators and beverage coolers due to their compact size, reliability, and lack of moving parts. However, thermoelectric refrigeration has lower efficiency than vapor compression and requires improved materials and heat exchangers to approach vapor compression system efficiencies and see broader food sector applications.
The document summarizes the design of a mini DC portable refrigerator powered by solar energy. The refrigerator uses a solar PV cell to generate electricity from sunlight which is then regulated by a microcontroller and DC-DC buck converter to power a Peltier semiconductor for cooling. A lead-acid battery stores excess solar energy for powering the refrigerator without sunlight. The refrigerator is intended for outdoor applications like picnics and medical purposes to provide a pollution-free and portable cooling solution.
The document summarizes a student mini project on developing a thermoelectric air conditioning system. The system uses a thermoelectric Peltier module based on the Peltier effect to provide cooling without moving parts. It consists of a 12V Peltier device sandwiched between two heat sinks to dissipate heat, powered by a 12V battery. Fans are used to aid heat transfer. The document discusses thermoelectric principles, components used including specifications, assembly, advantages and limitations. The system was able to lower temperature by 2.11°C with a coefficient of performance of 0.8064 for cooling.
Mini Project : Air cooler cum Water ChillerPranit Khot
the mini project is about air cooler cum water chiller perfoemance and its practical significance this ppt includes brief summary and results of the project
Renewable energy based_refrigeration_system (1) (2)S PARVEEN SINGH
This project presentation summarizes a renewable energy-based refrigeration system. The system uses a Peltier chip to produce a refrigeration effect when powered by a battery. The battery is charged using solar panels, a windmill, and a hand wheel that converts rotational energy to electrical energy. Heat is removed from one side of the Peltier chip using a heat sink. The system provides low-cost, portable refrigeration without vibrations or noise for applications such as food preservation, medical supplies, and more.
This document describes a solar powered refrigerator system. It uses a Peltier module to transfer heat from one side to the other when powered by a solar panel, allowing it to cool below ambient temperature without electricity. The system utilizes the Peltier and Seebeck effects to directly convert thermal and voltage differentials. It is composed of a cooling system, power supply including a solar panel, and basic electronic components like LEDs and resistors.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
This document provides an overview of solar refrigeration systems. It discusses the basic principles of refrigeration using the vapor compression cycle. It then explains how solar energy can be used to power refrigeration through photovoltaic, solar thermal, or absorption refrigeration systems. The key components and operating principles of each solar refrigeration method are described, including diagrams of typical system layouts. Design considerations for matching the solar energy collection and storage to the refrigeration system requirements are also covered.
The document summarizes a project report on designing a thermoelectric powered car. It discusses using the Seebeck and Peltier effects to directly convert temperature differences into electricity using Peltier plates. The car would use heat from the environment to generate power for motors via a thermoelectric generator and heat sinks. The report outlines the concepts, principles, proposed design, requirements, applications and efficiency calculations for such a car. It aims to develop a practical model vehicle that can run solely on thermal energy without other fuel sources.
This document outlines a final year project on a water cooling system for a ship's engine. The project aims to show how important water cooling is for maintaining safe engine temperatures. It involves constructing a basic cooling system using inexpensive and accessible materials like aquarium pumps, bottles, and tubing within a 3 month timeframe with a budget of under $200. The system works by filtering, heating, and circulating fresh water to cool the engine via a heat exchanger before returning it to the water tank.
An evaporative cooler, also known as a swamp cooler, works by evaporating water which cools dry air through the large enthalpy of vaporization. As warm, dry air passes through a water-soaked pad in the cooler, water evaporates into the air stream, lowering the air temperature while increasing humidity. The working principle relies on the conversion of sensible heat in the air to latent heat of vaporization through an adiabatic process. Evaporative cooling is effective in hot, dry climates as it can significantly lower air temperature using less energy than traditional air conditioning methods.
The document describes an industrial company that manufactures air and gas compressor packages and dryer units for industrial, commercial, and residential applications out of multiple facilities across North America; it also provides details on their products for natural gas compression, vapor recovery, fuel conditioning, and gas boosting, as well as an overview of their technologies, customers, and benefits.
This document discusses several alternative and futuristic energy sources. It begins by defining alternative energy as energy sources that can replace traditional fossil fuels and have low environmental impact. The document then explores why alternative energy is the author's passion due to always being fascinated by futuristic energy solutions. It notes that alternative energy is needed because fossil fuels will run out and cause environmental damage. The rest of the document summarizes several potential alternative energy sources including algae biofuel, hydrogen fusion, fuel cells, and pelletier generators. It also proposes ideas to improve wind turbines and safely burn fossil fuels.
The document summarizes a student project to design and build a portable DC refrigerator. The team members are listed. The problem statement explains the need for a portable refrigerator for outdoor activities and medical purposes. The team objectives are to design and fabricate a mini DC portable refrigerator powered by battery. It will be useful for picnics, sports, and vehicles. Diagrams and flow charts show the circuit design, process, and causes of faults. Marketing considerations include the 7P's. The project budget, costs, profits, and team reflections are presented.
