This document describes the fabrication of a thermoelectric solar fridge. It contains the following key points:
1. A thermoelectric module uses the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electrical power from a temperature gradient or convert electrical energy into a temperature gradient for cooling. A solar panel charges a battery through photovoltaic effect, and the battery powers the thermoelectric module.
2. The thermoelectric module is composed of P-type and N-type semiconductors, usually bismuth telluride, between ceramic substrates. When current passes through, it absorbs heat on one side and releases heat on the other, allowing one side to be used for cooling.
The Thermo Electric Converter technology is a new answer to the heat to electricity puzzle that has been challenging scientists and engineers since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The technology basically utilizes a cyclic electrochemical reaction, in a cyclic endothermic/exothermic closed system. The implementations of this technology can be solar thermal or even waste heat recovery from industrial processes. The chemicals used in the mechanism are inexpensive and non toxic. I would like to see this system installed beneath roads, as to provide electricity to surrounding buildings. The theory is very simple and the technology is cheap. Investor enquiries welcome.
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridgeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
In present scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some demerits. It has been observed during the last two decades that the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC's which are leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed. A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to existence of earth. Even the percentage of HFCs are emitted into the atmosphere compared to CO2 is negligible but its global warming effect is few thousand times of CO2. The effect of 100 gm of HFC can destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. These HFCs once destroy O3 layer; it takes hundreds of years to recover its thickness as it is formed by complex reactions. This is because as HFCs comes in environment, they remain in atmosphere for 18 years. The capacity of HFCs to increase in earth temperature 10% is contributed by HFC's only. That leads to the emergence of finding an alternative of the conventional HVAC system, i.e. thermo-electric cooling and heating system.
The Thermo Electric Converter technology is a new answer to the heat to electricity puzzle that has been challenging scientists and engineers since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The technology basically utilizes a cyclic electrochemical reaction, in a cyclic endothermic/exothermic closed system. The implementations of this technology can be solar thermal or even waste heat recovery from industrial processes. The chemicals used in the mechanism are inexpensive and non toxic. I would like to see this system installed beneath roads, as to provide electricity to surrounding buildings. The theory is very simple and the technology is cheap. Investor enquiries welcome.
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridgeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
In present scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some demerits. It has been observed during the last two decades that the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC's which are leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed. A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to existence of earth. Even the percentage of HFCs are emitted into the atmosphere compared to CO2 is negligible but its global warming effect is few thousand times of CO2. The effect of 100 gm of HFC can destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. These HFCs once destroy O3 layer; it takes hundreds of years to recover its thickness as it is formed by complex reactions. This is because as HFCs comes in environment, they remain in atmosphere for 18 years. The capacity of HFCs to increase in earth temperature 10% is contributed by HFC's only. That leads to the emergence of finding an alternative of the conventional HVAC system, i.e. thermo-electric cooling and heating system.
Peltier Effect- when a voltage or DC current is applied
to two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that
allows for continuous heat transport between the
conductor’s junctions. The Seebeck Effect- is the reverse
of the Peltier Effect. By applying heat to two different
conductors a current can be generated
Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) devices typically use special semiconductor materials, which are optimized for the Seebeck effect. The simplest TEG device consists of a thermocouple, comprising a p-type and n-type material connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is applied into one side of the couple and rejected from the opposite side. An electrical current is produced, proportional to the temperature gradient between the hot and cold junctions.
Peltier Thermoelectric Modules Modeling and EvaluationCSCJournals
The purpose of this work is to develop and experimentally test a model for the Peltier effect heat pump for the transient simulation in Spice software. The proposed model uses controlled sources and lumped components and its parameters can be directly calculated from the manufacturer’s data-sheets. In order to validate this model, a refrigeration chamber was designed and fabricated by using the Peltier modules. The overall system was experimentally tested and simulated with Spice. The simulation results were found to be compatible with the experimental results. This model will help designers to better design thermal systems using the Peltier modules.
TEG to supply low power electronics.
Waste heat conversion to useful energy
Variety of application field.
Development in future will lead to interesting application
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Thorny Issues of Stakeholder Identification and Prioritization in Requirement...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Identifying the stakeholder in requirement engineering process is one of the critical issues. It
performs a remarkable part for successful project completion. The software project largely depends on several
stakeholders. Stakeholder identification and prioritization is still a challenging part in the software development
life cycle. Most of the time, the stakeholders are treated with less importance during the software deployment.
Additionally, there is a lack of attempt to think about the right project stakeholder by the development team. In
maximum cases, the stakeholder identification technique is performed incorrectly and there is a lack of attempt
to mark out them with priority. Besides, there are so many limitations on the existing processes which are used
for identifying stakeholders and setting their priority. These limitations pose a negative impact on the
development of software project, which should be pointed out by giving deep concern on it. We are aiming to
focus on this typical fact, so that we can figure out the actual problem and current work on identifying
stakeholders and setting their priority.
