Coral reefs occupy less than 0.1% of the ocean but are home to 25% of marine species. They are found in shallow, tropical waters between 21-29°C. The majority are located in the Indo-Pacific region. Coral reefs take thousands to millions of years to form and have a complex structure that provides habitat for many organisms. However, they are severely threatened by both natural disturbances like hurricanes and bleaching as well as numerous human activities such as pollution, development, and overfishing. Urgent action is needed to protect these fragile yet vital ecosystems.
This presentation introduces two of the main threats that climate change poses to the survival of coral reefs: ocean acidification and bleaching events due to global warming.
Growth of coral reefs is affected by both abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors that influence coral reef growth include latitude, temperature, light, salinity, turbidity, wave action, aerial exposure, and the need for a firm substrate. Biotic factors include mutualistic relationships between corals and zooxanthellae, as well as competition and predation between coral species. Both natural stresses such as storms, disease, and river runoff, as well as human impacts like pollution, sedimentation, and climate change threaten the growth and survival of coral reefs.
This document summarizes coral reef biology and threats facing coral reef ecosystems. It describes the structure and formation of coral reefs, the requirements for coral growth, and different types of reefs. Corals reproduce both sexually and asexually. While coral reefs support significant biodiversity and provide economic value, they are threatened by overfishing, pollution, coastal development, climate change, and other human impacts. Protecting coral reefs through marine protected areas is important for conserving these fragile ecosystems.
This document summarizes a presentation on climate change and coral reefs. It discusses the basics of coral biology and ecology, how climate change is the main threat to corals through coral bleaching. Local threats like nutrient pollution can also negatively impact corals by lowering their resilience and recruitment. Recent mass bleaching events in 2014-2017 have caused severe damage to coral reefs worldwide. Long term solutions to address climate change are still needed to reverse its impacts on coral reef ecosystems.
Coral reefs are important ecosystems that provide habitat for many species and economic benefits but they are globally threatened. The main threats to coral reefs are both natural disturbances like hurricanes, tsunamis and bleaching events as well as numerous human activities such as overfishing, coastal development, pollution and climate change. These human impacts compound the effects of natural stressors and put coral reefs at high risk of damage and decline worldwide.
Coral reefs require specific environmental conditions to develop, including warm temperatures between 23-25°C, shallow clear water, abundant sunlight, and low sediment levels. They are globally distributed between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, with 92% found in the Indo-Pacific region. There are three main types of reefs: fringing reefs along shorelines, barrier reefs separated from land by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding lagoons without central islands. Charles Darwin and others proposed that reef types develop over geological time as islands subside or sea levels rise, leaving different reef structures, which was supported by evidence from Dana and Daly. However,
Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues. Normally, coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with these algae, which are crucial for the health of the coral and the reef. The algae provides up to 90 percent of the coral's energy.
hen water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. This is called coral bleaching. When a coral bleaches, it is not dead. Corals can survive a bleaching event, but they are under more stress and are subject to mortality.
Coral reefs are complex ecosystems formed by coral polyps and algae. They have high biodiversity despite occupying a small area of the ocean. Coral reefs rely on a balanced trophic structure with primary producers like zooxanthellae and algae, herbivores, and top consumers. Imbalances can disrupt the ecosystem. Coral reefs face many threats including climate change, pollution, overfishing, and physical damage. Proper management is needed to protect these valuable and vulnerable ecosystems.
This presentation introduces two of the main threats that climate change poses to the survival of coral reefs: ocean acidification and bleaching events due to global warming.
Growth of coral reefs is affected by both abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors that influence coral reef growth include latitude, temperature, light, salinity, turbidity, wave action, aerial exposure, and the need for a firm substrate. Biotic factors include mutualistic relationships between corals and zooxanthellae, as well as competition and predation between coral species. Both natural stresses such as storms, disease, and river runoff, as well as human impacts like pollution, sedimentation, and climate change threaten the growth and survival of coral reefs.
This document summarizes coral reef biology and threats facing coral reef ecosystems. It describes the structure and formation of coral reefs, the requirements for coral growth, and different types of reefs. Corals reproduce both sexually and asexually. While coral reefs support significant biodiversity and provide economic value, they are threatened by overfishing, pollution, coastal development, climate change, and other human impacts. Protecting coral reefs through marine protected areas is important for conserving these fragile ecosystems.
This document summarizes a presentation on climate change and coral reefs. It discusses the basics of coral biology and ecology, how climate change is the main threat to corals through coral bleaching. Local threats like nutrient pollution can also negatively impact corals by lowering their resilience and recruitment. Recent mass bleaching events in 2014-2017 have caused severe damage to coral reefs worldwide. Long term solutions to address climate change are still needed to reverse its impacts on coral reef ecosystems.