Conversion of dessert cooler into low cost air conditioner using peltier moduleeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes design and fabrication of dessert cooler with certain modifications so that it can be used as low cost air conditioner. The cooling in conventional cooler is done along Wet Bulb Temperature line that reduces Dry Bulb Temperature but simultaneously it increases specific humidly. This paper aims to reduce this humidity with the use of peltier module. This system provides better results than that of conventional cooler. The only disadvantage observed; is long time required to get the desired cooling effect. Keywords: Dessert Cooler, Peltier Module, Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet bulb Temperature
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridgeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a thermoelectric refrigeration system project. It discusses the milestones, realization of the idea, introduction to thermoelectric refrigeration and the Peltier effect. It describes the materials used, working of the project including dimensions, advantages, drawbacks, applications, cost analysis, new opportunities, and concludes that the objective of long term cooling in power failures was achieved with a retention time of 57 minutes.
This document provides information about a project report on refrigeration using a Peltier module. It includes an abstract, introduction, chapters on the basic theory of Peltier devices, materials used, construction and design, working and performance, advantages and disadvantages, cost analysis, and conclusion. The basic theory chapter describes the history of Peltiers, their structure, principles, specifications, applications, heat transport method, doping of semiconductors, and thermoelectric performance factors. It explains how a Peltier module uses the Peltier effect to absorb heat on one side and release it on the other side when a DC current is applied.
This document presents information on a thermoelectric refrigerator. It includes an abstract that describes how thermoelectric modules can be used to produce refrigeration without CFCs. It then discusses the principles of thermoelectric refrigeration including the Peltier effect. It provides descriptions of the key components of the refrigerator like the thermoelectric module, heat sinks, fans, and temperature indicator. It also includes specifications, power calculations, comparisons to normal refrigerators, advantages, applications and concludes that thermoelectric refrigerators are portable, compact and environmentally friendly alternatives for some cooling applications.
Domestic refrigerator vs compressor-less refrigeratorSachin Kumar
The document summarizes and compares a domestic refrigerator and a compressorless refrigerator. It discusses how domestic refrigerators use refrigerants like CFCs that harm the ozone layer and contribute to global warming. However, a compressorless refrigerator uses thermoelectric modules instead of a compressor and refrigerants. It has fewer parts, is more reliable, and does not produce harmful gases. By using renewable energy sources like solar panels, a compressorless refrigerator can provide cooling without negatively impacting the environment.
Peltier Thermoelectric Modules Modeling and EvaluationCSCJournals
The purpose of this work is to develop and experimentally test a model for the Peltier effect heat pump for the transient simulation in Spice software. The proposed model uses controlled sources and lumped components and its parameters can be directly calculated from the manufacturer’s data-sheets. In order to validate this model, a refrigeration chamber was designed and fabricated by using the Peltier modules. The overall system was experimentally tested and simulated with Spice. The simulation results were found to be compatible with the experimental results. This model will help designers to better design thermal systems using the Peltier modules.
Thermoelectric refrigeration uses the Peltier effect to cool or heat the junction between two dissimilar conducting materials when electric current is passed through. Thermoelectric modules made of doped semiconductors like bismuth telluride are commercially available and have applications like mini-bar refrigerators and beverage coolers due to their compact size, reliability, and lack of moving parts. However, thermoelectric refrigeration has lower efficiency than vapor compression and requires improved materials and heat exchangers to approach vapor compression system efficiencies and see broader food sector applications.
The document summarizes the design of a mini DC portable refrigerator powered by solar energy. The refrigerator uses a solar PV cell to generate electricity from sunlight which is then regulated by a microcontroller and DC-DC buck converter to power a Peltier semiconductor for cooling. A lead-acid battery stores excess solar energy for powering the refrigerator without sunlight. The refrigerator is intended for outdoor applications like picnics and medical purposes to provide a pollution-free and portable cooling solution.
The document summarizes a student mini project on developing a thermoelectric air conditioning system. The system uses a thermoelectric Peltier module based on the Peltier effect to provide cooling without moving parts. It consists of a 12V Peltier device sandwiched between two heat sinks to dissipate heat, powered by a 12V battery. Fans are used to aid heat transfer. The document discusses thermoelectric principles, components used including specifications, assembly, advantages and limitations. The system was able to lower temperature by 2.11°C with a coefficient of performance of 0.8064 for cooling.
Mini Project : Air cooler cum Water ChillerPranit Khot
the mini project is about air cooler cum water chiller perfoemance and its practical significance this ppt includes brief summary and results of the project
Renewable energy based_refrigeration_system (1) (2)S PARVEEN SINGH
This project presentation summarizes a renewable energy-based refrigeration system. The system uses a Peltier chip to produce a refrigeration effect when powered by a battery. The battery is charged using solar panels, a windmill, and a hand wheel that converts rotational energy to electrical energy. Heat is removed from one side of the Peltier chip using a heat sink. The system provides low-cost, portable refrigeration without vibrations or noise for applications such as food preservation, medical supplies, and more.
This document describes a solar powered refrigerator system. It uses a Peltier module to transfer heat from one side to the other when powered by a solar panel, allowing it to cool below ambient temperature without electricity. The system utilizes the Peltier and Seebeck effects to directly convert thermal and voltage differentials. It is composed of a cooling system, power supply including a solar panel, and basic electronic components like LEDs and resistors.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
This document provides an overview of solar refrigeration systems. It discusses the basic principles of refrigeration using the vapor compression cycle. It then explains how solar energy can be used to power refrigeration through photovoltaic, solar thermal, or absorption refrigeration systems. The key components and operating principles of each solar refrigeration method are described, including diagrams of typical system layouts. Design considerations for matching the solar energy collection and storage to the refrigeration system requirements are also covered.