Keywords: Stakeholders, Stakeholder Identification, Stakeholder Selection, Stakeholder
Prioritization, Stakeholder Value, Software Development
Peltier Effect- when a voltage or DC current is applied
to two dissimilar conductors, a circuit can be created that
allows for continuous heat transport between the
conductor’s junctions. The Seebeck Effect- is the reverse
of the Peltier Effect. By applying heat to two different
conductors a current can be generated
Thermoelectric power generation (TEG) devices typically use special semiconductor materials, which are optimized for the Seebeck effect. The simplest TEG device consists of a thermocouple, comprising a p-type and n-type material connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.
Heat is applied into one side of the couple and rejected from the opposite side. An electrical current is produced, proportional to the temperature gradient between the hot and cold junctions.
Peltier Thermoelectric Modules Modeling and EvaluationCSCJournals
The purpose of this work is to develop and experimentally test a model for the Peltier effect heat pump for the transient simulation in Spice software. The proposed model uses controlled sources and lumped components and its parameters can be directly calculated from the manufacturer’s data-sheets. In order to validate this model, a refrigeration chamber was designed and fabricated by using the Peltier modules. The overall system was experimentally tested and simulated with Spice. The simulation results were found to be compatible with the experimental results. This model will help designers to better design thermal systems using the Peltier modules.
TEG to supply low power electronics.
Waste heat conversion to useful energy
Variety of application field.
Development in future will lead to interesting application
Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigeratorijtsrd
In the recent years, we have many problems such as energy crises and environment degradation due to increasing CO2 emissions on ozone layer depletion has become the primary concern to both developed and developing countries. Using thermo electric module is going to be one of the most effective, clean and environment friendly system. The main advantage of the thermoelectric refrigerator is no need of any refrigerant and mechanical devices like compressor, prime mover, etc for its operation. Thermo electric refrigerator works on the principle of Peltier effect, when a direct current is passed between two electrically dissimilar materials heat is absorbed or liberated at the junction. The direction of the heat flow depends on the direction of applied electric current. The materials used for the thermo electric refrigerator are Silicon germanium and its alloys. The main objective is to design and fabrication of thermo electric refrigerator with an interior cooling volume of 0.0258m3 Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy | G. Naveen Kumar | K. Sridhar | M. Sai Siri ""Design and Fabrication of Thermo Electric Refrigerator"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23356.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23356/design-and-fabrication-of-thermo-electric-refrigerator/dr-s-sreenatha-reddy
Thorny Issues of Stakeholder Identification and Prioritization in Requirement...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Identifying the stakeholder in requirement engineering process is one of the critical issues. It
performs a remarkable part for successful project completion. The software project largely depends on several
stakeholders. Stakeholder identification and prioritization is still a challenging part in the software development
life cycle. Most of the time, the stakeholders are treated with less importance during the software deployment.
Additionally, there is a lack of attempt to think about the right project stakeholder by the development team. In
maximum cases, the stakeholder identification technique is performed incorrectly and there is a lack of attempt
to mark out them with priority. Besides, there are so many limitations on the existing processes which are used
for identifying stakeholders and setting their priority. These limitations pose a negative impact on the
development of software project, which should be pointed out by giving deep concern on it. We are aiming to
focus on this typical fact, so that we can figure out the actual problem and current work on identifying
stakeholders and setting their priority.
Keywords: Stakeholders, Stakeholder Identification, Stakeholder Selection, Stakeholder
Prioritization, Stakeholder Value, Software Development
Fuzzy numbers, Nth - order Fuzzy Initial Value Problems, Runge-Kutta method, ...IOSR Journals
A numerical study is presented of two-dimensional laminar steady-state on megneto-hydrodynamics
(MHD) free convection for heat flow patterns within trapezoidal enclosures. A finite element analysis is
performed to investigate the effects of unifor heating and is also used for solving the Navier-Stokes and
Energybalance equations.In this study, cold bottom walls, uniformly heated left and right (side) walls and
insulated top walls with inclination angles (ф) are considered in a trapezoidal enclosure. The present numerical
procedure adopted in this investigation yields consistent performance over a wide range of parameters, Prandtl
numbers, (Pr = 0.026 - 0.7), and Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 103 – 105), Hartmann number (Ha = 50) with various
tilt angles Ф = 450, 300 and 00(square).Numerical results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, heat
function (total heat flux) and nusselt numbers.for different Ra and Pr. As Ra increases conduction dominant
region changes for different Pr. Complete heat transfer analysis is performed in terms of local and average
nusselt numbers.
