This document discusses animal biotechnology and methods for sex selection of livestock embryos. It begins by providing context on the history of biotechnology in animal husbandry. Key methods described include artificial insemination, progesterone assays, estrus synchronization, and embryo transfer. Details are given on techniques for sexing embryos, including probes for Y-chromosomes and differences in X-linked enzymes. Challenges to the adoption of these technologies in developing countries are also summarized.
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.
EMBRYOSPLITTING IS THE TECHNIQUE WHEREBY AN EARLY STAGE EMBRYO SPLIT INTO TWO OR MORE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL EMBRYOS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES USED TO CREATE CLONED EMBRYOS, SUCH AS SOMATIC CELL NUMCLEAR TRANSFER, THERAPEUTIC CLONING, EMBRYO SPLITTING AND PARTHENIGENESIS.
EMBRYO SPLITTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL TWINS, MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS SPLITING HAS SUCCESFULLY BEEN ESTABLISHED IN FARM ANIMALS.
Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse or in vitro fertilisation.
Embryo culture is a component of in vitro fertilisation where in resultant embryos are allowed to grow for some time in an artificial medium before being inserted into the uterus.
Understanding of Models use for biomedical research who have similar physiological function like humans ,and the how to generate and which models are useful
Livestock sector is an important sector in indian economy. To boost the productive performance of existing livestock population in india, biotechnolgy plays a key role to fullfill this.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.
EMBRYOSPLITTING IS THE TECHNIQUE WHEREBY AN EARLY STAGE EMBRYO SPLIT INTO TWO OR MORE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL EMBRYOS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES USED TO CREATE CLONED EMBRYOS, SUCH AS SOMATIC CELL NUMCLEAR TRANSFER, THERAPEUTIC CLONING, EMBRYO SPLITTING AND PARTHENIGENESIS.
EMBRYO SPLITTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL TWINS, MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS SPLITING HAS SUCCESFULLY BEEN ESTABLISHED IN FARM ANIMALS.
Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse or in vitro fertilisation.
Embryo culture is a component of in vitro fertilisation where in resultant embryos are allowed to grow for some time in an artificial medium before being inserted into the uterus.
Understanding of Models use for biomedical research who have similar physiological function like humans ,and the how to generate and which models are useful
Improved DNA Extraction Method for Porcine ContaminantsIslamic_Finance
This document is regarding the new and improved method of Porcine detection through DNA extraction and also talks about detection in imported meat found in the some of the GCC markets
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
We report a live birth of a normal male baby from a couple who are carriers of the genetic disease Oculocutaneous Albinism type 1 (OCA1) following pre-implantation genetic diagnostic testing. This is the fi rst live birth in which the technique of trophectoderm biopsy was used for this disease screening.
This research is carried out in order to improve the production of eggs in indigenous chicken by reducing the
inter-sequence stopped days through use of anti-prolactin agent (Bromocriptine) and serum from laying hen.
Sixty-four indigenous (deshi) chickens of 20-22 weeks of age, were randomly assigned into four groups (i, j, k
and l) and each group consisting of 16 hens. Control was designated as Group I and Bromocriptine orally at a
dose of 641μg/bird/day was used to treat group j, group k was treated with serum of laying kadhaknath hen
serum at a dose of 1 ml intramuscularly/bird/day and group l was treated with both Kadhaknath serum and
Bromocriptine at doses given to group j and k for the period of 15 March, 2019 to 16 June, 2019 and egg
production, stopped days, prolactin level, hematological parameter and egg qualities were observed. A
significant increase (p<0.05) in Egg production was noticed in all treated groups in comparison to the groups
which were in non- treated control and group k showed the highest production. All treatment groups depicted a
significant decrease (p<0.05) in stopped days and prolactin levels and lowest were observed in hens of group l.