Coral reefs are important ecosystems that provide habitat for many species and economic benefits but they are globally threatened. The main threats to coral reefs are both natural disturbances like hurricanes, tsunamis and bleaching events as well as numerous human activities such as overfishing, coastal development, pollution and climate change. These human impacts compound the effects of natural stressors and put coral reefs at high risk of damage and decline worldwide.
Coral reefs require specific environmental conditions to develop, including warm temperatures between 23-25°C, shallow clear water, abundant sunlight, and low sediment levels. They are globally distributed between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, with 92% found in the Indo-Pacific region. There are three main types of reefs: fringing reefs along shorelines, barrier reefs separated from land by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding lagoons without central islands. Charles Darwin and others proposed that reef types develop over geological time as islands subside or sea levels rise, leaving different reef structures, which was supported by evidence from Dana and Daly. However,
Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues. Normally, coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with these algae, which are crucial for the health of the coral and the reef. The algae provides up to 90 percent of the coral's energy.
hen water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. This is called coral bleaching. When a coral bleaches, it is not dead. Corals can survive a bleaching event, but they are under more stress and are subject to mortality.
Coral reefs are complex ecosystems formed by coral polyps and algae. They have high biodiversity despite occupying a small area of the ocean. Coral reefs rely on a balanced trophic structure with primary producers like zooxanthellae and algae, herbivores, and top consumers. Imbalances can disrupt the ecosystem. Coral reefs face many threats including climate change, pollution, overfishing, and physical damage. Proper management is needed to protect these valuable and vulnerable ecosystems.
This presentation is for my school assessment on global environments. I chose coral reefs. My project explains coral reefs and the geographical processes involved with it as well.
This document discusses the reproduction and larval settlement of corals. It describes that corals can reproduce both asexually through budding or sexually by releasing gametes. Sexual reproduction results in the production of planula larvae that disperse via water currents before settling on suitable substrate. Successful settlement and recruitment of coral larvae is important for the resilience of coral reefs, but larvae face many hazards during their dispersal period and environmental stresses can reduce recruitment rates.
Coral reefs are made of limestone deposited by corals and other organisms over time. Corals are small animals that live in colonies and secrete calcium carbonate skeletons, building up reef structures. There are three main types of reefs: fringing reefs near shorelines, barrier reefs parallel to coastlines, and coral atolls in open water. Coral reefs protect coastlines from waves and storms. They support biodiversity and provide resources for tourism and fishing. However, human activities like coastal development, pollution, and destructive fishing threaten coral reefs, with over 10% already destroyed and 60% predicted to be destroyed in the next few decades if threats are not addressed.
This document provides an overview of coral reefs, coral animals, types of corals, their symbiotic relationship with algae, and coral bleaching. It discusses the ecological, economic, and environmental importance of coral reefs and how protecting corals from threats like bleaching is important. Specific protection methods are outlined, like prohibiting physical contact and destructive fishing. The document also describes Palau's marine protected areas and long-term coral monitoring program that has seen recovery in some coral species since 2001.
Coral reef Threats, conservation and Restoration.pptxVIRENDRA KUMAR
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on healthy coral reefs. Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Saving and restoring the world's coral reefs requires a multi-pronged approach that ranges from the local to the global level.
Coral reefs are ecosystems located in warm, shallow ocean waters that are home to many species. They are made up of coral polyps that secrete calcium carbonate to form hard structures. Coral reefs come in several types - fringing reefs lie adjacent to shores, barrier reefs lie further offshore, and atolls form from sunken barrier reefs, enclosing lagoons. Coral reefs support a diversity of life through symbiotic relationships and provide important benefits to coastlines and economies. However, they are threatened by human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development.
Coral reefs are formed by colonies of tiny coral polyps that extract calcium carbonate from seawater to build protective skeletons. Over millions of years, the accumulation of these coral skeletons form underwater structures called coral reefs. Coral reefs require specific environmental conditions such as warm water temperatures between 23-25 degrees Celsius, low sediment levels, and shallow depths allowing sunlight penetration for the algae living symbiotically with the corals. The three major types of coral reef structures are fringing reefs near shorelines, barrier reefs separated from shorelines by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding central lagoons.
The document discusses coral reef formation and the conditions needed for their growth. It describes different types of reefs like fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. It also discusses threats to coral reefs from natural causes like hurricanes and volcanoes as well as human threats such as pollution, blast fishing, and climate change. Global warming is causing bleaching events and ocean acidification which are major threats to coral reef ecosystems. Conservation efforts are needed to protect coral reefs from further destruction.