The document summarizes a project report on designing a thermoelectric powered car. It discusses using the Seebeck and Peltier effects to directly convert temperature differences into electricity using Peltier plates. The car would use heat from the environment to generate power for motors via a thermoelectric generator and heat sinks. The report outlines the concepts, principles, proposed design, requirements, applications and efficiency calculations for such a car. It aims to develop a practical model vehicle that can run solely on thermal energy without other fuel sources.
This document outlines a final year project on a water cooling system for a ship's engine. The project aims to show how important water cooling is for maintaining safe engine temperatures. It involves constructing a basic cooling system using inexpensive and accessible materials like aquarium pumps, bottles, and tubing within a 3 month timeframe with a budget of under $200. The system works by filtering, heating, and circulating fresh water to cool the engine via a heat exchanger before returning it to the water tank.
An evaporative cooler, also known as a swamp cooler, works by evaporating water which cools dry air through the large enthalpy of vaporization. As warm, dry air passes through a water-soaked pad in the cooler, water evaporates into the air stream, lowering the air temperature while increasing humidity. The working principle relies on the conversion of sensible heat in the air to latent heat of vaporization through an adiabatic process. Evaporative cooling is effective in hot, dry climates as it can significantly lower air temperature using less energy than traditional air conditioning methods.
The document describes an industrial company that manufactures air and gas compressor packages and dryer units for industrial, commercial, and residential applications out of multiple facilities across North America; it also provides details on their products for natural gas compression, vapor recovery, fuel conditioning, and gas boosting, as well as an overview of their technologies, customers, and benefits.
This document discusses several alternative and futuristic energy sources. It begins by defining alternative energy as energy sources that can replace traditional fossil fuels and have low environmental impact. The document then explores why alternative energy is the author's passion due to always being fascinated by futuristic energy solutions. It notes that alternative energy is needed because fossil fuels will run out and cause environmental damage. The rest of the document summarizes several potential alternative energy sources including algae biofuel, hydrogen fusion, fuel cells, and pelletier generators. It also proposes ideas to improve wind turbines and safely burn fossil fuels.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR BY USING TiO2 NANO LUBRICAN...Niyas PP
The document describes experiments conducted to enhance the performance of a household refrigerator by adding TiO2 nanoparticles to the compressor oil. Three experiments were performed: 1) with PAG oil, 2) with SUNISO 3GS oil, and 3) with SUNISO 3GS oil mixed with 0.05% TiO2 nanoparticles. Results showed that actual COP increased by 21% with pure SUNISO 3GS oil and by 35% with the nano-lubricant oil mixture compared to PAG oil. Power consumption was also reduced by 17.25% with pure SUNISO 3GS oil and 25.83% with the nano-lubricant oil. The nano-lubricant improved heat transfer and reduced friction inside the
The document discusses refrigeration systems used in aircraft. It describes several types of air refrigeration systems:
1) Simple systems use compressed air cooled by a turbine-driven fan for ground cooling.
2) Bootstrap systems add a secondary compressor driven by the turbine to increase cooling capacity for high-speed aircraft.
3) Regenerative systems further cool air in a secondary heat exchanger using bled refrigerated air.
4) Reduced ambient systems use two turbines, one for cabin air and one for cooling air, driven by a single fan to cool air below ambient temperatures for supersonic aircraft.
Power Plant Regenerative feed heating and design aspects of Feed Heaters.This is a ppt for beginners in Power Plant Engineering.Also discusses Heat Transfer and Rankine cycle.
1. Power theft is a major problem in India, costing billions of rupees annually. Common methods of theft include tampering with meters, bypassing meters, and illegal taps of distribution lines.
2. Technical solutions proposed to detect power theft include electronic tamper detection meters, pre-payment meters, plastic meter enclosures, and using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and GSM networks to automatically read meters and detect anomalies.
3. A PLC-based system would install meters with PLC modules high on power poles to transmit usage data through power lines to displays in homes, while a second meter verifies usage to detect theft. GSM networks could also enable automatic remote meter reading to
This document discusses magnetic refrigeration, which provides cooling through the magnetocaloric effect. It begins by introducing magnetic refrigeration and the magnetocaloric effect. It then covers the basic principles and mechanism of magnetic refrigeration, including the thermodynamic cycle and components required. Potential magnetocaloric materials are discussed. Applications for magnetic refrigeration include household appliances, buildings, transportation, food storage, and electronics cooling. Benefits include higher efficiency and lower environmental impact compared to traditional refrigeration. Further research is still needed to improve temperature changes and develop stronger permanent magnets for widespread commercial use.
Ppt power theft identification and detection using gsmradha krishna
This document describes a project to identify and locate power theft using GSM. It includes a block diagram and description of the components used, including a microcontroller, GSM module, touch sensor, LCD display, and buzzer. The system works by detecting unauthorized access to the power supply through the touch sensor and sending an SMS using the GSM module to alert authorities. It aims to reduce power theft in India in an optimized and automated way. Some limitations are that it requires power and a large-scale implementation would take time, but it can effectively curb theft by detecting locations.