In hematological values between the chicken group, no significant differences were noticed. The present study
reveals that combined treatment with Bromocriptine and serum from laying kadhaknath hen increases egg
production without affecting the health of indigenous chickens.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Biotechnology has been practiced
in animal husbandry since the
beginning of human history. In
1919, Karl Ereky, a Hungarian
engineer coined the term
‘biotechnology’ and described it as
the process by which products
could be synthesized from raw
4. Artificial insemination:
Semen is collected from donor
male animals, diluted in suitable
diluents and preserved in liquid
nitrogen. Fresh or frozen diluted
semen is manually inseminated
into the reproductive tract of an
ovulating female to achieve
pregnancy.
5. A highly specific antibody is used to measure the
concentration of progesterone (the antigen) in
blood or milk. This is particularly useful for
identifying animals that are anoestrous or non-
pregnant, improving the efficiency of AI.
Radioactivity (radioimmunoassay – RIA) or
fluorescence (enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay – ELISA) are used for quantification. The
concentrations of many molecules of biological or
agricultural interest can be measured using such
procedures.
6. This is the process of bringing female animals into
oestrus at a desired time by using a progesterone-
releasing intravaginal device, intravaginal
progesterone sponges, progesterone ear implant or
prostaglandin treatment. The systematic
administration of a combination of hormones such as
gonadotrophins, prostaglandins, progesterone or
oestradiol is also used. It assists in large-scale use of
AI and can decrease the amount of labour used to
monitor cattle for oestrus.
7. ET is the transfer of an embryo from one female to
another. A donor animal is induced to superovulate
through hormonal treatment. The ova obtained are then
fertilized within the donor, the embryos develop and are
then removed and implanted in a recipient animal for
the remainder of the gestation period. The embryos can
also be frozen for 8 later use. Multiple ovulation and
embryo transfer (MOET) increases the scope to select
females – whereas AI limits selection to males – but its
success depends upon the accurate identification of
superior females and its application requires greater
technical expertise and infrastructure than AI.
9. Heifers are preferred by the dairy industry and
bulls by the beef industry. The pig industry
generally prefers females due to higher quality
and lower cost of production. Y-chromosome
probes are used for sexing the embryos.
Karyotyping antibodies specific for male antigens
and X-linked activity enzymes are also used for
embryo sexing, but the use of Y-chromosome
specific probes seems to be the most reliable and
practical method.
10. Introduction of new genetics
Import/Export
Twinning
Coupling with other
biotechnologies
11. Depending on the species, X chromosome-
bearing sperm contain 2–5 percent more
DNA than sperm bearing the Y-
chromosome. The different sperm will have
distinct emission patterns when they are
stained with a fluorescent dye and exposed
to light. This difference allows the sperm to
be separated by a flow cytometry machine.
The sorted sperm can subsequently be used
for AI to obtain offspring of the desired sex.
14. Preselection of sex
Earlier approaches superstition based
Modern techniques make it possible now
Either X-Y sperm sorting or Embryo sexing
15. Sex determined in pre-implantation embryos
Approach- either invasive or non invasive
Splitting of sexed embryos
First successful embryo sexing done by Gardner,
1968 in rabbits by cytological method (Barr body
observation)
16. Non invasive Methods--
Immunological assay of HY antigen
Quantification of X-linked enzyme
William et al., 1986
Differential growth of male & female
embryo
Yadav et al., 1992
Invasive Methods--
Cytogenetic analysis
--observing Barr bodies
--chromosome analysis
Y-specific DNA probe
Y-specific DNA primer & PCR
17. H-Y detection used for murine,bovine,porcine
embryo.
Detection as early as 8 cell stage.
Can have two approaches cytotoxic or
immunofluorscent. White et al., 1982
In pigs detected only after removal of zona
pellucida.
Accuracy 84%cattle,85%goat,81%pigs.
