These slides deals with another primary skill in linguistics. Why we write and what is purpose of writing..What are the process in which people write. and how we analyse it...and most importantly what are the types in writing and their exercises.

2. Writing Skills
The Purpose of
Writing
The Process of
Writing
Analysis of
Writing Skill
Types of
Composition
How to Improve
Writing Skills

3. 
The Purpose of Writing
What is Writing ?
 A visual representation
of Speech
What is Speech?
 An expression by
articulate Sounds
Modes of Communications
Written and Oral
Both are used in different situations
And
Serve different social functions

4. The Process of Writing
• Psycho-motor Ability to Form the
Letters of the AlphabetManipulation
• Ability to Write Letters into Words ,
Words into Phrases and SentencesStructuring
• Ability to select appropriate structures
and vocabulary, keeping in view the
subject-matter and the reader
Communication

5. Analysis of the Skill of
Writing

7. What is Guided Composition?
A Guided Composition is that composition, “from where one can
take help”.
 Guided Composition can be applicable in very early classes at
school level.
 In guided composition pupils are supplied with all the necessary
structures and vocabulary together with the thoughts and ideas to
be expressed.
 In this type of composition the teacher guides the pupils as what to
write and how to write.
 At school stage most the composition should be of guided type.
 In early stages a rigid control is maintained which is progressively
relaxed at the later stage.
Guided Composition

8. 
 Writing from Substitution Tables
( Tables are based on various instances of sentence structure, enabling students to
select different lexical items i.e. Words. Also gives practice in the use of Simple Present
Tense )
 Writing from the Black/Whiteboard
( Help students to learn correct spellings and Punctuation )
 Filling in the Blanks
( Help students to learn the use of Articles, Prepositions, Pronouns, Conjunctions,
etc…)
 Arranging Jumbled Sentences
( Help students to learn the correct sequence of events )
Exercises in Guided Composition

9. 
 Writing Parallel Sentences
( Enable students to use given sentence structure in different context )
 Transforming Paragraphs
( To change the Tense of a paragraph from Present to Past and vice-versa )
 Strip Story Method
( Dividing a short story into Strips or Sentences )
 Questo-Comp
( A composition based on upon the answers to the questions )
 Precise – Writing
( Students have to use their own construction for answers to the questions)

10. What is Free Composition?
A Composition in which students are free to make use of
any structures and vocabulary items.
 It does not put any restriction on the students for using
language items
 Free Composition is suitable for seniors classes only as
students have sufficient command over structure and
vocabulary items
 In free composition pupils are supplied only with the title
and every thing else is done by the students
Free Composition

11. Exercises in Free Composition
Creativity
Book Review
Report Writing
Essay Writing
Story Writing
Letter Writing
Paragraph Writing

12. 
The exercise which students are generally asked to write in
schools and colleges are ….
 Paragraph-writing
 Letter-writing
 Story-writing
 Essay-writing
EXERCISES IN FREE
COMPOSITION

13. 
A paragraph is a group of sentences dealing with one main
idea or theme. It is a single unit of thought. It is an essay in
miniature.
The essentials of a good paragraph are ….
 Unity
 Key sentence
 Order
 Variety
PARAGRAPH-WRITING

14. 
The art of letter-writing is of practical value in life as every-one
has to write letters to parents, relatives, friends or others.
Kinds of Letters …….
Personal / Private letters Business letters
LETTER-WRITING
• Letters to Relatives
• Friendly Letters
• Notes of Invitation
• Letters of Application
• Official Letters
• Letters to Newspapers

15. 
 Stories may be developed with the help of appropriate pictures
or outlines.
 The teacher should tell the students some important points
regarding the writing of stories.
 The story is written in the past tense
 It is divided into suitable paragraphs
 The outline should be faithfully followed
 Dialogues, wherever possible, should be introduced
 They should be natural, interesting and lively
 There should be no unnecessary details and repetition
STORY-WRITING

16. 
An essay is a written composition giving expression to one’s
personal ideas or opinions on a subject.
 The students should be told to jot down their ideas on a
particular topic.
 They should then arrange the points in a logical order.
 The essay should be divided into paragraphs.
 Each paragraph should deal with one main head.
 The paragraphs should be related to one another.
ESSAY-WRITING

17. 1: Proper techniques of teaching
 Topic should be discussed
 Student responses should be appreciated
 Oral composition must precede the written one
2: Sufficient work in guided composition
 Student will acquire mastery over the structure of English
by paying attention towards the guided composition.
3: Right choice of topics
 Topics should be:
 According to the level of the class
 Within the range of the experiences of student
 Concrete rather than abstract
SUGGESTIONS FOR
WRITING SKILLS

18. 
4: Encouragement of individuality
 Student writings/comprehensions should be encouraged
 Students should be appreciated on all levels
5: Preparation of second draft
Students should be asked to prepare a second draft that:
 Enables them to correct mistakes in the structure, words
and spelling
 Enables them to use linker (conjunction)
 Enables them to reconstruct the idea in their second
revision
6: Correction Work and Follow-up
 Students should read their work before submitting to
teacher
 Teacher should point out mistakes, if he/she found any,
and make sure students have understood the correct form
 Follow-up work includes written practice by students on
the corrected forms

19. Dictation is a tool to TEST pupils' spelling of difficult words and their
ability to understand language’s structural pattern.
Value of Dictation
 Improves the aural-comprehension of students
 Helps the students distinguish between sentences and phrases
 Provide practice to understand spellings and sentence pattern
 Provide practice to increase writing speed
 Provide practice in the use of capital letters and marks of punctuation
Dictation

20. 
 Spellings in English language are very irregular and
present a serious hurdle to the foreign language
students
 The English people are conventional in the use of
spellings
 The Americans have succeeded somehow in
reforming spelling problems
 The ability to spell correctly is the indication of an
observant reader and cautious writer
English Spelling

21. There is no correspondence between spelling and sound in English Language.
Sometimes spelling is the same but pronunciation is different.
e.g. great and cheat, put and but
At other times sound is the same but spelling is different.
e.g. write and right, deer and dear.
The Phenomenon of silent letters in words like calm and palm baffles our
students who are not used to it in their mother tongue.
 Over-emphasis on oral work has resulted in the loss of spellings.
 The teachers do not pay special attention to the teaching of spellings and
adopt no effective measures to impress upon the form of the words.
 The students don’t concentrate themselves on the form of the words. No
amount of note-learning would prove to be of any use unless they focus
their attention on the form of words.
Causes of Poor Spellings

22. 1. Copying
2. Delayed Copying
3. Focusing the Trouble spots
4. Use of Mnemonics
(devices which helps us to remember something e.g.
VIBGYOR : to remember names of the colors of rainbow)
DEVICES FOR TEACHING
SPELLING

23. 
THANKS FOR YOUR
PATIENCE