Steady State Thermal Analysis of Thermo Siphon Heat Pipe Photovoltaic Panel C...IJMTST Journal
Photovoltaic panels are designed to produce optimum power output only below a particular temperature which is called the nominal operating cell temperature. Higher operating temperatures of the photovoltaic panels have an adverse impact on the power output and efficiency. This is because of the predominant increase in the resistance to the current generated inside the photovoltaic cells which results in reduction of the power output. Temperature rise of photovoltaic panels due to high solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature is the problem discussed in this paper. Among various methods currently suggested and tested by researchers worldwide, thermo siphon heat pipe cooling mechanism is a feasible and low cost option. This method can be applied to both concentrating and non concentrating photovoltaic panels. The mechanism used for implementing this method of cooling is described. The effect of cooling on the panel temperature and the consequent rise in the power output and the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel is analyzed with the help of a simulation using ANSYS steady state thermal package. The results of using different phase change temperatures in the thermo siphon cooling mechanism are analyzed.
Self Sufficient Atmospheric Water Generator using Renewable EnergyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on an atmospheric water generator (AWG) that uses renewable energy sources to operate independently. The proposed AWG design uses a peltier module powered by a solar panel and battery to cool air below its dew point and extract water. It discusses the construction of the system using various components like the solar panel, battery, heat pipe, exhaust fan and peltier module. The document also explains the working principle of how solar energy is used to power the peltier module and generate water from atmospheric moisture. Experimental results on water generation at different voltages are presented and factors affecting the system performance are discussed along with potential applications and scope for future improvement.
The document compares the experimental performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator to a vapor compression refrigerator. It finds that for 325 ml of water cooled from 32°C to below 6°C:
- In the commercial refrigerator's freezer compartment, the water temperature decreased linearly with time, taking 61 minutes to reach 6°C.
- In the thermoelectric refrigerator, the water temperature decreased exponentially with time, taking 69 minutes to reach 6°C.
- For most of the cooling time, the thermoelectric refrigerator cooled at a faster rate than the commercial refrigerator.
IRJET- Optimization of Flat Plate Solar Collector with Novel Heat Collect...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing a flat plate solar collector with novel heat collecting components through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation. It focuses on applying an optimization technique to a flat plate solar collector using an aluminium heat collecting component consisting of a flat plate absorber integrated with heat pipes made of aluminium. The CFD simulation investigates the effect of water mass flow rate on the collector's collection efficiency. The results show that maximum efficiency is observed at an optimized flow rate of 0.15 kg/s. Temperature profiles from the simulation are presented and compared to experimental results, showing good agreement between the simulated and experimental variation of efficiency with water mass flow rate.
electricity generation from waste heat of gas.Vikas Rathod
Waste heat is by necessity produced both by machines that do work and in other processes that use energy, for example in a refrigerator warming the room air or a combustion engine releasing heat into the environment.
The need for many systems to reject heat as a by-product of their operation is fundamental to the laws of thermodynamics. Waste heat has lower utility (or in thermodynamics lexicon a lower exergy or higher entropy) than the original energy source.
Review of magnetic refrigeration system as alternative to conventional refrig...Naji Abdullah
The refrigeration system is one of the most important systems in industry.
Developers are constantly seeking for how to avoid the damage to the environment. Magnetic
refrigeration is an emerging, environment-friendly technology based on a magnetic solid that
acts as a refrigerant by magneto-caloric effect (MCE). In the case of ferromagnetic materials,
MCE warms as the magnetic moments of the atom are aligned by the application of a magnetic
field. There are two types of magnetic phase changes that may occur at the Curie point: first
order magnetic transition (FOMT) and second order magnetic transition (SOMT). The
reference cycle for magnetic refrigeration is AMR (Active Magnetic Regenerative cycle),
where the magnetic material matrix works both as a refrigerating medium and as a heat
regenerating medium, while the fluid flowing in the porous matrix works as a heat transfer
medium. Regeneration can be accomplished by blowing a heat transfer fluid in a reciprocating
fashion through the regenerator made of magnetocaloric material that is alternately magnetized
and demagnetized. Many magnetic refrigeration prototypes with different designs and software
models have been built in different parts of the world. In this paper, the authors try to shed
light on the magnetic refrigeration and show its effectiveness compared with conventional
refrigeration methods.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
IRJET- Critical Analysis of Thermoelectric Cycle (Tri-Cycle)IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the critical analysis of a thermoelectric air conditioning system called a tri-cycle that can provide comfortable transport and delivery of goods.
2) It uses thermoelectric modules instead of harmful refrigerants like ammonia or CFCs that pollute the atmosphere and damage the ozone layer.
3) The thermoelectric air conditioning system has advantages over conventional systems like being compact, lightweight, having no moving parts so it does not wear out or leak refrigerants.
Solar Energy based Refrigeration System using Peltier Device 18 ABHISHEK.pdfkeshavkumar403723
This document summarizes a research paper on a solar energy-based refrigeration system using Peltier devices. The system utilizes solar energy to power thermoelectric modules that provide refrigeration without the need for refrigerants or mechanical devices like compressors. The system is intended to provide refrigeration to remote areas without reliable power sources. It describes the construction of the refrigeration system, including the thermoelectric module, refrigeration chamber, battery, solar cells, and frame. It also provides background on thermoelectric effects like the Peltier effect that allow the system to operate.
