This presentation is mainly about animal behavior topics, Altruism, Kin Selecetion, reciprocal altruism, and Hamilton's rule.

1. INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL TRIBAL
UNIVERSITY, AMARKANTAK
TOPIC – ALTRUISM, RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM
ANDKIN SELECTION
PRESENTED BY – KULDEEP GAULIYA
CLASS – BSc. V SEM.
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
ENR. NO. - 16014011
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2. We will discuss about -
 Altruism And Altruistic Behaviour In
animals
 Kin Selection
 Hamilton’s rule
 Reciprocal Altruism

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4. WHAT DOES ALTRUISM
MEANS ?
 Simply its the interaction between the animals in which an animal benefits others
at a cost to itself.
 It can also be defined as the sacrifices of owns wellbeing for benefit of others.
 The term altruism was coined by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in
French, as altruisme, for an antonym of egoism. He derived it from an Italian altrui,
which in turn was derived from Latin alteri, meaning "other people" or
"somebody else".
 Simply the altruism is the action performed by an individual to benefit others
without any intention of selfishness
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5. CONTINUE -
 For an altruistic act to be performed there should be at least two individuals, one
who performs the altruistic act and another who receives the benefit.
 As the altruist and receiver are the two main components of the altruism, the whole
set of action depends upon them.
 Altruism is the opposite of what we normally think about evolution, which is
survival of the fittest. Means generally the altruism apposes Survival of The Fittest
concept which has been described in The Theory Of Natural Selection as proposed by
Charles Darwin in 1859.
 The survival of the fittest explains that the individual who is fittest or make itself
fit to the nature will survive but in contrast the altruistic behavior reduces the
chances of survival of an individual.
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6. IMAGES SHOWING ALTRUISTIC
BEHAVIOR IN ANIMALS...
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7. CONTIUE...
 There are still several scientists who did not accept the animals really behave
altruistically.
 According to them pure altruism never exist in nature. There must be a short of
selfishness and no one will will to reduce its own chances of survival.
 EXAMPLES –
1. Vervet monkeys give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys of the presence
of predators, even though in doing so they attract attention to themselves,
increasing their personal chance of being attacked.
2. Wolves and wild dogs bring meat back to members of the group not
present at the kill.
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8. CONDITIONS OF ALTRUISM
 There are certain conditions which should be fulfilled –
1. The altruistic behavior should not depend upon the recipient.
2. The reproductive fitness of recipient must be elevated by the performed
action.
3. The fitness of altruist must be decreased.
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9. Kin selection
 Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive
success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own
survival and reproduction.
 Charles Darwin was the to discuss the concept of kin selection in his
book The Origin Of Species.
 John Maynard Smith may have coined the actual term "kin selection" in
1964.
 Actually the word KIN means Closed Blood Relatives or Relatives.
 When an individual benefits another individual
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10. CONTINUE….
 In 1955 the famous scientist of ethology and molecular biology J.B.S. Haldan
explains about kin selection , he says -
 Let us suppose that you carry a rare gene that affects your behavior so that you jump
into a flooded river and save a child, but you have one chance in ten of being
drowned, while I do not possess the gene, and stand on the bank and watch the child
drown.
 If the child's your own child or your brother or sister, there is an even chance that this
child will also have this gene, so five genes will be saved in children for one lost in an
adult.
 If you save a grandchild or a nephew, the advantage is only two and a half to one. If
you only save a first cousin, the effect is very slight. It is clear that genes making for
conduct of this kind would only have a chance of spreading in rather small
populations when most of the children were fairly near relatives of the man who
risked his life.
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11. Continue...
 So from the Halden’s explanation it is clear that the one who performs the
altruistic act decreases its own fitness and increases others which is against the
theory of natural selection but by saving the close relative ones increases the
chances of spreading its own gene when the individual who has been saved will
reproduce.
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12. HAMILTON’S RULE....
 W D Hamilton was a English Evolutionary Biologist. Hamilton is known for his
excellent work in proving existence of altruism, kin selection, and Hamilton rule.
 W D Hamilton explains the altruistic acts In terms of his theory of inclusive fitness
which according to which, when measuring the fitness of a trait of an individual,
we must take into the consideration the effect of that trait on fitness of other
individuals as well as who performs the behavior.
 The Hamilton's rule was published in 19964, which states that, kin selection causes
genes to increase in frequency when the genetic relatedness of a recipient to an
actor multiplied by the benefit to the recipient is greater than the reproductive cost
to the actor.
 rB > C is mathematical from of Hamilton's rule.
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13. CONTINUE…
 Where,
r = the genetic relatedness of the recipient to the actor
B = the benefit gained by the recipient
C = the cost incurred by altruist.
 Here r can can be said to be the measure for the probability that any given allele
is shared by any two individuals.
 Greater r, so more closely and hence greater altruistic behavior.
 e.g. in communities of some monkeys the favour each other, but that with
relatives more distant than half – siblings, this bias drops significantly.
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14. RECIPROCALALTRUISM
 The theory of reciprocal altruism was given by R L Triver. It explains the cases
of altruism among unrelated organisms including numbers of different species.
Some animals behave altruiscally towards others who are not related .
 When an individual is helped or benefitted by other individual and in future the
recipient helps the altruist or returns the benefit when needed is known as
reciprocal altruism.
 Example – Cleaner fish
The host fish allows the cleaner fish free entrance and exit and does not eat the
cleaner, even after the cleaning is done. The host signals the cleaner it is about to
depart the cleaner's locality, even when the cleaner is not in its body. The host
sometimes chases off possible dangers to the cleaner.
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15. CONTINUE…..
 The concept is close to the strategy of “tit for tat" used in game theory.
 Individuals who are involved in reciprocal altruism should interact with each
other more than once and should have the ability to recognize the other
individual with whom they had interacted in the past.
 This type of altruistic behavior is mostly seen in the small group of animals
where the chances of being interact is greater.
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16. REFERANCES -
 "altruism (n .)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
 [P.J.Darlington, Jr. Altruism: Its characteristics and evolution, Nov. 3 1997].
 Cheney, D. L.; Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another
species. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10246-7.
 Jump up to: Stephens, C. (1996). "Modelling Reciprocal Altruism". British Journal for the Philosophy of
Science. 47 (4): 533–551. doi:10.1093/bjps/47.4.533.
 Wikipedia
 Trivers, R.L. (1971). "The evolution of reciprocal altruism". Quarterly Review of Biology. 46: 35–57.
doi:10.1086/406755.
 Hamilton (1964). "The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7.
doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6.
 Dawkins, Richard (2006). The Selfish Gene (30th Anniversary ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-929114-4.
 Google.
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17. THANK YOU…
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