Coral bleaching occurs when coral loses the algae living in its tissue, causing it to turn white. This algae, called zooxanthellae, provides food to the coral and contributes to its color. Increased water temperatures, changes in water chemistry such as acidification, bacteria, sea level rise, herbicides, cyanide fishing, low tides, and shipping accidents can all cause the zooxanthellae to be expelled from the coral, resulting in bleaching. Even small increases in water temperature of 1.5-2°C that last several weeks can trigger bleaching. Bleaching stressed the coral and makes them more vulnerable to disease.
This document discusses the marine environment and its division into zones. It notes that 71% of the Earth is covered by oceans which provide food, energy, water and support livelihoods. The oceans are divided into five main bodies of water and various pelagic and benthic zones based on factors like depth, sunlight penetration and distance from land. These zones each support different marine life adapted to the environmental conditions. Coastal areas like estuaries and coral reefs are also discussed for their ecological importance.
1. The document discusses various types of aquatic ecosystems including estuaries, mangrove swamps, coral reefs, rocky shores, sandy beaches, and barrier islands. It describes the key features and organisms found in each.
2. Coastal ecosystems like estuaries and mangrove swamps provide many important ecological services including habitat, nurseries for marine life, and protection from storms. They also have economic value through fisheries, recreation, and tourism.
3. Coral reefs have exceptionally high biodiversity but are very vulnerable to threats like bleaching from rising water temperatures, ocean acidification, pollution, and destructive fishing practices. Widespread damage to coral reefs could have serious ecological and economic
The document discusses five endangered marine species - bluefin tuna, cape penguin, coral, gray whale, and Hector's dolphin. It notes that overfishing and pollution from human activities are the primary threats driving increased endangerment of marine life. Specifically, practices like bottom trawling, dredging, coastal development, and shark finning damage habitats and food sources. The document warns that at the current unsustainable rates, there may be no fisheries left by 2050. This would seriously harm ocean ecosystems and have negative economic and social impacts for humans.
This document summarizes key information about coral reefs. It defines coral reefs as mounds or ridges composed of living coral, coral skeletons, and other organisms' deposits. Coral reefs originated in the mid-18th century and are found throughout tropical oceans between 30 degrees north and south latitude. Coral reefs are under threat from climate change and pollution and play an important role in biodiversity, coastal protection, medicine, and tourism.
Plankton collection, preservation and analysis, M. Sc. Zoology, University o...Royston Rogers
This document discusses methods for sampling and analyzing plankton, including the use of plankton nets, flowmeters, and bottles. It describes mesh sizes for nets and quality standards. The document also outlines procedures for preserving samples with formaldehyde, storing them in jars, and analyzing samples through settling, counting, and identification methods. References on marine plankton and oceans are also listed.
This document provides an introduction to several types of coral diseases: black-band disease, white-band disease, white plague, and yellow-blotch disease. It discusses the history of coral disease and possible causes, including human and natural stresses, elevated temperatures, increased UV radiation, sedimentation, nutrients, and pollutants. Each disease is then described in terms of its appearance, affected coral species, and rate of progression.
The document describes different categories of ocean life including benthos (bottom dwellers), nekton (swimmers), and plankton (floaters). It also outlines various ocean habitats from the intertidal zone near shore to the open ocean, and explains the physical conditions in each area and the types of organisms that live there. Different shore zones are identified as sandy shores typically found in areas like New Jersey, Maryland, and Florida, and rocky shores located in places like Maine, Massachusetts, and parts of the west coast.
Coastlines are formed through erosion and sediment deposition processes. They are shaped by sea level changes and the interaction between land and ocean. A coastline includes beaches, cliffs, and other landforms at the boundary between land and sea. Coastal zones experience continuous change from tidal movements and ocean interactions with the shore. Erosional landforms like sea cliffs and arches form through destructive wave energy, while depositional landforms like beaches and barrier islands are built up from sediment deposition.
This document discusses invasive species and their impacts. It defines invasive species as nonnative plants and animals that harm native species. Some examples of invasive animal species in Florida mentioned are wild hogs, starlings, Burmese pythons, and iguanas. Invasive plant species mentioned include air potato, cogon grass, coral ardisia, and camphor tree. Invasive species are introduced both deliberately and accidentally, and then spread by various means. They cause damage by competing with and preying on native species, eliminating biodiversity, and disrupting ecosystems. Solutions proposed for invasive plants include manually removing them and replacing them with native species.