Testing and Validation of Thermoelectric CoolersIJERA Editor
The first Air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases such as Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFC’s), Hydro Chloro Fluorocarbons (HCFC’s), Hydro Fluoro Carbons (HFC’s) and ammonia that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked into the atmosphere. In an automobile, the AC system increases fuel consumption of the vehicle, which uses around 4HP (i.e. 3 kW) of the engine's power. Most refrigerants used for AC system contribute to global warming, and may also destroy the ozone layer. CFC’s, HCFC’s, and HFC’s are poisonous greenhouse gases when they are leaked to the atmosphere and 100 gm of HFC’s destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. In recent years, demand for small size active cooling equipment has increased which includes TEC and water cooled heat sink. While on the other hand the passive cooling system includes heat sink and fan which is not effective enough to cope with task of cooling various electronic components. The active cooling system using TEC can be used where precise control of temperature is required. The energy conversion process which is carried out by active cooling system to absorb the heat from the surface to be cooled and reject that heat to the surrounding. Our project objective is testing and validation of TEC1-12706 and evaluating its capacity, limitations and performance to be used to produce cooling effect in R&AC system. Authors are presenting performance curve enabling the user to design the optimum number of thermoelectric module (TEM) for any required cooling system. In order to find out the capacity of single TEC we have made a prototype in which the existing refrigerants are replaced by newly emerging TEC which works on Peltier effect in AC system. TEC can be used as a generator to generate electricity by applying reverse engineering.
This document discusses the design and analysis of an air-conditioned tricycle that uses thermoelectric cooling. The system uses multiple thermoelectric Peltier modules to absorb heat from the air and provide cooling. Rectangular fins and fiber sheets are used to improve heat transfer from the modules. The design is intended to provide cooling without using ozone-depleting refrigerants. Experimental results showed the thermoelectric system was able to achieve a cooling power of 50W per module with a coefficient of performance between 1.5-2. The document reviews several other studies on thermoelectric cooling systems and their advantages over traditional vapor-compression air conditioners.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER STUDY OF ELECTRO...ijiert bestjournal
Present - day interest in the thermal analysis of electronic circuit boards arises mainly because of the failure of such components as a result of thermal fatigue. A thermal/structural ANSYS model was integrated in this study to enable the predictions of the temperature and stress distribution of vertically clamped parallel circuit boards that include series of symmetrically mounted heated electronic modules (chips). The board was modelled as a thin plate containing heated flush rectangular areas representing the heat generating modules. The ANSYS model was required to incorporate the effects of mixed convection on surfaces,heat generation in the modules,and conduction inside the board. Appropriate convection heat transfer coefficients and boundary condition s resulted in a temperature distribution in the board and chips. Then structural analyses were performed on the same finite element mesh with structural elements capable of handling orthotropic material properties. The stress fields were obtained and compa red for the two models possessing different fibers orientations .
Thermoelectric cooling for industrial enclosureserdinc klima
This white paper discusses the advantages of thermoelectric cooling compared to conventional cooling methods for industrial enclosures. Thermoelectric coolers use the Peltier effect to generate cooling by passing an electric current through semiconductors, eliminating the need for refrigerants or water cooling systems. Recent improvements have increased thermoelectric cooler efficiency up to 400% by using techniques like pulse width modulation. Thermoelectric coolers provide benefits like fewer moving parts for less noise and vibration, flexibility in installation orientation and location, and solid-state operation requiring only electricity. The paper concludes that thermoelectric cooling is emerging as a viable option for certain small-to-medium enclosure applications.
This document discusses three methods of refrigeration: thermoelectric refrigeration using the Peltier effect, vortex tube refrigeration using compressed air, and cooling by adiabatic demagnetization. Thermoelectric refrigeration uses the temperature difference created when applying a voltage to semiconductor materials to pump heat. Vortex tube refrigeration separates compressed air flows to produce hot and cold air without moving parts. Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization exploits the magnetocaloric effect where exposing magnetic materials to changing magnetic fields causes temperature changes, allowing cooling below absolute zero temporarily. Examples of each method and their advantages/disadvantages are provided.
Assessment of the Use of Solar Flat Plate Collectors for Solar Thermal Refrig...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on using solar thermal energy to power a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The system uses evacuated tube solar collectors to heat an ammonia-water solution in a generator tank. This vaporizes the ammonia which is then condensed and expanded to produce cooling in an evaporator. The ammonia vapor is absorbed back into the solution which is pumped to the generator, completing the vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. The system is designed to provide a 1 ton refrigeration capacity with a calculated coefficient of performance of 0.75, making it suitable for applications like air conditioning.
IRJET - Advance Hybrid Solar Energy Saver Heater with Electrical BackupIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses an advance hybrid solar energy saver heater that uses both solar and electrical power sources to heat water.
2) It provides hot water using solar energy captured by a collector and stored in an insulated tank, with an electric heating element as backup for rainy or cloudy days.
3) The system uses a thermostat to automatically turn the electric heating element on when water temperature drops below 50°C, heating it to 75-85°C and then turning off to save energy.
Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
IRJET- A Review on Green Technology in HVACIRJET Journal
This document discusses green technologies that can be applied to HVAC systems to improve their energy efficiency. It focuses on solar powered air conditioning and ice powered air conditioning as two examples. Solar powered air conditioning uses photovoltaic panels to generate electricity to power an air conditioning system, avoiding the need for electricity from fossil fuel power plants. Ice powered air conditioning takes advantage of cheaper nighttime electricity to make ice for cooling, which is then melted during the day to provide air conditioning when demand and costs are higher. Both approaches aim to utilize renewable energy sources like solar and off-peak electricity to reduce HVAC energy consumption and costs while maintaining indoor comfort.
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
Review on Solar Powered Thermoelectric CoolerIRJET Journal
This document provides a review and summary of research on solar powered thermoelectric coolers. It discusses how thermoelectric coolers use the Peltier effect to transfer heat electronically without moving parts. Several studies are summarized that experimented with powering thermoelectric refrigeration systems using solar panels. The document concludes that solar powered thermoelectric refrigeration could provide a low-cost, clean, and maintenance-free way to power refrigeration in remote areas without access to electricity.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
Thermoelectric device
1. ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal
In Today’s world global warming is being increasing year
by year. There are many reasons like pollution, deforesta-
tion, water contamination, etc...In coming years the major
problem before us is depletion of ozone layer which is
caused by the release of CFC’s. Some of the equipment’s
which causes this effect is refrigerators,AC’s. In this proj-
ect we are mainly focusing on a solution to control this
problem we have focused on refrigerators which releases
CFC’s. Here we are designing a mini solar based refrig-
erator which is cheaper as well as eco friendly. Here we
are using Micro controller (AT89S52) allows dynamic
and faster control. Liquid crystal display (LCD) makes
the system user friendly. In this project we are using solar
panels for charging a Lead Acid Battery (12V, 1.2 Amp),
a pelteir thermoelectric device which when connected
to battery generates cooling effect on one side and heat
is dissipated on other side through heat sink, a cooling
fan is used for dissipating the heat from the heat sink. By
changing the terminals of battery heating effect can be
produced. The Cop of this device is always less than 1
because here we use low grade thermal energy which is
directly absorbed form sunlight. Cop is mainly depends
upon the efficiency of solar panel. The amount of radia-
tion incident upon the solar panel and the exergy gener-
ated is comparatively low for a given surface area of so-
lar panel.This project uses regulated 5V; 500mA power
supply. A 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used
for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is
used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step
down transformer.
Methods of refrigeration:
Methods of refrigeration can be classified as non-cyclic,
cyclic and thermoelectric.
Non-cyclic refrigeration:
In non-cyclic refrigeration, cooling is accomplished by
melting ice or by subliming dry ice (frozen carbon di-
oxide).These methods are used for small-scale refrigera-
tion such as in laboratories and workshops, or in portable
coolers.
M.Saikrishna
Hyderabad, India.
R.Swetha
Assistant Professor,
CMR Technical Campus,
Hyderabad, India.
K.Prudviraj
Assistant Professor,
Aurora’s Technological and Management
Academy, Hyderabad, India.
Cyclic refrigeration:
This consists of a refrigeration cycle, where heat is re-
moved from a low-temperature space or source and re-
jected to a high-temperature sink with the help of external
work, and its inverse, the thermodynamic power cycle. In
the power cycle, heat is supplied from a high-temperature
source to the engine, part of the heat being used to pro-
duce work and the rest being rejected to a low temperature
sink. This satisfies the second law of thermodynamics.
Cyclic refrigeration can be classified as:
1. Vapor cycle, and
2 Gas cycle
Vapor cycle refrigeration can further be classified as:
a) Vapour-compression refrigeration
b) Vapour-absorption refrigeration
Vapour-compression cycle:
The vapor-compression cycle is used in most household
refrigerators as well as in many large commercial and in-
dustrial refrigeration systems. Figure 1 provides a sche-
matic diagram of the components of a typical vapor-com-
pression refrigeration system. Figure 2 provides detailed
process with T-s diagram.
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Thermoelectric Device (Heating or Cooling) By Using Solar Energy
2. ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal
Vapour absorption cycle:
In the early years of the twentieth century, the vapor ab-
sorption cycle using water-ammonia systems was popular
and widely used.After the development of the vapor com-
pression cycle, the vapor absorption cycle lost much of its
importance because of its low coefficient of performance
(about one fifth of that of the vapor compression cycle).
The absorption cycle is similar to the compression cycle,
except for the method of raising the pressure of the refrig-
erant vapor. In the absorption system, the compressor is
replaced by an absorber which dissolves the refrigerant
in a suitable liquid, a liquid pump which raises the pres-
sure and a generator which, on heat addition, drives off
the refrigerant vapor from the high pressure liquid. Some
work is required by the liquid pump but, for a given quan-
tity of refrigerant, it is much smaller than needed by the
compressor in the vapor compression cycle. In an absorp-
tion refrigerator, a suitable combination of refrigerant and
absorbent is used. The most common combinations are
ammonia (refrigerant) and water (absorbent), and water
(refrigerant) and lithium bromide (absorbent).
Gas cycle:
When the working fluid is a gas that is compressed and ex-
panded but doesn’t change phase, the refrigeration cycle
is called a gas cycle. Air is most often this working fluid.