G.B.Anderson, 1987
18. Large hue and cry against prenatal sex
determination
In animal science the technology can be a great
boon
Progressive & rich dairy farmers are now willing to
spend money for new technologies to improve
profitability of their herd
19. Poor quality embryo show fluorescence
unrelated to presence of antigen
detection stage specific
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies has equal
effect
Hossipian V.F.M.,1993
20. In male and female different no. of X in initial
stages
Different amount of enzymes produced
William 1986, reported activity of G-6PD in
whole embryo; accuracy was 64%
Monk & Handyside measured activity of
HPRT & expressed activity as a ratio of
autosomal encoded APRT
reported accuracy of 95%
21. Collection of embryos produced in vitro or in vivo
Selection of grade one or grade two embryos
Embryo washed with PBS & placed in a drop containing 200
mM sucrose under micromanipulator
Zona pellucida cut open with fine micro blade
Few blastomere sucked with fine aspiration pipette
Washed in KCl & transferred to Eppendorf tube
22. Biopsy in 0.5 ml Eppendorf tube + Proteinase-K + 9 μL of
lysis buffer
Overlaid with 25 μL of mineral oil
Incubated at 37° C for 10- 60 min
Inactivation of proteinase-K at 98 ° C for 10 min.
Cooled at 4 ° C
23.
24.
25. Revolutionized the technique of embryo
sexing
Reduced time requirement
Increased efficiency
Embryos have been successfully sexed in a
number of farm animals by using this
technique
26. 15 μL of PCR reaction mixture(PCR reaction
buffer, primers, 1.5 μL of Taq DNA polymerase &
125 μg of Ethidium bromide) is added to the tube
Subjected to PCR cycling
3 min. denaturation at 94 ° C 10 cycles of
denaturation at 92 ° C Annealing at 50 ° C (80
seconds) Extension at 72 ° C for 20 seconds
Further 40 cycles at 60 ° C of annealing
temperature Final extension achieved by 5 min.
incubation at 72 ° C
27. Embryo sexing done for cattle, sheep, pigs, horses,
goats, buffalo & humped cattle
Apparao et al., 1992
Differential growth rate not applicable to choose
embryos
Evanova et al., 1997
Single cell is sufficient for sexing Chrenek et al., 2000
Rapid sexing within 2 hours by using multiplex PCR
they used BOV-97M & bovine 1.715 satellite DNA
sequence PARK et al., 2001
Non Electrophoretic method for PCR sexing
reduced time requirement to less than 2 hours
Hasaler et al., 2002
28. Altering the male & female sex ratio in farm
animals
Increase in milk & meat production
Control of incidence of freemartinism
Getting quality bulls for P.T. programs
Conservation of rare breeds of farm animals
29. Y-specific probe used for sexing bovine
blastocyst (6--8 days)
High accuracy
Minimum time required to conduct assay is
10 days
30. Based on physical differences
HY antigen
Albumin gradient & percoll gradient
Electrophoretic separation (motility loss)
Flow cytometry (most successful)
31. Sexing from Trophoblast biopsy, day 12 -- 15
Accuracy 58.5--68% Hare et al., 1976
Mustafa, (1978), sexed embryo at 6-7 days
but low efficiency & low survival rate reported
Sharma A. et al.(1987) reported 57%
efficiency by this technique
Slides prepared at metaphase stage
Depends on how many cells at metaphase
stage
Takes an expert 5 hours to process 12 - 15
embryo
32. Very costly
Decreased viability of spermatozoa
Less number of spermatozoa sorted per hour
(3.5x 105
) Jafar & Flint, 1996
Will not be economically viable till 2005
Amman, 1999
33. It can be done by two approaches--
i) Electrophoretic method-- In PCR second pair
of primer added to increase accuracy After
electrophoresis Y-specific bands are observed
Autosomal primer
commonly used is C1C2 ii) Direct observation
under UV light-- tubes having male DNA show
bright pink fluorescence
Hasler et al., 2002 sexed embryos within 2
hours.
34. Poor infrastructure facilities
Low level of education & training
High cost of the technology
Difference between research & field
conditions
Less availability of indigenous technology &
materials
Lack of 3 D’s
35. Great progress in scientific fields in spite of
constraints
As time advances technology becomes more
affordable
36.
37.
38. Technicians at research institutes master the
methodology
Perform in presence of field workers
In second stage infrastructure set up at local
places
Finally, mobile laboratories are set up
Constant monitoring & guidance by research
workers
Use of indigenous products