This document discusses various aspects of effective speaking. It covers topics like psycholinguistics, the four language skills, aspects that impact speaking like context and purpose, vocal production elements like volume and clarity, barriers to speaking like perceptual and emotional barriers, and techniques to improve speaking like commanding the topic, analyzing the audience and context, and feeling confident.

2.  Psycholinguistics studies the psychological
underpinnings of language. Focuses on
acquisition, storage, comprehension and
production of language .

3.  A skill is the learned ability to carry out a task with pre-determined
results often within a given amount of time ,
energy or both
 In other words the abilities that one posses(4 skills) i.e
1) Listening
2) Speaking
3) Reading
4) Writing

4.  Speaking is described as an interactive process of
constructing meaning that involves producing ,
receiving and processing information .
 Speaking depends on the context or the situation,
context include the physical environment.
 The purposes for speaking is more often spontaneous,
open-ended and evolving.

5.  To clarify thinking and for learning
 Use task to express and share feelings, ideas and opinions
 Use talk to build relationships
 Speak to describe( e.g a person or place)
 Speak to narrate( e.g an incident from own experience)
 Speak to explain, report and inform
 Speak to influence and persuade
 Speaking is perhaps the most important purpose of language. Illiterate
people may not know how to read and write but they must know how
to speak

6. There are four aspects of effective learning which
are as follows :-
 Accents
 Finding your voice
 The effect of breath on voice and speech
 Vocal production

7.  Regional and ethnic accents are positive; they are part
of individual personality. Gradually over the years,
through the migration of people and exposure to the
media accent are being broken down and neutralized.
 In some ways this is a shame because accents can add
a dimension and distinctiveness the voice and
emphasize individuality .

8.  It's important to get used to the sound of your own voice.
 Read your document silently first, then read it aloud in your normal speaking
voice.
 Don't worry if you stumble or fatter, just pick up and continue to the end.
 Now read it a third time, recording your voice if possible and remember:
• Slowdown(because speeding up also occurs when you are nervous and
usually makes you more difficult to understand)
• Keep your head(hold your book higher and project your voice)
• Pause occasionally(let the end of a sentence or the end of a paragraph give
you a chance of a small, two or three second rest)

9.  When under stress an individual's breathing pattern
will change.
 When your muscles are tense you cannot use your
lungs to their full capacity, when a person is frightened
or nervous, a common symptom is tension in the neck
and shoulders.
 Plenty of air is inhaled, but with fast breathing there is
not enough time to exhale and relax .

10.  The following three core elements of vocal production
need to be understood for anyone wishing to become
an effective speaker:
 VOLUME-to be heard
 CLARITY-to be understood
 VARIETY-to add interest

11.  This is not a question of treating the voice like the
volume control on the T.V remote.
 Some people have naturally soft voice and
physically cannot bellow.
 Additionally, if the voice is raised too much, tonal
quality is lost .

12.  Some people tend to speak through clenched teeth
and with little movement of their lips.
 To have good articulation it is important to unclench
the jaws, open the mouth and give full benefit to each
sound you make, paying particular attention to the
ends of words.
 This is will also help your audience as a certain
amount of lip-reading will be possible.

13. It includes:
 PACE( speed at which you talk; if it is too fast then the listeners
will not have time to assimilate what is being said. Pace is
quickening up at times and then slowing down).
 VOLUME(by raising or lowering volume occasionally, you can
create emphasis ).
 PAUSE( pauses are powerful. They can be used for effect to
highlight the preceding statement or to gain attention before an
important message. Pauses mean silence for a few seconds).

14. There are three type of barriers :
• Perceptual Barriers:
• Emotional Barriers:
• Gender Barriers:

15.  Perceptual Barriers:
The problem with speaking to others is that we all see the world
differently.
 Emotional Barriers:
One of the chief barriers to open and free speaking is the emotional
barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion.

16.  Gender Barriers:
There is a difference of speech patterns in a man and those in a
woman. A woman speaks between 22000 and 25000 words a
day where as a man speaks between 7000 and 10,000.

17. These are following techniques to improve speaking:
 COMMAND OVER THE TOPIC:
The first thing that makes our speech effective is the enough
knowledge of the subject we are going to present.
 ANALYSE THE AUDIENCE:
We must consider the level of our listeners. We should know their
interests, needs and language level. In this way, we would be able
to persuade them.

18.  ANALYSE THE CONTEXT:
Context(environment) guides us in selecting what to speak and what
not to speak. We should consider the event for our speech.
 ORGANIZE THE MATERIAL:
To have enough knowledge of the topic is not sufficient. We should
organize the material so that it would work effectively.

19.  PRONUNCIATION, GRAMMER,VOCABULARY:
Our pronunciation , knowledge of grammar, vocabulary and choice of
words should be apt.
 CLARITY IN PRESENTATION:
We should not mix up the words. We should be very clear in our speech. The
tone of our speech should be effective.
 EYE CONTACT:
We should not see in the space of the hall or above the heads of the
listeners. Some people look at the walls while speaking to the audience. It is
not a good habit.

20.  FEEL CONFIDENT:
We should feel confident. Moreover, we should think that we have
more knowledge than our audience. For effective formal speech, we
should use notes and dais as well.
 USE NON-VERBAL CLUES:
We should also support our speech with non-verbal clues. Use of
body language is very important in making our speech effective.