SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Evolution
Evolution = “Descent with Modification” Organisms evolved due to being spread over different habitats and therefore adapting and modifying themselves to fit the habitat. Natural Selection  ,[object Object]
Evolutionary Adaptation,[object Object]
Evolutionary Adaptation
Evidence of Evolution:Fossil Record Fossils chronologically ordered in rock layers
Evidence of Evolution:Biogeography Geographic distribution of species:			Australian marsupials
HOMOLOGY Evidence of Evolution:Comparative Anatomy and Embryology
Evidence of Evolution:Molecular Biology Notice that a Chimp is more genetically related to a human than to an Old World Monkey!
Adaptive Evolution Natural Selection = Editing The finches of The Galapagos Islands: The original finch developed into 14 different species. What was the cause for the offshoots?
Darwinism Meets Genetics A population is the smallest unit of evolution. Natural selection acts on individuals. However the evolutionary impact of natural selection is only apparent in tracking how a population changes over time. Population Genetics emphasizes the extensive genetic variation within populations and tracks the genetic make-up of populations over time. Not all variation in a population is inheritable. Only the genetic component of variation is relevant to natural selection. Many variable traits in a population result from the combined effect of several genes. Polymorphism
Analyzing Gene Pools A Gene pool consists of all alleles (different forms a gene may have for a trait) in all the individuals making up a population. A reservoir for the next generation’s genes. Recall: Homozygous (RR) and Heterozygous (Rr) Dominant and Recessive (rr) Hardy Weinberg Formula (1908) Helps to calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the frequencies of alleles and vice versa. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = RR pq = Rr q = rr
Practice Using The Hardy-Weinberg Formula p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1    p = 0.6	q = 0.4 What are the genotypic frequencies of their offspring? 0.36 + 2(0.24) + 0.16 = 1 36% RR 48% Rr 16% rr
Microevolution 1. Genetic Drift       Def: A change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance. The best measure of Darwinian fitness is the number of fertile offspring an individual leaves.
Genetic equilibrium- allele frequencies remain constant. To maintain equilibrium… Random mating Population must be very large No immigration or emmigration No mutations No natural selection
Types of Genetic Drift a.  The Bottleneck Effect An event that usually reduces the overall genetic variability in a population. b.  The Founder Effect Genetic Drift in a new colony i.e. The Galapagos Islands
Microevolution Cont. 2.    Gene Flow Def: The genetic exchange with another population. 3.    Mutations A change in an organism’s DNA sequence. Ultimate source of genetic variability. 4.    Natural Selection Directional Selection (selecting in favor of an extreme phenotype) Disruptive (Diversifying) Selection (leads to a balance between two or more contrasting phenotypic forms) Stabilizing Selection (maintains variation in a narrow range)
[object Object]
Immediate Benefits
Long term Disaster
Evolution direct connection to daily lives,[object Object]
The Origins of Species Ernst Mayr Studied the diversity of birds in New Guinea  (1927) Biological species concept Species = “groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” Reproductive isolation blocks exchange of genes between species and keeps their gene pools separate. ,[object Object]
   Zygote: fertilized egg
   Pre-zygotic (factors that impede mating between species or hinder fertilization of eggs if mating is attempted)
   Post-zygotic (mechanisms that operate should interspecies mating actually occur and form hybrid zygotes),[object Object]
Mechanisms of Speciation Allopatric Speciation A population forms a new species while geographically isolated from its parent population. Sympatric Speciation A small population becomes a new species in the midst of a parent population
[object Object]
If speciation occurs during geographic separation, the new species will not breed with its ancestral population, even if the two populations should come back into contact.,[object Object]
Notice how the hybrid bread wheat has a set of chromosomes from each of its ancestors: T. monococcum (AA), Triticum (BB), T. turgidum (AA BB), T. tauschii (DD) What can you notice about T. aestivum that might make it a good hybrid and the most important wheat species today?
Relative Dating:Fossil Record Fossils chronologically ordered in rock layers
Radioactive Dating
Continental Drift
Meteor of this size would have lowered the temperature of Earth due to the blocking of the sun by atmospheric dust. Theory: 65 million years ago a catastrophic event occurred killing off the dinosaurs and about ½ of the species inhabiting the Earth in a 10 million year time span.
The Origin of Life Stage 1: Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers Amino Acids  Chains of nucleotides Chains of DNA bases Chains of RNA bases Building blocks of protein Sugars Lipids ATP
The Origin of Life Stage 2: Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers Monomers, such as amino acids, spontaneously fused together to form proteins.
The Origin of Life Stage 3: Origin of Self-Replicating Molecules inheritance Ribozyme: catalytic RNA used to fuel RNA replication
The Origin of Life Stage 4: Formation of Pre-cells Molecular packages with some properties of life. The gap between pre-cells and true cells is enormous! Natural Selection
The origin of  eukaryotic cells Endosymbiotic Theory Membrane bound nuclear material Organelles More complex than prokaryotic cells Ancestors to fungi, plants and animals
Concept Map Section 17-2 Evolution of Life Early Earth was hot; atmosphere contained poisonous gases. Earth cooled and oceans condensed. Simple organic molecules may have formed in the oceans.. Small sequences of RNA may have formed and replicated. First prokaryotes may have formed when RNA or DNA was enclosed in microspheres. Later prokaryotes were photosynthetic and produced oxygen. An oxygenated atmosphere capped by the ozone layer protected Earth. First eukaryotes may have been communities of prokaryotes. Multicellular eukaryotes evolved. Sexual reproduction increased genetic variability, hastening evolution.
Convergent Evolution Process by which unrelated animals come to look like each other. Dolphin Penguin Shark
Tempo of Evolution Spurts of relatively rapid change Slow adaptations
Unrelated Related Intense environmental pressure Similar environments Inter-relationshiops Small populations Different environments Convergent evolution Punctuated equilibrium Adaptive radiation Coevolution Extinction Flowchart Section 17-4 Species that are in under under form in in can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo
Classifying the Diversity of Life Systematics Reconstructing evolutionary history Radioactive dating = tool The study of biological diversity: past and present Taxonomy Identification, naming and classification of species Pioneer: Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Binomial Nomenclature Homo sapien

