The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a set of rules that governs the scientific names of animals. It aims to promote stability and order in animal taxonomy. The ICZN originated from rules developed in the 19th century and was formally established in 1961. It consists of principles, rules, and recommendations for naming taxa and determining priority of scientific names according to date of publication. The ICZN seeks to ensure each taxon has a unique and distinct scientific name.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature )Al Nahian Avro
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
Cytotaxonomy, And it's Procedure with special reference to evolution in primates.
This PPT is free for all..
Students can download it easily
It comprises of Cytotaxonomy, It's Procedure
And it's Significance with special reference to evolution in primates (Man and Chimpanzee).
For my Doc's, Material on Zoology..
Click on my website and download all Material easily..
Regards:
Ishtiyaq Mir
MSc Zoology
Kashmir,193201.
My specialization is on Biodiversity and Conservation, It's Management
Ecology and Environment
Invertebrates Diversity
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species.There are few mechanisms through which this process can be well understood.
Classical and molecular taxonomic parameters, species concept, systematic gradation of animals, nomenclature, modern scheme of animal classification into sub-Kingdom, division, section, phyla and minor phyla
ICZN (International Code for Zoological Nomenclature)
Biosystematics and Taxonomy
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
Cytotaxonomy, And it's Procedure with special reference to evolution in primates.
This PPT is free for all..
Students can download it easily
It comprises of Cytotaxonomy, It's Procedure
And it's Significance with special reference to evolution in primates (Man and Chimpanzee).
For my Doc's, Material on Zoology..
Click on my website and download all Material easily..
Regards:
Ishtiyaq Mir
MSc Zoology
Kashmir,193201.
My specialization is on Biodiversity and Conservation, It's Management
Ecology and Environment
Invertebrates Diversity
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species.There are few mechanisms through which this process can be well understood.
Classical and molecular taxonomic parameters, species concept, systematic gradation of animals, nomenclature, modern scheme of animal classification into sub-Kingdom, division, section, phyla and minor phyla
ICZN (International Code for Zoological Nomenclature)
Biosystematics and Taxonomy
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
This PPT offers a bird's eye view of ICBN and its different rules along with regulations for the naming of plants. It also highlights the history of IBC and its contribution to plant taxonomy.
Taxonomic is very essential for naming of fungi and fungi like organism are included in easy understandable manner, so it will be very easy to understand for beginners
Introduction to Zoological Nomenclature (Part 1). Approximately 1 hour, 38 slides, in English. By Jerry Hooker, Dep't of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. WHAT IS ICZN?
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that
rules the formal scientific names of organisms treated as
animals.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
consists of a pack of rules and recommendations that
govern the scientific names of animals.
These rules and recommendations are designed to
promote stability and order in animal taxonomy and
to ensure that each animal's name is unique.
3. Nomenclature comes from a Latin word meaning "the assigning of names."
The system of providing organisms with appropriate and distinct names is called nomenclature.
The principles of naming vary from the relatively informal convection of everyday speech to the
internationally agreed principles, rules and recommendations that govern the formation and use
of the special terms used in scientific and any other disciplines.
The Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature was established in the 1750s by Carlos .
What is nomenclature ?
5. Linnaeus was the first to mention a sets of rules of nomenclature in his
book “Critica Botanica” (1737) and “Philosophica Botanica” (1751).
During 19th century more and more new sets of rules originated in
different countries.
So, to have an International Code, Professor Blancherd prepared a sets of rules, which
were presented at the 1st “International Congress of Zoology” held in 1889 in Paris,
but accepted only in the 2nd “International Congress of Zoology”, Moscow, 1892.
Later after a revision a final draft was prepared and circulated to the “International
Commission of Zoological Nomenclature”, on 11th January 1961.
It was approved by the Commission and formally accepted as the “International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature” and published by “International Trust for
Zoological Nomenclature”, London 1961.
ORIGIN OF ICZN:
6. PRINCIPLES
According to this principle, the scientific name of a species is a combination of two
names. The name of the species is composed of Generic name and Specific name.
2. PRINCIPLE OF PRIORITY:
PRINCIPLE OF BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE:
1.
According to this principle the correct formed scientific name of a species is the
first or oldest available valid name.
The oldest published name is considered to be the valid name of the taxon, provided
that the name is not invalidated by any provision of code or by any ruling of the
commission.
This Principle of Priority is applied only to the names published after 01.01.1758.
The Principle of Priority also provides that every name must have its authorship,
since priority doesn't apply to anonymously published names.