Surfactant-assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ceria-Zirconia Nanostructured M...IOSR Journals
CeO2–ZrO2 oxides were prepared by the surfactant-templated method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template and modified with chromium nitrate. These were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, BET and TPD-CO2. The XRD data showed that as prepared CeO2-ZrO2 powder particles have single phase cubic fluorite structure. HRTEM shows mesoscopic ordering. Average particle size is 12-13 nm as calculated from particle histogram. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm were classified to be type IV isotherm, typical of mesoporous material. The presence of uni-modal mesopores are confirmed by the pore size distribution which shows pore distribution at around 60 A°. Catalytic activity was studied towards liquid-phase oxidation of benzene.
Synthesis and Application of Direct Dyes Derived From Terephthalic and Isopht...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis of direct dyes derived from terephthalic and isophthalic acid using J and H- acids was
undertaken with the view of replacing benzidine moiety in the production of direct dyes. The amide derivatives
of isophthalic and terephthalic acids were used as the coupling components while aniline and its derivatives
were used as the source of diazo components. The amide derivatives were characterized by Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Infra-red analysis. The spectroscopic properties of the dyes in various
solvents were also examined and most of the dyes showed bathochromic shifts when the solvent was changed to
more polar solvents. The dyes also showed positive and negative halochromism with the addition of few drops of
hydrochloric acid (HCl). The synthesized dyes were applied to cotton fabrics and their performance properties
evaluated. They have good exhaustion in the presence of electrolyte and have good wash fastness properties
upon application of after-treating agents of values of 3-4, 4 and 4-5. They also had good fastness properties to
light of values between 4-7. Their resistance to rubbing and perspiration had values between 3 and 4-5. The
toxicity of the synthesized coupling components was studied using the Dietrich Lorke (LD50) method on Albino
miceand they were found to be non-toxic.
Key words: Benzidine, direct dyes, exhaustion, electrolyte, cotton, fastness.
Mouth dissolving tablets- A unique dosage form curtailed for special purpose:...IOSR Journals
The concept of mouth dissolving tablets known as MDTs has emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance. Methods to improve patient’s compliance have always attracted scientists towards the development of fancy oral drug delivery systems. Among them, mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) have obtained an important position in the market by overcoming previously encountered administration problems and contributing to extension of patent life. These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate in contact with saliva even within <60 seconds, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for paediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and in travelling may not have access to water. This special dosage form has some prerequisite criteria for formulation and this also involves the use of special techniques for large scale industrial production. The aim of this article is to review the advantages and disadvantages of MDTs, common excipients used in the formulation especially highlighting the use of superdisintegrating agents and taste masking agents in formulation and finally the popular methods used to produce large scale tablets for commercial purpose.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Testing and Validation of Thermoelectric CoolersIJERA Editor
The first Air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases such as Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFC’s), Hydro Chloro Fluorocarbons (HCFC’s), Hydro Fluoro Carbons (HFC’s) and ammonia that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked into the atmosphere. In an automobile, the AC system increases fuel consumption of the vehicle, which uses around 4HP (i.e. 3 kW) of the engine's power. Most refrigerants used for AC system contribute to global warming, and may also destroy the ozone layer. CFC’s, HCFC’s, and HFC’s are poisonous greenhouse gases when they are leaked to the atmosphere and 100 gm of HFC’s destroy 0.5 tons of O3 molecules. In recent years, demand for small size active cooling equipment has increased which includes TEC and water cooled heat sink. While on the other hand the passive cooling system includes heat sink and fan which is not effective enough to cope with task of cooling various electronic components. The active cooling system using TEC can be used where precise control of temperature is required. The energy conversion process which is carried out by active cooling system to absorb the heat from the surface to be cooled and reject that heat to the surrounding. Our project objective is testing and validation of TEC1-12706 and evaluating its capacity, limitations and performance to be used to produce cooling effect in R&AC system. Authors are presenting performance curve enabling the user to design the optimum number of thermoelectric module (TEM) for any required cooling system. In order to find out the capacity of single TEC we have made a prototype in which the existing refrigerants are replaced by newly emerging TEC which works on Peltier effect in AC system. TEC can be used as a generator to generate electricity by applying reverse engineering.
Review on Thermoelectric materials and applicationsijsrd.com
In this paper thermoelectric materials are theoretically analyzed. The thermoelectric cooler device proposed here uses semiconductor material and uses current to transport energy (i.e., heat) from a cold source to a hot source via n- and p-type carriers. This device is fabricated by combining the standard n- and p-channel solid-state thermoelectric cooler with a two-element device inserted into each of the two channels to eliminate the solid-state thermal conductivity. The heat removed from the cold source is the energy difference, because of field emitted electrons from the n-type and p-type semiconductors. The cooling efficiency is operationally defined as where V is the anode bias voltage The cooling device here is shown to have an energy transport (i.e., heat) per electron of about500 me V depending on concentration and field while, in good thermoelectric coolers, it is about 50-60 me V at room temperature.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gasesijsrd.com
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
In this paper, new thermal techniques for silicon-based thermoelectric materials were revealed as well as the characterisation processes involved in the manufacturing of silicon-based thermoelectric (TE) materials. The functionality of the silicon-based thermoelectric materials was emphasized in the course of writing this paper. The background, improvement & the physics of thermoelectric materials were examined.