More Related Content

What's hot

Chap 27 evolution
Chap 27 evolutionChap 27 evolution
Chap 27 evolution
MissReith
 
history of evolutionary thought
history of evolutionary thoughthistory of evolutionary thought
history of evolutionary thoughtimlovestruck
 
Science10 q3 ver4_mod7
Science10 q3 ver4_mod7Science10 q3 ver4_mod7
Science10 q3 ver4_mod7
NinaAledzurc1123
 
Evolution powerpoint!
Evolution powerpoint!Evolution powerpoint!
Evolution powerpoint!Mneel1
 
EVOLUTION CORE
EVOLUTION COREEVOLUTION CORE
EVOLUTION CORE
Dobbs Ferry High School
 
History of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thoughtHistory of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thoughtGeorge Pearce
 
Chapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of Life
Chapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of LifeChapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of Life
Chapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of Life
stockyard71
 
Evolution short version 2016
Evolution short version 2016Evolution short version 2016
Evolution short version 2016
Lorraine Stratton
 
History of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thoughtHistory of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thoughtchuckiecalsado
 
The Origin Of Species
The Origin Of SpeciesThe Origin Of Species
The Origin Of Species
Akshat Pokharna
 
ENV107 - Lecture 11
ENV107 - Lecture 11ENV107 - Lecture 11
ENV107 - Lecture 11
Md Jahirul Islam Sojib
 
Theory of evolution : Lamarck and darwin
Theory of evolution : Lamarck and darwinTheory of evolution : Lamarck and darwin
Theory of evolution : Lamarck and darwin
bhavnesthakur
 
What is evolution
What is evolutionWhat is evolution
What is evolution
Aftab Badshah
 
Microevolution hardy weinberg
Microevolution hardy weinbergMicroevolution hardy weinberg
Microevolution hardy weinbergTauqeer Ahmad
 
