Speaking involves the vocalized production of language in real time through the use of the speech organs. It is the hardest of the four language skills due to the limited time for planning. Speaking requires conceptualizing ideas, formulating them syntactically and lexically, articulating sounds, self-monitoring, and employing fluency strategies like pausing, fillers and prefabricated language chunks. Fluency depends on factors like speech rate, length of pauses, and use of fillers. Successful speaking also requires turn-taking skills and knowledge of genres, contexts, and social relationships.
It is a presentation on different strategies to be used for developing speaking skill in school students- what is speaking-what is speaking skill-benefits of speaking skill- how to speak in English language-
This presentation defines the term speaking and speaking skills. Also it contains some description of key speaking skills which every speaker should have.
It is a presentation on different strategies to be used for developing speaking skill in school students- what is speaking-what is speaking skill-benefits of speaking skill- how to speak in English language-
This presentation defines the term speaking and speaking skills. Also it contains some description of key speaking skills which every speaker should have.
This ppt. is all about the speaking skills along with the barriers that we faced during the speaking and how we can speak in public and what are the postures and gestures we should used during the speaking in public.
This presentation takes into account the reasons for developing reading and listening exercises in an EFL language classroom. It presents the types of reading and listening activities for language teaching and the main considerations to develop materials for these two language skills.
in these slides you will find presentation on writing skills,
which in includes introduction of writing skills , some quotes on writing skills of famous writers , how to improve writing skills , usage of writing skills in modern age and etc.
Listening to customers has always been at the core of successful businesses…but Today listening at scale across the social Web provides opportunities to move beyond simply understanding…it also poses some significant challenges. Listening across the social Web can serve to inform and engage your business in new ways to create and nurture new, or further strengthen existing, customer relationships
Teaching Speaking
Many language learners regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spoken communication.
Language learners need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge:
Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the right order with the correct pronunciation
Functions (transaction and interaction): Knowing when clarity of message is essential (transaction/information exchange) and when precise understanding is not required (interaction/relationship building)
Social and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses between speakers, relative roles of participants): Understanding how to take into account who is speaking to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason.
In the communicative model of language teaching, instructors help their students develop this body of knowledge by providing authentic practice that prepares students for real-life communication situations. They help their students develop the ability to produce grammatically correct, logically connected sentences that are appropriate to specific contexts, and to do so using acceptable (that is, comprehensible) pronunciation.
More informaton : http://www.nclrc.org/essentials/speaking/spindex.htm
This ppt. is all about the speaking skills along with the barriers that we faced during the speaking and how we can speak in public and what are the postures and gestures we should used during the speaking in public.
This presentation takes into account the reasons for developing reading and listening exercises in an EFL language classroom. It presents the types of reading and listening activities for language teaching and the main considerations to develop materials for these two language skills.
in these slides you will find presentation on writing skills,
which in includes introduction of writing skills , some quotes on writing skills of famous writers , how to improve writing skills , usage of writing skills in modern age and etc.
Listening to customers has always been at the core of successful businesses…but Today listening at scale across the social Web provides opportunities to move beyond simply understanding…it also poses some significant challenges. Listening across the social Web can serve to inform and engage your business in new ways to create and nurture new, or further strengthen existing, customer relationships
Teaching Speaking
Many language learners regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spoken communication.
Language learners need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge:
Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the right order with the correct pronunciation
Functions (transaction and interaction): Knowing when clarity of message is essential (transaction/information exchange) and when precise understanding is not required (interaction/relationship building)
Social and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses between speakers, relative roles of participants): Understanding how to take into account who is speaking to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason.
In the communicative model of language teaching, instructors help their students develop this body of knowledge by providing authentic practice that prepares students for real-life communication situations. They help their students develop the ability to produce grammatically correct, logically connected sentences that are appropriate to specific contexts, and to do so using acceptable (that is, comprehensible) pronunciation.
More informaton : http://www.nclrc.org/essentials/speaking/spindex.htm
mengalami gangguan kelancaran berbicara (gagap) adalah seseorang yang memiliki
gangguan kelancaran berbicara yang terjadi akibat dari perasaan
kekhawatiran/kecemasan yang sangat tinggi saat hendak berbicara dengan lawan
bicaranya, sehingga orang tersebut merasa kesulitan untuk mengungkapkan apa
yang hendak ia bicarakan kepada lawan bicaranya, akibatnya ia berbicara dengan
tersendat-sendat, mengulang-ulang ucapanya, dan mendadak berhenti untuk
menyelesaikan apa yang hendak ia ucapkan.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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2. What is Speaking?
• Speech is the vocalized form of human
communication
• Speech production takes places in real time
and it is linear, i.e. utterance by utterance.
• Planning is severly limited, therefore, it is the
hardest of all four skills.
4. ! Note that:
• In English, utterances tend to have a two-part
structure:
Topic + comment
5. Articulation
• It involves the use of the organs of speech to
produce sounds.
• Sounds are produced in a continuous stream,
some sounds merge with others. Handbag,
baked beans
• Continual changes in loudness, pitch direction,
tempo and pausing serve to organize the
sounds into meaninful words and utterances.
• Proficients speakers produce 15 phonemes a
second.
6. Self-monitoring & repair
• It is a process that happens concurrently with
the stages of conceptualization, formulation
and articulation.
• Self-monitoring may result in a slowing down,
pausing and backtracking or rephrasing of an
utterance.
9. ! Note that:
Being under pressure or tired will affect a
speaker’s performance
10. ! Note that:
• Speaking is like any other skill such as driving
or playing a musical instrument: the more you
practice, the more likely you are to be able to
chunk small units into larger ones.
11. Fluency
• Is fluency the ability to speak fast?
• It’s not only about speed, but pausing is
equally important.
• However, frequent pausing is a sure sign of a
struggling speaker.
• Natural sounding pauses| are those that occur
at the ontersection of clauses, | or after groups
of words that form a meaningful unit.|
12. Fluency
Another factor in the
perception of fluency is the
lenght of the run (number of
syllables between pauses)
Race-callers and auctioners
rather than constructing
from scratch,use
prefabricated chunks
Pause fillers: uh, um, er
Repeats
• Long runs
• Use of
prefabricated
chunks
• Production
strategies
13. Interaction and turn-taking
• Sometimes, a face-to-face dialogue is involved
in speaking.
• Turn-taking is negotiated because speakers
are familiar with the rules and skills of turn-
taking. Two rules are to be followed:
Long silences are to be avoided
Listen when other speakers are speaking
14. Discourse markers
• That reminds me. (I’m continuing with the same topic)
• By the way… (I’m indicating a topic change)
• Well, anyway.. (I’m returning to the topic)
• Like I say… (I’m repeating what I said before)
• Yes, but.. (I’m indicating a difference of opinion)
• Yes, no I know.. (I’m indicating agreement with a negative
idea)
• Uh-huh… (I’m listening)
16. Genre knowledge
By its purpose:
• Transactional: for the purpose of conveying or exchanging
specific information
• Interpersonal: For the purpose of maintaining social
relationships
By its interaction:
• Non-inteactive or interactive
By its planning:
• Planned or unplanned