This ppt is made for making the topic clear. The aim is to make available content regarding thermocouple which is available on various sites. This ppt is made only for study purposes. The author doesn't claim originality of the content.
The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction. A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The wires' legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. The voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables to calculate the temperature.The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages. These are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in offices, homes, offices & businesses.
These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals in iron, aluminum, and metal.
These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and Low-temperature applications. Thermocouples are used as a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling.
These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants. These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
B012640917
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. IV (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 09-17
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12640917 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridge
1
V. Mallikarjuna, 2
B. James Prasad Rao, 3
G. Kishore
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Joginapally BR Engineering College,
Yenkapally(v),Moinabad(m),R.R(dist),Hyd-500075,India.
2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Joginapally BR Engineering College,
Yenkapally(v),Moinabad(m),R.R(dist),Hyd-500075,India.
3Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Srinivasa Institute of Science and Technology,
Ukkaipalli, Kadapa, A.P., India.
Abstract: Thermoelectric couples are solid-state devices capable of generating electrical power from a
temperature gradient, known as the Seebeck effect, or converting electrical energy into a temperature gradient,
known as the Peltier effect. A solar panel is charge by photo voltaic effect through sun light. A battery is
connected to the solar panel which is charged through solar power the thermo electric module zip is connect to
battery while current is passed through zip heat is produced on one side and cool is produced on another side of
the zip. A typical thermoelectric module is composed of two ceramic substrates that serve as a housing and
electrical insulation for P-type and N-type (typically Bismuth Telluride) elements between the substrates. Heat
is absorbed at the cold junction by electrons as they pass from a low energy level in the p-type element, to a
higher energy level in the n-type element. At the hot junction, energy is expelled to a thermal sink as electrons
move from a high energy element to a lower energy element. A module contains several P-N couples that are
connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. The generated cool is to be utilized for refrigeration
and heat is send to surrounding environment.
Key Words: Bismuth Telluride, Thermo couple, PELTIER EFFECT
I. Introduction
The first important discovery relating to thermo electricity occurred in 1823 when a German Scientist,
Thomas Seebeck, found that an electric current would flow continuously in a closed circuit made up of two
dissimilar metals provided that the junctions of the metals were maintained at two different temperatures. Some
12 years later French watchmaker, Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, discovered thermoelectric cooling effect, also
known as Peltier cooling effect, Peltier discovered that the passage of a current through a junction formed by
two dissimilar Conductors caused a temperature change. The true nature of Peltier effect was made clear by
Emil Lenz in1838, Lenz demonstrated that water could be frozen when placed on a bismuth-antimony junction
by passage of an electric current through the junction.
“Faster, mightier & smaller” is still the keyword for every invention and development. In day-to-day
world we concentrate on the compactness and efficiency of every product. Keeping this in our thought we have
designed and fabricated an economical and reliable unit known as “Thermo electric air conditioner”.
“Human comfort is that condition of mind, which expresses itself with the thermal environment”. In
our project two rival properties of cool water and cool air are obtained. This system can be used continuously.
II. Domain of the Project
Thermo Electric Module
The classic vacuum diode is on the top left. Used in vacuum tubes, television screens and numerous
scientific instruments and tools, the vacuum diode is a highly mature technology. The Thermionic Converter is
in the middle. Conceived at the beginning of the 20th century, the thermionic converter was proven to work in
the 1950s, but largely abandoned by the early 1970s. The thermionic converter harnesses a thermal differential
to create electrical output power. The Cool Chip is the Power Chip in reverse. Instead of creating power from a
thermal difference, the Cool Chip creates a thermal difference (cooling) from electrical power.
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Fig.1(a): Thermo electric module circuit Fig. 1(b): Thermo electric system Layout
Fig. 2: Thermo electric module Zip
Thermoelectrics also has a long pedigree. Using a combination of the Seebeck, Thomson and Peltier
effects, cooling occurs when electricity flows through materials and specific junctions. Classic thermoelectric
work, but with very low efficiency. The reason is simple. Heat will flow through any material, and does not
require electrons to do so. So as soon as one side becomes colder than the other, then natural conduction will
seek to equilibrate the two sides. As a result, efficiencies, expressed as a percentage of the Carnot-defined
maximum, do not exceed 5-8%. For decades, researchers have hunted for the ideal material which would make
thermoelectric efficient.