Sbc174 evolution2014 week3
Sbc174 evolution2014 week3Sbc174 evolution2014 week3
Sbc174 evolution2014 week3
Yannick Wurm
 
Understanding Evolution - Life goes on
Understanding Evolution - Life goes onUnderstanding Evolution - Life goes on
Understanding Evolution - Life goes on
Harshal Hayatnagarkar
 

What's hot (20)

Chap 27 evolution
Chap 27 evolutionChap 27 evolution
Chap 27 evolution
 
history of evolutionary thought
history of evolutionary thoughthistory of evolutionary thought
history of evolutionary thought
 
Science10 q3 ver4_mod7
Science10 q3 ver4_mod7Science10 q3 ver4_mod7
Science10 q3 ver4_mod7
 
Evolution powerpoint!
Evolution powerpoint!Evolution powerpoint!
Evolution powerpoint!
 
EVOLUTION CORE
EVOLUTION COREEVOLUTION CORE
EVOLUTION CORE
 
Day 1
Day 1Day 1
Day 1
 
History of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thoughtHistory of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thought
 
Chapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of Life
Chapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of LifeChapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of Life
Chapter 16 & 17 Evolution of Populations and The History of Life
 
Evolution short version 2016
Evolution short version 2016Evolution short version 2016
Evolution short version 2016
 
History of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thoughtHistory of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thought
 
The Origin Of Species
The Origin Of SpeciesThe Origin Of Species
The Origin Of Species
 
The origin of species
The origin of speciesThe origin of species
The origin of species
 
Evolution
EvolutionEvolution
Evolution
 
ENV107 - Lecture 11
ENV107 - Lecture 11ENV107 - Lecture 11
ENV107 - Lecture 11
 
ECOLOGY TOPIC 4
ECOLOGY TOPIC 4ECOLOGY TOPIC 4
ECOLOGY TOPIC 4
 
Theory of evolution : Lamarck and darwin
Theory of evolution : Lamarck and darwinTheory of evolution : Lamarck and darwin
Theory of evolution : Lamarck and darwin
 
What is evolution
What is evolutionWhat is evolution
What is evolution
 
Microevolution hardy weinberg
Microevolution hardy weinbergMicroevolution hardy weinberg
Microevolution hardy weinberg
 
Sbc174 evolution2014 week3
Sbc174 evolution2014 week3Sbc174 evolution2014 week3
Sbc174 evolution2014 week3
 
Understanding Evolution - Life goes on
Understanding Evolution - Life goes onUnderstanding Evolution - Life goes on
Understanding Evolution - Life goes on
 

Viewers also liked

01b evidence of evolution (7.4)
01b evidence of evolution (7.4)01b evidence of evolution (7.4)
01b evidence of evolution (7.4)mrtangextrahelp
 
07 evolution without selection
07 evolution without selection07 evolution without selection
07 evolution without selectionmrtangextrahelp
 
Evidence For Evolution
Evidence For EvolutionEvidence For Evolution
Evidence For EvolutionMark McGinley
 
Evidence for evolution powerpoint
Evidence for evolution powerpointEvidence for evolution powerpoint
Evidence for evolution powerpointLeeanna Cota
 
Evidences of evolution
Evidences of evolutionEvidences of evolution
Evidences of evolution
Karl Pointer
 
How To Stay Covered in the Mobile Work Downpour
How To Stay Covered in the Mobile Work DownpourHow To Stay Covered in the Mobile Work Downpour
How To Stay Covered in the Mobile Work Downpour
Citrix Online
 
Assignment 2
Assignment 2Assignment 2
Assignment 2
ubv
 
Kelompok 1
Kelompok 1Kelompok 1
Kelompok 1
teddy
 
James Metcalfe's May Real Estate Update
James Metcalfe's May Real Estate Update James Metcalfe's May Real Estate Update
James Metcalfe's May Real Estate Update
James Metcalfe
 
Individual sections development exercise #4
Individual sections development exercise #4Individual sections development exercise #4
Individual sections development exercise #4tykl94
 
Entrepreneurship and FLOSS
Entrepreneurship and FLOSSEntrepreneurship and FLOSS
Entrepreneurship and FLOSSDimitris Tsingos
 