As there is no condensation and evaporation intended in
a gas cycle, components corresponding to the condenser
and evaporator in a vapor compression cycle are the hot
and cold gas-to-gas heat exchangers in gas cycles. The gas
cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle
because the gas cycle works on the reverse Brayton cycle
instead of the reverse Rankine cycle. Because of their
lower efficiency and larger bulk, air cycle coolers are not
often used nowadays in terrestrial cooling devices.
The air cycle machine is very common, however, on gas
turbine powered jet aircraft because compressed air is
readily available from the engines’ compressor sections.
These jet aircraft’s cooling and ventilation units also serve
the purpose of pressurizing the aircraft.
Thermoelectric refrigeration:
Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a
heat flux between the junctions of two different types of
materials. This effect is commonly used in camping and
portable coolers and for cooling electronic components
and small instruments.
Magnetic refrigeration:
Magnetic refrigeration, or adiabatic demagnetization, is a
cooling technology based on the magneto caloric effect,
an intrinsic property of magnetic solids. The refrigerant
is often a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium magnesium
nitrate. The active magnetic dipoles in this case are those
of the electron shells of the paramagnetic atoms. A strong
magnetic field is applied to the refrigerant, forcing its
various magnetic dipoles to align and putting these de-
grees of freedom of the refrigerant into a state of lowered
entropy.
Other methods:
Other methods of refrigeration include the air cycle ma-
chine used in aircraft; the vortex tube used for spot cool-
ing, when compressed air is available; and thermo acous-
tic refrigeration using sound waves in a pressurized gas
to drive heat transfer and heat exchange. Many Stirling
cycle heat engines can be run backwards to act as a re-
frigerator, and therefore these engines have a niche use in
cryogenics.
Thermoelectric effect:
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of tem-
perature differences to electric voltage and vice versa. A
thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a
different temperature on each side. Conversely when a
voltage is applied to it, it creates a temperature difference
(known as the Peltier effect).
Volume No: 3 (2016), Issue No: 3 (March) March 2016
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International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal
Seebeck effect:
The Seebeck effect is the conversion of temperature dif-
ferences directly into electricity.
Fig -Seeback Effect
SA and SB are the Seebeck coefficients (also called ther-
moelectric power or thermo power) of the metals A and B
as a function of temperature, and T1 and T2 are the tem-
peratures of the two junctions.The Seebeck effect is com-
monly used in a device called a thermocouple (because it
is made from a coupling or junction of materials, usually
metals) to measure a temperature difference directly or
to measure an absolute temperature by setting one end to
a known temperature. A metal of unknown composition
can be classified by its thermoelectric effect if a metallic
probe of known composition, kept at a constant tempera-
ture, is held in contact with it. Industrial quality control
instruments use this Seebeck effect to identify metal al-
loys. This is known as thermoelectric alloy sorting.The
Seebeck effect is due to two effects: charge carrier diffu-
sion and phonon drag (described below). If both connec-
tions are held at the same temperature, but one connection
is periodically opened and closed, an AC voltage is mea-
sured, which is also temperature dependent.
Peltier effect:
Thermoelectric cooling devices utilize the Peltier effect,
whereby the passage of a direct electric current through
the junction of two dissimilar conducting materials causes
the junction to either cool down (absorbing heat) or warm
up (rejecting heat), depending on the direction of the cur-
rent.
Fig P-Type material connection
Fig N-Type material connection
Fig shows a pair of adjacent thermo element legs joined
at one end by a conducting metal strip forming a junction
between the legs. Thus, the legs are connected in series
electrically but act in parallel thermally. This unit is re-
ferred to as a thermoelectric couple and is the basic build-
ing block of a thermoelectric (or Peltier) cooling module.
Thermo power:
The thermo power, thermoelectric power, or Seebeck
coefficient of a material measures the magnitude of an
induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a tempera-
ture difference across that material. The thermo power
has units of (V/K), though in practice it is more common
to use microvolts per Kelvin. Values in the hundreds of
μV/K, negative or positive, are typical of good thermo-
electric materials. The term thermo power is a misnomer
since it measures the voltage or electric field induced in
response to a temperature difference, not the electric pow-
er. An applied temperature difference causes charged car-
riers in the material, whether they are electrons or holes,
to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side, similar to a
classical gas that expands when heated. Mobile charged
carriers migrating to the cold side leave behind their op-
positely charged and immobile nuclei at the hot side thus
giving rise to a thermoelectric voltage (thermoelectric
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International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal
refers to the fact that the voltage is created by a tempera-
ture difference).
Charge-carrier diffusion:
Charge carriers in the materials (electrons in metals, elec-
trons and holes in semiconductors, ions in ionic conduc-
tors) will diffuse when one end of a conductor is at a dif-
ferent temperature to the other. Hot carriers diffuse from
the hot end to the cold end, since there is a lower density
of hot carriers at the cold end of the conductor. Cold car-
riers diffuse from the cold end to the hot end for the same
reason.