That material would conduct electrons (and their energy) with ease, yet be a very good thermal
insulator. The best bulk material found for thermoelectric was found in the 1950s: bismuth telluride. Since then,
despite many hundreds of millions of research dollars spent, a better bulk solution has yet to be found. It has
been suggested that the perfect material, one with both excellent electrical conductivity properties, and superb
thermal insulation, might as well be dubbed “unobtanium”.
Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) employ the Peltier effect, acting as small, solid-state heat pumps. The
TECs are ideally suited to a wide variety of applications where space limitations and reliability are paramount.
The TECs operate on DC current and may be used for heating and cooling by simply reversing the direction of
the DC current.
Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) are solid-state heat pumps that have no moving parts and do not require
the use of harmful chemicals. The ability to use TECs to heat as well as cool benefits applications that require
temperature stabilization of a device over a wide ambient temperature range, such as laser diode, portable
temperature chambers, and airborne equipment. A bidirectional DC current is required for those applications
requiring both heating and cooling. The TEC requires a smooth DC current for optimum operation. A ripple
factor results in degradation in delta T. A number of methods can be used to regulate the magnitude and
direction of the TEC current.
Liner regulation can be used but it is very inefficient and requires a bipolar power supply. The pulse
width modulation (PWM) technique can be used to improve the efficiency and reduce overall system size, as
long as its switching freqencies are above 5 kHz with suitable LC filters. To suppress temperature fluctuation
because of ambient temperature variation and uncertainties of the load condition, the controller must be capable
of either sourcing or removing heat to maintain control without temperature overshoot or undershoot. These
requirements can be met by implementing closed-loop control for both heating and cooling.
Seebeck Effect: The thermocouple conductors are two dissimilar metals denoted as X and Y materials. With
heat applied to the end B of the thermocouple and the end A is cooled, a voltage will appear across terminals T1
and T2. This voltage is known as the see beck effect.
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Fig. 3(a): Seebeck effect Fig. 3(b): Peltier effect
Peltier Effect: The Peltier effect bears the name of Jean-Charles Peltier, a French physicist who in 1834
discovered the calorific effect of an electrical current at the junction of two different metals. When a Current (I)
is made to flow through the circuit, heat is evolved at the upper junction (T2) and absorbed at the lower junction
(T1). The Peltier heat absorbed by the lower junction per unit time is equal to (1) Where πAB is the Peltier
coefficient. Peltier heat is reversible, when the direction of current is reversed; the Peltier heat is the same, but in
opposite direction. Peltier coefficient depends on the temperature and materials of a junction. Fig. 2 Illustrates
the Peltier effect. If a voltage is applied to terminals T1 and T2, electric current (I) will flow in the circuit. As a
result of the current flow, a slightly cooling effect will occur at thermocouple junction Note that this effect will
be reversed whereby a change in the direction of electric current flow will reverse the direction of heat flow.
Heat Sink: The heat sink usually made of aluminum, is in contact with the hot side of a thermoelectric module.
When the positive and negative module leads are connected to the respective positive and negative terminals of
a Direct Current (D.C) power source, heat will be rejected by the module‟s hot side, the heat sink expedites the
removal of heat. Heat sink typically is intermediates stages in the heat removal process whereby heat flows into
a heat sink and then is transferred to an external medium. Common heat sinks include free convection, forced
convection and fluid cooled.
Fig. 4: Heating mode
Cold mode: The cold side also made of aluminum is in contact with the cold side of a thermoelectric module,
when the positive and negative module leads are connected to the respective positive and negative terminals of a
direct current (D.C) power source, heat will be absorbed by the module‟s cold side. The hot side of a
thermoelectric module is normally placed in contact with the object beingcold.
Fig. 5: Cloud Mode
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D.C. Blower: The fan (impeller) rotates inside the shell. The shell is so designed that the air is rushed out force.
The blower consists of two main parts. They are
D.C motor
Impeller Blades(Fan)
The D.C motor is directly coupled with Impeller blades. The water pump is used to circulate the water
to the blower. The cool air is rushed out force. The battery is connected to the D.C motor, so that D.C motor
runs directly.
D.C Motor Principle: The D.C motor is used to control the direction of hot air flow. In our project the hot air is
distributed in all direction with the same rate by using D.C motor tilting mechanism.
Principle of Operation: The basic principle of motor action lies in a simple sketch. The working principle tells
that, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a force is produced to move the conductor
away from the magnetic field
Fig. 6: Conductor
The force given by the equation,
F = B I L Newton’s
Where,
B = Flux density in WB/sq.m
I = Current through the conductor
L = Length of the conductor
Let us consider a single turn coil. The coil side A will be forced to move downward, where as the coil
side “B” will be forced to move upward. Due to this movement now the coil is made to rotate. Since the coil is
arranged into rotate. Since the coil is arranged in the armature when it rotates in emf is induced in the coil and
that emf which is induced in the coil is in opposite to supply emf. Therefore we can call the emf induced as
back emf (B-emf). Hence when motor runs normally the supply emf (V) is equal to B-emf.
