The document discusses cloning and the cloning process. It defines cloning as processes used to produce genetically identical copies. It describes Dolly the sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The process of cloning involves transferring the nucleus of a donor adult cell into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. The egg is then placed in a surrogate womb to mature. Cloning has produced genetically identical animals like cows, sheep, and mice. However, clones do not always look identical as environment also affects development.

1. THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND HEREDITY
Cloning

2. Cloning describes a number of
different processes that can be
used to produce genetically
identical copies of a biological
entity.
What is cloning?

3.  The copied material, which has
the same genetic makeup as the
original.
Clone

4. The Fuss about Dolly
(5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003)
was a female domestic
sheep and the
first mammal to
be cloned from an
adult somatic cell, using
the process of nuclear
transfer.

5. The Fuss about Dolly
Dolly had three mothers
(one provided the egg,
another the DNA and a
third carried the cloned
embryo to term)

6. The Fuss about Dolly
The cell used as the donor
for the cloning of Dolly
was taken from
a mammary gland, and the
production of a healthy
clone

7. The Fuss about Dolly
therefore proved that a
cell taken from a specific
part of the body could
recreate a whole
individual.

9. The most common
cloning method, known
as "somatic cell nuclear
transfer" or simply
"nuclear transfer,"
requires two kinds of cell.
Process of Cloning

10. 2 Kinds of Cells:
• Somatic Cell
• Egg Cell
Process of Cloning

11. 1. Somatic Cell
- collected from the animal that is
to be cloned (known as the "genetic
donor").
- contains the complete DNA, or
genetic blueprint, of the animal it came
from.
Process of Cloning

12. Somatic Cell
- typically obtained by a routine
skin biopsy performed by a
veterinarian.
Process of Cloning

13. Egg Cell
- collected from a female of the
same species (known as the "egg
donor").
Process of Cloning

14. Process of Cloning

15. 1. Isolate donor nucleus
- Isolate the nucleus from a somatic
(non-reproductive) cell of a adult door.
Process of Cloning

16. 1. Isolate donor nucleus
- A very small needle and syringe
(suction device) is used to poke through
the cell membrane to capture the nucleus
and remove it from the cell.
Process of Cloning

17. 2. Get unfertilized eggs
-Retrieve unfertilized egg cells
(reproductive) from the donor. Many
eggs are needed since not all of them will
survive the various steps of cloning.
Process of Cloning

18. 3. Remove the egg's nucleus
- a scientist extracts and discards the
nucleus of the egg cell, which is the part
of the cell that contains the egg donor's
genes.
Process of Cloning

19. 3. Remove the egg's nucleus
- A very small needle and syringe
(suction device) is used to poke through
the cell membrane to capture the nucleus
and remove it from the cell.
Process of Cloning

20. 4. Insert donor nucleus
- scientist then inserts the somatic
cell from the genetic donor into the egg
and "fuses" the two with electricity.
- The resulting fused egg contains
the genetic donor's DNA.
Process of Cloning

21. 5. Place the egg into womb
- After about a week, an embryo
transfer specialist transfers the blastocyst
to a recipient female (sometimes referred
to as "surrogate mother") where it
continues to develop.
Process of Cloning

22. 5. Place the egg into womb
- The egg matures in the womb.
When the offspring is born, it is a clone
(genetically identical) of the donor.
Process of Cloning

23. Process of Cloning

24. Facts about Cloning
Do clones ever occur naturally?
•Yes. In nature, some plants and single-celled
organisms, such as bacteria, produce genetically
identical offspring through a process called
asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, a
new individual is generated from a copy of a
single cell from the parent organism.

25. Facts about Cloning
•Natural clones, also known as identical twins,
occur in humans and other mammals. These
twins are produced when a fertilized egg splits,
creating two or more embryos that carry almost
identical DNA. Identical twins have nearly the
same genetic makeup as each other, but they are
genetically different from either parent.

26. Facts about Cloning
What are the types of artificial cloning?
•There are three different types of artificial
cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and
therapeutic cloning.

27. Facts about Cloning
•Gene cloning produces copies of genes or
segments of DNA.
•Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole
animals.
•Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem
cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to
replace injured or diseased tissues.

28. Facts about Cloning
•Gene cloning, also known as DNA cloning, is a
very different process from reproductive and
therapeutic cloning. Reproductive and
therapeutic cloning share many of the same
techniques, but are done for different purposes.

29. Facts about Cloning
•What animals have been cloned?
In 1979, researchers produced the first genetically
identical mice by splitting mouse embryos in the
test tube and then implanting the resulting
embryos into the wombs of adult female mice.

30. Facts about Cloning
Shortly after that, researchers produced the first
genetically identical cows, sheep and chickens by
transferring the nucleus of a cell taken from an
early embryo into an egg that had been emptied
of its nucleus.

31. Facts about Cloning
It was not until 1996 after 276 attempts, Scottish
researchers finally produced Dolly, the lamb from
the udder cell of a 6-year-old sheep, succeeded in
cloning as the first mammal from a mature
(somatic) cell taken from an adult animal.

32. Facts about Cloning
Besides cattle and sheep, other mammals that
have been cloned from somatic cells include: cat,
deer, dog, horse, mule, ox, rabbit and rat. In
addition, a rhesus monkey has been cloned by
embryo splitting.

33. Facts about Cloning
Have humans been cloned?
In 1998, scientists in South Korea claimed to have
successfully cloned a human embryo, but said the
experiment was interrupted very early when the
clone was just a group of four cells.

34. Facts about Cloning
From a technical perspective, cloning humans and
other primates is more difficult than in other
mammals. One reason is that two proteins
essential to cell division, known as spindle
proteins, are located very close to the
chromosomes in primate eggs.

35. Facts about Cloning
Do cloned animals always look identical?
No. Clones do not always look identical. Although
clones share the same genetic material, the
environment also plays a big role on how an
organism turns out.

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