JRuby - The Perfect Alternative
JRuby - The Perfect AlternativeJRuby - The Perfect Alternative
JRuby - The Perfect Alternative
Ram Vijapurapu
 
موريس بوكاي والفرعون
موريس بوكاي والفرعونموريس بوكاي والفرعون
موريس بوكاي والفرعون
Elhassan ROUIJEL
 
Mining and analyzing social media hicss 45 tutorial – part 2
Mining and analyzing social media hicss 45 tutorial – part 2Mining and analyzing social media hicss 45 tutorial – part 2
Mining and analyzing social media hicss 45 tutorial – part 2
Dave King
 
Book of Daniel, part 1 (Bible prophesies for the last times series)
Book of Daniel, part 1 (Bible prophesies for the last times series)Book of Daniel, part 1 (Bible prophesies for the last times series)
Book of Daniel, part 1 (Bible prophesies for the last times series)
Anar R Guliyev
 

Viewers also liked (20)

02b natural selection
02b natural selection02b natural selection
02b natural selection
 
01b evidence of evolution (7.4)
01b evidence of evolution (7.4)01b evidence of evolution (7.4)
01b evidence of evolution (7.4)
 
06 speciation
06 speciation06 speciation
06 speciation
 
Life cycle of fern
Life cycle of fernLife cycle of fern
Life cycle of fern
 
07 evolution without selection
07 evolution without selection07 evolution without selection
07 evolution without selection
 
Evidence For Evolution
Evidence For EvolutionEvidence For Evolution
Evidence For Evolution
 
Evidence for evolution powerpoint
Evidence for evolution powerpointEvidence for evolution powerpoint
Evidence for evolution powerpoint
 
Evidences of evolution
Evidences of evolutionEvidences of evolution
Evidences of evolution
 
How To Stay Covered in the Mobile Work Downpour
How To Stay Covered in the Mobile Work DownpourHow To Stay Covered in the Mobile Work Downpour
How To Stay Covered in the Mobile Work Downpour
 
Assignment 2
Assignment 2Assignment 2
Assignment 2
 
Ep Ask Me
Ep Ask MeEp Ask Me
Ep Ask Me
 
Kelompok 1
Kelompok 1Kelompok 1
Kelompok 1
 
James Metcalfe's May Real Estate Update
James Metcalfe's May Real Estate Update James Metcalfe's May Real Estate Update
James Metcalfe's May Real Estate Update
 
Individual sections development exercise #4
Individual sections development exercise #4Individual sections development exercise #4
Individual sections development exercise #4
 
Entrepreneurship and FLOSS
Entrepreneurship and FLOSSEntrepreneurship and FLOSS
Entrepreneurship and FLOSS
 
JRuby - The Perfect Alternative
JRuby - The Perfect AlternativeJRuby - The Perfect Alternative
JRuby - The Perfect Alternative
 
موريس بوكاي والفرعون
موريس بوكاي والفرعونموريس بوكاي والفرعون
موريس بوكاي والفرعون
 
Mining and analyzing social media hicss 45 tutorial – part 2
Mining and analyzing social media hicss 45 tutorial – part 2Mining and analyzing social media hicss 45 tutorial – part 2
Mining and analyzing social media hicss 45 tutorial – part 2
 
Re Shoot
Re ShootRe Shoot
Re Shoot
 
Book of Daniel, part 1 (Bible prophesies for the last times series)
Book of Daniel, part 1 (Bible prophesies for the last times series)Book of Daniel, part 1 (Bible prophesies for the last times series)
Book of Daniel, part 1 (Bible prophesies for the last times series)
 

Similar to Evolution_PMSD_Biology

Darwin
DarwinDarwin
Darwin
guestb3f7f2
 
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kings
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kingsEvolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kings
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kingsJames H. Workman
 
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and AnthropologyEvolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
cgales
 
AP Evolution Notes
AP Evolution NotesAP Evolution Notes
AP Evolution Notes
Heather Fogell
 