Therefore V = Vb + Va (or) V = Vb + Ia Ra (Since V= IR)
Multiplying both sides by Ia,
Therefore Via = Vb Ia + (Ia x Ia) Ra, Where Via is the electrical equivalent of the mechanical power
developed in the motor and (Ia x Ia) Ra is armature drop.
This process that motor converts electrical energy mechanical energy where (Ia x Ia) Ra is the copper
loss which is to be neglected.
Now consider a single turn coil carrying a current as shown in the above figure 6. in view of the
reasons given above, the coil side A will be forced to move downwards, whereas the coil side B will be forced
to move upwards. The forces acting on the coil sides A and B will be of same magnitude. But their direction is
opposite to one another. As the coil is wound on the armature core which is supported by the bearings, the
armature will now rotate. The Commutator periodically reverses the direction of current flow through the
armature. Therefore the armature will have a continuous rotation.
The conductors are wound over a soft iron core. DC supply is given to the field poles for producing
flux. The conductors are connected to the DC supply through brushes.
Let's start by looking at the overall plan of a simple 2-pole DC electric motor. A simple motor has 6
parts, as shown in the diagram below.
An armature or rotor
A commutator
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Brushes
An axle
A field magnet
A DC power supply of some sort
Fig. 7: Principle of DC motor
An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: a motor uses magnets to create motion. If you
have ever played with magnets you know about the fundamental law of all magnets: Opposites attract and likes
repel.
So if you have 2 bar magnets with their ends marked north and south, then the North end of one magnet
will attract the South end of the other. On the other hand, the North end of one magnet will repel the North end
of the other (and similarly south will repel south). Inside an electric motor these attracting and repelling forces
create rotational motion.
In the diagram above and below you can see two magnets in the motor, the armature (or rotor) is an
electromagnet, while the field magnet is a permanent magnet (the field magnet could be an electromagnet as
well, but in most small motors it is not to save power).
Electromagnets and Motors: To understand how an electric motor works, the key is to understand how the
electromagnet works. An electromagnet is the basis of an electric motor. You can understand how things work
in the motor by imagining the following scenario. Say that you created a simple electromagnet by wrapping 100
loops of wire around a nail and connecting it to a battery. The nail would become a magnet and have a North
and South pole while the battery is connected.
Now say that you take your nail electromagnet, run an axle through the middle of it, and you suspended
it in the middle of a horseshoe magnet as shown in the figure below. If you were to attach a battery to the
electromagnet so that the North end of the nail appeared as shown, the basic law of magnetism tells you what
would happen: The North end of the electromagnet would be repelled from the north end of the horseshoe
magnet and attracted to the south end of the horseshoe magnet.
The South end of the electromagnet would be repelled in a similar way. The nail would move about
half a turn and then stop in the position shown.
Fig. 8(a): Principle of rotation
You can see that this half-turn of motion is simple and obvious because of the way magnets naturally
attract and repel one another. The key to an electric motor is to then go one step further so that, at the moment
that this half-turn of motion completes, the field of the electromagnet flips. The flip causes the electromagnet to
complete another half-turn of motion.
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You flip the magnetic field simply by changing the direction of the electrons flowing in the wire (you
do that by flipping the battery over). If the field of the electromagnet flipped at just the right moment at the end
of each half-turn of motion, the electric motor would spin freely.
The Armature: The armature takes the place of the nail in an electric motor. The armature is an electromagnet
made by coiling thin wire around two or more poles of a metal core. The armature has an axle, and the
Commutator is attached to the axle. In the diagram above you can see three different views of the same
armature: front, side and end-on. In the end-on view the winding is eliminated to make the Commutator more
obvious. You can see that the Commutator is simply a pair of plates attached to the axle. These plates provide
the two connections for the coil of the electromagnet.
Fig. 8(b): Armature winding
The Commutator and brushes: The "flipping the electric field" part of an electric motor is accomplished by
two parts: the Commutator and the brushes. The diagram at the right shows how the Commutator and brushes
work together to let current flow to the electromagnet, and also to flip the direction that the electrons are flowing
at just the right moment.
Fig.8(c) : Commutator and brushes
The contacts of the Commutator are attached to the axle of the electromagnet, so they spin with the
magnet. The brushes are just two pieces of springy metal or carbon that make contact with the contacts of the
Commutator.