Fig while current in Forward Bias
The Peltier effect bears the name of Jean-Charles Peltier,
a French physicist who in 1834 discovered the calorific
effect of an electric current at the junction of two differ-
ent metals. When a current is made to flow through the
circuit, heat is evolved at the upper junction (at T2), and
absorbed at the lower junction (at T1). The Peltier heat
absorbed by the lower junction per unit time, is equal to
Q =πABI = (πB-πA)I
where π is the Peltier coefficient ΠAB of the entire ther-
mocouple, and ΠA and ΠB are the coefficients of each
material. P-type silicon typically has a positive Peltier co-
efficient (though not above ~550 K), and n-type silicon
is typically negative. The Peltier coefficients represent
how much heat current is carried per unit charge through
a given material. Since charge current must be continuous
across a junction, the associated heat flow will develop
a discontinuity if ΠA and ΠB are different. The ratio of
the V and T defines the Seebeck coefficient of the ther-
moelectric couple, αnp = V/T, which has units of V/K.
The Peltier and Seebeck coefficients of a thermoelectric
couple are related by
πnp =αnpT
where T is the absolute temperature of the junction
Solar panel:
A solar panel is a device that collects photons of sunlight,
which are very small packets of electromagnetic radiation
energy, and converts them into electrical current that can
be used to power electrical loads. Using solar panels is
a very practical way to produce electricity for many ap-
plications.
Fig Solar panel function
POWER SUPPLY
WORKING PROCEDURE:
»»
Here we are using Micro controller (AT89S52) allows»»
dynamic and faster control.
Liquid crystal display (LCD) makes the system user-»»
friendly.
In this project we are using solar panels for charging a»»
Lead Acid Battery (12V, 1.2 Amp hrs), a peltier thermo-
electric device which when connected to battery gener-
ates cooling effect on one side and heat is dissipated on
other side through heat sink, a cooling fan is used for dis-
sipating the heat from the heat sink.
ADC is used to convert the analogy signal to digital»»
signals from battery to microcontroller.
A regulator 7803 is used to drive the internal cooling fan
and LED
Volume No: 3 (2016), Issue No: 3 (March) March 2016
www.ijmetmr.com Page 81
5. ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal
Rate of heat absorption from the cold source,
Qc:
In the absence of heat conduction from the hot junctions
and ohmic heating of the thermo elements, Q would sim-
ply equal the Peltier cooling effect at the cold junction
given by πnp .Taking account of these two irreversible ef-
fects, which act in opposition to the Peltier heat pumping,
and using Equation can be shown that the actual rate of
heat absorption by a single thermoelectric couple.
Qc =αnpTcI –K (Th-Tc) - 0.5I2R
where R is the electrical resistance of the thermo element
pair in series and K is the thermal conductance of the ther-
mo element pair in parallel.
Coefficient of performance, COP:
This is equal to the rate of heat absorption divided by the
electrical power input We consumed in ohmic heating of
the thermo elements and balancing the Seebeck effect
generated by the temperature difference T = (Th – Tc) be-
tween the junctions. Hence, in general COP is given by
COP=QC/Win
Calculations:
Peltier plate type: TEC1-12726 (127 thermocouples
& 26 A).
Doping material :
Bismuth Telluride N-Type doping (Bi2Te3 )
Bismuth Telluride P-Type doping (Bi2Te3 )
Thermal resistance: 0.4Ώ
Input Voltage from Battery: 12 V
Thermal Conductivity (K): 2.8 Wm-1 k-1 .
Input power (P): P = VI
12×20 =240W
αnp = 95×10-3 V/K
Heat Absorption (Q):Q = αnp×Tc×I-(K×∆T)- 0.5 I2R
95× 10-3×202×20 –
(2.8×60) – (0.4×20×0.5) = 135 W
Cofficient of performance (COP): Q/P
135/240 =0.56
APPLICATIONS:
Solar-powered refrigerators are most commonly used»»
in the developing world to help mitigate poverty and cli-
mate change.
By harnessing solar energy, these refrigerators are able»»
to keep perishable goods such as meat and dairy cool in
hot climates, and are used to keep much needed vaccines
at their appropriate temperature to avoid spoilage.
The portable devices can be constructed with simple»»
components and are perfect for areas of the developing
world where electricity is unreliable or non-existent.
Other solar-powered refrigerators were already being»»
employed in areas of Africa which vary in size and tech-
nology, as well as their impacts on the environment.
Batteries (electric refrigerators) or phase-change mate-»»
rial is added to provide constant refrigeration.
The portable solar fridge is used in areas of Africa such»»
as Zambia, Namibia, and South Africa in areas where
electricity is often not readily accessible to help preserve
perishable foods such as meat and dairy, however, is not
yet being used for vaccines.
CONCLUSION:»»
»»
Thermoelectric systems are solid-state heat devices that
either convert heat directly into electricity or transform
electric power into thermal power for heating or cooling.
Volume No: 3 (2016), Issue No: 3 (March) March 2016
www.ijmetmr.com Page 82
6. ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal
The operation principles are the Seebeck and Peltier ef-
fects and the devices offer several advantages over other
technologies. Each application will have its own set of
requirements that likely will vary in level of importance.
Nowadays the applications are restricted to small thermal
systems but the trend in recent years has been for larger
thermoelectric systems. So, the thermoelectricity is one
important field for the development of environmentally
friendly thermal systems and the researches of new ther-
moelectric materials with large Seebeck coefficient and
appropriate technology could make a breakthrough in the
applications of thermoelectric devices in many applica-
tions.
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