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation
Evolution natural selection_and_speciationEvolution natural selection_and_speciation
Evolution natural selection_and_speciationiowahawki
 
vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...
vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...
vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...
asfawm89
 
Evolution.ppt
Evolution.pptEvolution.ppt
Evolution.ppt
RishiPal54
 
Evolutionary genetics - Theories,
Evolutionary genetics - Theories, Evolutionary genetics - Theories,
Evolutionary genetics - Theories,
Nethravathi Siri
 
APES - Chapter 4
APES - Chapter 4APES - Chapter 4
APES - Chapter 4RoCo
 
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 2011
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 2011Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 2011
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 2011James H. Workman
 
Art research for art
Art research for artArt research for art
Art research for artkarolinachoi
 
Natural Selection
Natural Selection Natural Selection
Natural Selection
abhisha prabheesh
 
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happensOCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
BaltazarRosales1
 
Summary of Topic 4.1 - biodiversity in ecosystems
Summary of Topic 4.1 - biodiversity in ecosystemsSummary of Topic 4.1 - biodiversity in ecosystems
Summary of Topic 4.1 - biodiversity in ecosystems
Michael Smith
 
Topic 3.2
Topic 3.2Topic 3.2
Topic 3.2
Michael Smith
 
Evolution Practicals
Evolution PracticalsEvolution Practicals
Evolution Practicalsmedik.cz
 
JJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdf
JJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdfJJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdf
JJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdf
JorielCruz1
 
Evolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptx
Evolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptxEvolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptx
Evolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptx
MehakFatima395414
 

Similar to Evolution_PMSD_Biology (20)

Darwin
DarwinDarwin
Darwin
 
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kings
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kingsEvolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kings
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 6 kings
 
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and AnthropologyEvolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
Evolution, Natural Selection, Taxonomy, and Anthropology
 
Evolutionary Theory
Evolutionary TheoryEvolutionary Theory
Evolutionary Theory
 
AP Evolution Notes
AP Evolution NotesAP Evolution Notes
AP Evolution Notes
 
Evolution
EvolutionEvolution
Evolution
 
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation
Evolution natural selection_and_speciationEvolution natural selection_and_speciation
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation
 
vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...
vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...
vdocument.in_biol-4120-principles-of-ecology-lecture-6-evolution-and-adaptati...
 
Evolution.ppt
Evolution.pptEvolution.ppt
Evolution.ppt
 
Evolutionary genetics - Theories,
Evolutionary genetics - Theories, Evolutionary genetics - Theories,
Evolutionary genetics - Theories,
 
APES - Chapter 4
APES - Chapter 4APES - Chapter 4
APES - Chapter 4
 
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 2011
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 2011Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 2011
Evolution natural selection_and_speciation 2011
 
Art research for art
Art research for artArt research for art
Art research for art
 
Natural Selection
Natural Selection Natural Selection
Natural Selection
 
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happensOCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION.pptx how does evolution happens
 
Summary of Topic 4.1 - biodiversity in ecosystems
Summary of Topic 4.1 - biodiversity in ecosystemsSummary of Topic 4.1 - biodiversity in ecosystems
Summary of Topic 4.1 - biodiversity in ecosystems
 
Topic 3.2
Topic 3.2Topic 3.2
Topic 3.2
 
Evolution Practicals
Evolution PracticalsEvolution Practicals
Evolution Practicals
 
JJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdf
JJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdfJJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdf
JJC_V. Biodiversity and Evolution, Climate and Biodiversity,.pdf
 
Evolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptx
Evolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptxEvolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptx
Evolution (Lecture 1) a concept in biology.pptx
 

Recently uploaded

Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativeEmbracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Peter Windle
 
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptxA Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
thanhdowork
 
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Sandy Millin
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBCSTRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
kimdan468
 
Marketing internship report file for MBA
Marketing internship report file for MBAMarketing internship report file for MBA
Marketing internship report file for MBA
gb193092
 
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdfLapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Jean Carlos Nunes Paixão
 
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Levi Shapiro
 
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Ashokrao Mane college of Pharmacy Peth-Vadgaon
 