7. Citation indicates who published the name; in what publication; with the
In taxonomy, it is generally conventional for the species to have the
In citing the name of an author, the surname is given in full;not
Date (year) of publication is also added, if desired with a comma
Author's name without parenthesis means that the species
AUTHORSHIP:
date of the publication.
name of person as a suffix (who first described the species).
abbreviated.
between author and date (the comma is not prescribed under the code).
Eg: Balaena mysticetus Linneaus,1758 (Bowhead whale) described by
Linneaus.
remains in the genus originally used by the author who described it for
the first time.
8. The use of paranthesis is required when the species is transferred from one
genus to the other.
It is retaining its original author and date.
It is also called New combination.
The use of square bracket denotes the original anonymity.
It is used to include the statement of misidentification.
3. USE OF PARANTHESIS:
Eg: Hemilea Bipars (Walker) Hardy 1959.
4. USE OF SQUARE BRACKET:
9. According to this principle, when a new name is established for a taxa, it
automatically establishes all corresponding names in relevant ranks.
5. PRINCIPLE OF COORDINATION:
Eg: Giraffa camelopardalis Linneaus,1758 also establishes subspecies. The same
applies to the name of a subspecies, this establishes the corresponding species
name.
6. USE OF SUFFIXES:
If the species names are framed after any person’s name, the endings of the species
are i, ii and ae, or if the species name are framed after geographical place, the
endings of the species are ‘ensis’ & ‘iensis’.
11. A tautonym is a scientific name of a species in which both parts of the name
have the same spelling, such as Rattus rattus.
It is a binomial name in which the genus and the species are given the same
name.
Synonyms are the different names for a same animal or a taxon (species or
genus).
If the several scientific names are given to a single animal by different
scientists, the senior-most name is selected by law of priority.
6. TAUTONYMS:
Eg: The species of gorilla whose scientific name is Gorilla gorilla & Iguana
iguana is another example of a tautonym.
7. SYNONYMS:
12. The senior-most or earliest name is called senior synonym and is considered
as valid species and the rest of the names are called junior synonyms and are
treated as invalid species.
The leopard cat was named Felis bengalensis by Kerr and the same animal was
named by Gray, Felis chinensis. Again this animal was named as Prionailurus
bengalensis by Kerr. So the first name is Senior synonym and valid and the
rest names are junior synonyms and are invalid.
The selection of the proper name applicable to the taxon is done through " Law
of Priority"
2 TYPES OF SYNONYMS -
1. Subjective synonyms: The synonymy is open to taxonomic judgement.
2. Objective synonyms: It refers to taxa with the same type and same rank.
13. Homonyms applies when identical names are given to two or more different
taxa.
According to the zoological code when two or more homonyms are found,
the seniormost (oldest) homonym is used and the junior most homonyms
are replaced with new names.
8. HOMONYMY:
Eg: Cuvier proposed the genus Echidna in 1797 for the spiny anteater.
Forster had already published the name Echidna in 1777 for a genus of
moray eels.
14. RULES OF ICZN
When we are writing the scientific names it is necessary to follow certain
International rules which are:
1. The scientific name (Genus name, Species name and Subspecies
name) should be written or printed in Italics.
2. The genus name or generic name must start with the capital letter.
3. The species name or the specific name must start with the small
letter.
4. The generic name should be followed by the specific name.
15. 5. In case different scientists have named the same genus or species differently,
the names which are published first are accepted.
6. A family name is formed by suffix-IDEA to the name of the genus and the
name of the sub family is formed by suffix-INAE.
PARTS OF ICZN:
(i) The Code proper,
(ii) The Appendices and
(iii) The Official glossary.
- The code proper includes a preamble followed by 90 articles which cover
mandatory rules without any explanation.
- There are three Appendices, of which the first two cover the status of
recommendations and the third part of the Appendices is the constitution
16. The objects of the Code are to promote stability and universality in the
scientific names of animals and to ensure that the name of each taxon is
unique and distinct.
All its provisions and recommendations are subservient to those ends and
none restricts the freedom of taxonomic thought or actions.
The Commission currently comprises 26 members from 20 countries.
The work of the Commission is supported by a small Secretariat based at the
Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum in Singapore.
of the commission.
- The glossary contains the terms used in the codes with detailed definition.
SIGNIFICANCE:
17. ICZN publishes the International Code Of Zoological Nomenclature
containing the rules which are universally accepted as governing the
application of scientific names to all organisms which are treated as
animals.
ICZN provides rulings on individual nomenclatural problems & brought to
its attention, in order to achieve internationally acceptable solutions and
stability.
These rulings are published as 'Opinions' in the Bulletin of Zoological
nomenclature.
The Commission operates in two main ways:
18. THANK YOU
E N S U R E A U N I Q U E S C I E N T I F I C N A M E F O R E A C H T A X O N