Putting it all Together: When you put all of these parts together, what you have is a complete electric motor. In
this figure, the armature winding has been left out so that it is easier to see the Commutator in action. The key
thing to notice is that as the armature passes through the horizontal position, the poles of the electromagnet flip.
Because of the flip, the North Pole of the electromagnet is always above the axle so it can repel the
field magnet's North Pole and attract the field magnet's South Pole. If you ever take apart an electric motor you
will find that it contains the same pieces described above: two small permanent magnets, a Commutator, two
brushes and an electromagnet made by winding wire around a piece of metal.
Almost always, however, the rotor will have three poles rather than the two poles as shown in this
article. There are two good reasons for a motor to have three poles:
It causes the motor to have better dynamics. In a two-pole motor, if the electromagnet is at the balance
point, perfectly horizontal between the two poles of the field magnet when the motor starts; you can
imagine the armature getting "stuck" there. That never happens in a three-pole motor.
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Each time the Commutator hits the point where it flips the field in a two-pole motor, the Commutator
shorts out the battery (directly connects the positive and negative terminals) for a moment. This
shorting wastes energy and drains the battery needlessly. A three-pole motor solves this problem as
well.
It is possible to have any number of poles, depending on the size of the motor and the specific
application it is being used in.
Impeller: Impeller consists of more number of blades. The number of blade increases the cold air rushed out
fiercely. The impeller blades are slightly bended, so that the cold air fiercely transmitted to the outside.
III. Working Principle
The solar fridge consists of a silicon cells solar panel which converts sun light I to electricity. The
convert electricity is pass through the battery which makes to run thermo electric module consists of
semiconductor. The semiconductor materials are N and P type, and are so named because either they have
more electrons than necessary to complete a perfect molecular lattice structure (N-type) or not enough electrons
to complete a lattice structure (P-type). The extra electrons in the N-type material and the holes left in the P-type
material are called “carriers” and they are the agents that move the heat energy from the cold to the hot junction.
Heat absorbed at the cold junction is pumped to the hot junction at a rate proportional to carrier current passing
through the circuit and the number of couples. Good thermoelectric semiconductor materials such as bismuth
telluride greatly impede conventional heat conduction from hot to cold areas, yet provide an easy flow for the
carriers. In addition, these materials have carriers with a capacity for transferring more heat. Thermoelectric
cooling couples are made from two elements of semiconductor, primarily Bismuth Telluride, heavily doped to
create either an excess (n-type) or deficiency (p-type) of electrons. Heat absorbed at the cold junction is pumped
to the hot junction at a rate proportional to current passing through the circuit and the number of couples.
Fig.9: Thermoelectric Refrigeration (Cooling)
Thermoelectric module: In practical use, couples are combined in a module (Fig.) where they are connected
electrically in series, and thermally in parallel. Normally a module is the smallest component commercially
available. Modules are available in a great variety of sizes, shapes, operating currents, operating voltages and
ranges of heat pumping capacity. The present trend, however, is toward a larger number of couples operating at
lower currents. The user can select the quantity, size or capacity of the module to fit the exact requirement
without paying for excess power.
In a typical domestic refrigerator, a cooling power of about 50 watt is needed. The thermo elements are
connected by flat strips of a good electrical conductor, e.g. copper or aluminum, so as to form a rectangular
array. If the spaces between the elements are large they should be filled with a good thermal insulator, but if
they are small this is unnecessary. The faces of the metal connectors are ground flat and are pressed against the
felt surfaces of two large metal slabs to which fins are attached. It is important that the slabs should be
electrically insulated from the metal connecting strips but the thermal contact must be good. These metal slabs
are drawn together by bolts arranged round their periphery.
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Fig.10: Thermoelectric module Assembly
The material used for the assembly components deserves careful thought. The heat sink and cold side
mounting surface should be made out of materials that have a high thermal conductivity (i.e., copper or
aluminum) to promote heat transfer. However, insulation and assembly hardware should be made of materials
that have low thermal conductivity (i.e., polyurethane foam and stainless steel) to reduce heat loss.
The fins attached to the hot face of the cooling unit are larger than those entering the cooled chamber.
This is because the latter fins merely have to abstract heat from the chamber whereas the former have to pass
this heat, as well as that developed in the thermocouples, on to the surroundings. Ideally the fins should be of
sufficient area for the temperature of their bases to be insignificantly different from their respective ambient
temperatures. However such fin areas are generally so large as to be economically impracticable and a balance
must be drawn between the reduction of the fin sizes and the lowering of the temperature differences between
the metal slabs and their surroundings.
These temperature differences must be taken into account while calculating the coefficient of
performance of the units. They must be added to the temperature difference between the cooled chamber and
ambient air in order to obtain the difference of temperature between the thermocouples junctions. It is also
necessary to add any temperature differences across the electrical insulation between the metal slabs and the
connectors. Such differences could be avoided by attaching separate fins to each junction but this would result
in a mechanically weak structure.