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.pptThesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
EverAndrsGuerraGuerr
 
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptxThe approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
Jisc
 
Best Digital Marketing Institute In NOIDA
Best Digital Marketing Institute In NOIDABest Digital Marketing Institute In NOIDA
Best Digital Marketing Institute In NOIDA
deeptiverma2406
 
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and ResearchDigital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Vikramjit Singh
 
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th SemesterGuidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Atul Kumar Singh
 
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationA Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Peter Windle
 
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
Acetabularia Information For Class 9  .docxAcetabularia Information For Class 9  .docx
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
vaibhavrinwa19
 
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana BuscigliopptxGroup Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
ArianaBusciglio
 
Language Across the Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Language Across the  Curriculm LAC B.Ed.Language Across the  Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Language Across the Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Atul Kumar Singh
 
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptxSupporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Jisc
 
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptxThe Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
DhatriParmar
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativeEmbracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
 
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptxA Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
 
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
 
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBCSTRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
 
Marketing internship report file for MBA
Marketing internship report file for MBAMarketing internship report file for MBA
Marketing internship report file for MBA
 
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdfLapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
Lapbook sobre os Regimes Totalitários.pdf
 
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
 
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
 
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.pptThesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
 
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptxThe approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
 
Best Digital Marketing Institute In NOIDA
Best Digital Marketing Institute In NOIDABest Digital Marketing Institute In NOIDA
Best Digital Marketing Institute In NOIDA
 
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and ResearchDigital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
 
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th SemesterGuidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
Guidance_and_Counselling.pdf B.Ed. 4th Semester
 
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationA Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
 
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
Acetabularia Information For Class 9  .docxAcetabularia Information For Class 9  .docx
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
 
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana BuscigliopptxGroup Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
 
Language Across the Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Language Across the  Curriculm LAC B.Ed.Language Across the  Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
Language Across the Curriculm LAC B.Ed.
 
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptxSupporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
Supporting (UKRI) OA monographs at Salford.pptx
 
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptxThe Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
The Accursed House by Émile Gaboriau.pptx
 

Evolution_PMSD_Biology

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 5. Evidence of Evolution:Fossil Record Fossils chronologically ordered in rock layers
  • 6. Evidence of Evolution:Biogeography Geographic distribution of species: Australian marsupials
  • 7. HOMOLOGY Evidence of Evolution:Comparative Anatomy and Embryology
  • 8. Evidence of Evolution:Molecular Biology Notice that a Chimp is more genetically related to a human than to an Old World Monkey!
  • 9. Adaptive Evolution Natural Selection = Editing The finches of The Galapagos Islands: The original finch developed into 14 different species. What was the cause for the offshoots?
  • 10. Darwinism Meets Genetics A population is the smallest unit of evolution. Natural selection acts on individuals. However the evolutionary impact of natural selection is only apparent in tracking how a population changes over time. Population Genetics emphasizes the extensive genetic variation within populations and tracks the genetic make-up of populations over time. Not all variation in a population is inheritable. Only the genetic component of variation is relevant to natural selection. Many variable traits in a population result from the combined effect of several genes. Polymorphism
  • 11. Analyzing Gene Pools A Gene pool consists of all alleles (different forms a gene may have for a trait) in all the individuals making up a population. A reservoir for the next generation’s genes. Recall: Homozygous (RR) and Heterozygous (Rr) Dominant and Recessive (rr) Hardy Weinberg Formula (1908) Helps to calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the frequencies of alleles and vice versa. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = RR pq = Rr q = rr
  • 12. Practice Using The Hardy-Weinberg Formula p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = 0.6 q = 0.4 What are the genotypic frequencies of their offspring? 0.36 + 2(0.24) + 0.16 = 1 36% RR 48% Rr 16% rr
  • 13. Microevolution 1. Genetic Drift Def: A change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance. The best measure of Darwinian fitness is the number of fertile offspring an individual leaves.
  • 14. Genetic equilibrium- allele frequencies remain constant. To maintain equilibrium… Random mating Population must be very large No immigration or emmigration No mutations No natural selection
  • 15. Types of Genetic Drift a. The Bottleneck Effect An event that usually reduces the overall genetic variability in a population. b. The Founder Effect Genetic Drift in a new colony i.e. The Galapagos Islands
  • 16. Microevolution Cont. 2. Gene Flow Def: The genetic exchange with another population. 3. Mutations A change in an organism’s DNA sequence. Ultimate source of genetic variability. 4. Natural Selection Directional Selection (selecting in favor of an extreme phenotype) Disruptive (Diversifying) Selection (leads to a balance between two or more contrasting phenotypic forms) Stabilizing Selection (maintains variation in a narrow range)
  • 17.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. Zygote: fertilized egg
  • 23. Pre-zygotic (factors that impede mating between species or hinder fertilization of eggs if mating is attempted)
  • 24.
  • 25. Mechanisms of Speciation Allopatric Speciation A population forms a new species while geographically isolated from its parent population. Sympatric Speciation A small population becomes a new species in the midst of a parent population
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28. Notice how the hybrid bread wheat has a set of chromosomes from each of its ancestors: T. monococcum (AA), Triticum (BB), T. turgidum (AA BB), T. tauschii (DD) What can you notice about T. aestivum that might make it a good hybrid and the most important wheat species today?
  • 29. Relative Dating:Fossil Record Fossils chronologically ordered in rock layers
  • 31.
  • 33. Meteor of this size would have lowered the temperature of Earth due to the blocking of the sun by atmospheric dust. Theory: 65 million years ago a catastrophic event occurred killing off the dinosaurs and about ½ of the species inhabiting the Earth in a 10 million year time span.
  • 34. The Origin of Life Stage 1: Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers Amino Acids Chains of nucleotides Chains of DNA bases Chains of RNA bases Building blocks of protein Sugars Lipids ATP
  • 35. The Origin of Life Stage 2: Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers Monomers, such as amino acids, spontaneously fused together to form proteins.
  • 36. The Origin of Life Stage 3: Origin of Self-Replicating Molecules inheritance Ribozyme: catalytic RNA used to fuel RNA replication
  • 37. The Origin of Life Stage 4: Formation of Pre-cells Molecular packages with some properties of life. The gap between pre-cells and true cells is enormous! Natural Selection
  • 38. The origin of eukaryotic cells Endosymbiotic Theory Membrane bound nuclear material Organelles More complex than prokaryotic cells Ancestors to fungi, plants and animals
  • 39. Concept Map Section 17-2 Evolution of Life Early Earth was hot; atmosphere contained poisonous gases. Earth cooled and oceans condensed. Simple organic molecules may have formed in the oceans.. Small sequences of RNA may have formed and replicated. First prokaryotes may have formed when RNA or DNA was enclosed in microspheres. Later prokaryotes were photosynthetic and produced oxygen. An oxygenated atmosphere capped by the ozone layer protected Earth. First eukaryotes may have been communities of prokaryotes. Multicellular eukaryotes evolved. Sexual reproduction increased genetic variability, hastening evolution.
  • 40. Convergent Evolution Process by which unrelated animals come to look like each other. Dolphin Penguin Shark
  • 41. Tempo of Evolution Spurts of relatively rapid change Slow adaptations
  • 42. Unrelated Related Intense environmental pressure Similar environments Inter-relationshiops Small populations Different environments Convergent evolution Punctuated equilibrium Adaptive radiation Coevolution Extinction Flowchart Section 17-4 Species that are in under under form in in can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo
  • 43. Classifying the Diversity of Life Systematics Reconstructing evolutionary history Radioactive dating = tool The study of biological diversity: past and present Taxonomy Identification, naming and classification of species Pioneer: Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Binomial Nomenclature Homo sapien
  • 44. Hierarchical Classification Which step is more specific? Class or Genus? How is Domain Eukarya different from Bacteria and Archaea?
  • 45.
  • 46. Tree is based on homologous structures, NOT analogous.
  • 47.
  • 48. 6 Kingdoms vs. 3 Domains Archaea-bacteria Eubacteria ?