Table 1: List of Materials
Sl.No. Parts Qty. Material
1. Thermo Electric Zip cooler 1 Fiber
2. Solar panal 1 Aluminium
3. Air Conditioner Blower 1
4. Battery 1 Lead acid
5. Frame 1 Mild steel
6. Wires 6 Copper
7. Switch 1 Stain less
IV. Result Analysis
First The Experiments Were Conducted For Performance Rate After That Evaluation Of Above
Specified Single Thermoelectric Cooling Module. The Performances (Cooling Down Rate And Temperature
Stability) Of Tem Was Evaluated At Variable Input Electrical Current Conditions (0.25imaxi, 0.5imaxi &
0.75imaxi) And At Natural As Well As Forced Air Convection Condition For Heat Dissipation From Hot Side
Of Tem. The Evaluated Input Electrical Current Condition And Heat Dissipation Condition For Optimum
Performances Of Tem Was Used For Performance Evaluation Of First Prototype Of Developed Thermoelectric
Refrigeration System.
The Test Results Showed For Input Electrical Current 0.5imaxi (I=2.0 Ampere &V= 5.5 Volt) And At
Forced Air Convection Condition The Cooling Down Rate (Temperature Reduction At Cold Side Of Module
With Respect To Ambient At 300c) Was Higher Than At Natural Air Convection. Also The Temperature
Stability (Duration Of Reduced Temperature Difference) Was Longer For Forced Air Convection At Input
Electrical Current 0.5imaxi. The First Developed Prototype Of Ter Was Tested For Performance Evaluation
With These Optimized Conditions. The Temperature Of Refrigeration Space Of Ter System Was Reduced From
29.10c To 17.60c In First 70 Minutes With Respect To 30c Ambient Temperature And After That This
Temperature Difference Was Stable Because No Further Heat Is Dissipating From Hot Side Of Tem For Given
Operating Condition. The Temperature Of Inside Wall Of Refrigeration Enclosure Was Reduced Rapidly From
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19.20c To 40c In First 6 Minutes Due To High Thermal Conductivity Of Cupper Sheet And Higher Heat
Transfer Temperature Reduced Gradually
Scope: The units of energy production can be developed in the various regions by using thermoelectric modules.
In these days the society face the energy crisis but also the harmful effects of pollution. The thermoelectricity is
a “Green Technology” to generate electricity without any harmful effect. The educational institutions, furnace
regions, metro cities, industrial areas, universities and other locations can be selected for the establishment of
such energy centers where the waste heat can be easily available and can be recycled after conversion to the
same system.
Thermoelectric devices achieved an importance in recent years as viable solutions for applications such
as spot cooling of electronic components, remote power generation in space stations and satellites etc. These
solid state thermoelectric devices are free from moving parts, having good reliability however their efficiency
depends on the selection of materials. Such devices with higher efficiency can be implemented for refrigeration
also. Actually the combination of See beck Effect and Peltier Effect is the absolute advent for such refrigeration.
If heat from solar energy is provide as the input to this implementation the cooling will be the output. Surely this
research work will be an idea for better refrigeration and becomes an effort to overcome the energy crisis by the
means of refrigeration from waste heat. In the instruments like the low grade waste heat can be utilized for
cooling and can also be recycled to improve their performances. However, they require some modifications
related to their size and the selection of materials but their cheapness, eco friendly nature, no cause to global
warming are enough inputs to motivate the engineers for their implementations in almost all the suitable
applications of daily life in near future.
V. Conclusion
In this changing modern world every day there is a new discovery in all fields of science and
technology, benefiting the mankind. In this work the design of thermo electric air conditioner is slightly
modified with an addition air cooler. If one utilizes energy which goes as waste even more useful things can be
made. Thermo electrics and thermoelectric cooling are being studied exhaustively for the past several years and
various conclusions have been conceived regarding the efficient functioning of thermoelectric refrigerators.
Thermoelectric refrigerators are greatly needed, particularly for developing countries, where long life,
low maintenance and clean environment are needed. In this aspect thermoelectric cannot be challenged in spite
of the fact that it has some disadvantages like low coefficient of performance and high cost. These contentious
issues are the frontal factors hampering the large scale commercialization of thermoelectric cooling devices.
The solution to above problems can only be resolved with the development of new techniques. There is
a lot of scope for developing materials specifically suited for TE cooling purpose and these can greatly improve
the C.O.P. of these devices. Development of new methods to improve efficiency catering to changes in the basic
design of the thermoelectric set up like better heat transfer, miniaturization etc. can give very effective
enhancement in the overall performance of thermoelectric refrigerators. Finally, there is a general need for more
studies that combine several techniques, exploiting the best of each and using these practically
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