Coral reefs are underwater structures composed of calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps. They are home to many organisms and occupy a small portion of the ocean. There are three main types of coral reefs: fringing reefs near shore, barrier reefs separated from shore by a lagoon, and atoll reefs that surround a lagoon. Coral reefs are economically and ecologically significant but are threatened by pollution, rising water temperatures, and other human and environmental factors. Conservation efforts include establishing marine protected areas to restrict damaging activities.
The document discusses artificial reefs and Martin County's artificial reef program. It describes the purposes of artificial reefs which include increasing habitat for marine organisms and decreasing stress on natural reefs. It also outlines the types of artificial reef materials and reef designs used, including individual units, rubble mounds, and recycled materials. Finally, it provides details on Martin County's past and planned artificial reef projects in partnership with other organizations.
The poem celebrates the beauty of the ocean and sea life. It describes the majesty of sailing the seas and fishing in calm waters. While the beauty above the sea is appreciated, the poem notes that God has also rendered beauty below the sea in the form of coral reefs. Coral reefs are described as precious havens that sustain endless diversity of life and replace what has been taken by humans. Without coral reefs, the ocean would be barren.
This presentation is for my school assessment on global environments. I chose coral reefs. My project explains coral reefs and the geographical processes involved with it as well.
This document discusses the reproduction and larval settlement of corals. It describes that corals can reproduce both asexually through budding or sexually by releasing gametes. Sexual reproduction results in the production of planula larvae that disperse via water currents before settling on suitable substrate. Successful settlement and recruitment of coral larvae is important for the resilience of coral reefs, but larvae face many hazards during their dispersal period and environmental stresses can reduce recruitment rates.
Coral reefs are made of limestone deposited by corals and other organisms over time. Corals are small animals that live in colonies and secrete calcium carbonate skeletons, building up reef structures. There are three main types of reefs: fringing reefs near shorelines, barrier reefs parallel to coastlines, and coral atolls in open water. Coral reefs protect coastlines from waves and storms. They support biodiversity and provide resources for tourism and fishing. However, human activities like coastal development, pollution, and destructive fishing threaten coral reefs, with over 10% already destroyed and 60% predicted to be destroyed in the next few decades if threats are not addressed.
This document provides an overview of coral reefs, coral animals, types of corals, their symbiotic relationship with algae, and coral bleaching. It discusses the ecological, economic, and environmental importance of coral reefs and how protecting corals from threats like bleaching is important. Specific protection methods are outlined, like prohibiting physical contact and destructive fishing. The document also describes Palau's marine protected areas and long-term coral monitoring program that has seen recovery in some coral species since 2001.
Coral reef Threats, conservation and Restoration.pptxVIRENDRA KUMAR
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. About 25% of the ocean's fish depend on healthy coral reefs. Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Saving and restoring the world's coral reefs requires a multi-pronged approach that ranges from the local to the global level.
Coral reefs are ecosystems located in warm, shallow ocean waters that are home to many species. They are made up of coral polyps that secrete calcium carbonate to form hard structures. Coral reefs come in several types - fringing reefs lie adjacent to shores, barrier reefs lie further offshore, and atolls form from sunken barrier reefs, enclosing lagoons. Coral reefs support a diversity of life through symbiotic relationships and provide important benefits to coastlines and economies. However, they are threatened by human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development.
Coral reefs are formed by colonies of tiny coral polyps that extract calcium carbonate from seawater to build protective skeletons. Over millions of years, the accumulation of these coral skeletons form underwater structures called coral reefs. Coral reefs require specific environmental conditions such as warm water temperatures between 23-25 degrees Celsius, low sediment levels, and shallow depths allowing sunlight penetration for the algae living symbiotically with the corals. The three major types of coral reef structures are fringing reefs near shorelines, barrier reefs separated from shorelines by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding central lagoons.
The document discusses coral reef formation and the conditions needed for their growth. It describes different types of reefs like fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. It also discusses threats to coral reefs from natural causes like hurricanes and volcanoes as well as human threats such as pollution, blast fishing, and climate change. Global warming is causing bleaching events and ocean acidification which are major threats to coral reef ecosystems. Conservation efforts are needed to protect coral reefs from further destruction.
Coral bleaching occurs when coral loses the algae living in its tissue, causing it to turn white. This algae, called zooxanthellae, provides food to the coral and contributes to its color. Increased water temperatures, changes in water chemistry such as acidification, bacteria, sea level rise, herbicides, cyanide fishing, low tides, and shipping accidents can all cause the zooxanthellae to be expelled from the coral, resulting in bleaching. Even small increases in water temperature of 1.5-2°C that last several weeks can trigger bleaching. Bleaching stressed the coral and makes them more vulnerable to disease.
This document discusses the marine environment and its division into zones. It notes that 71% of the Earth is covered by oceans which provide food, energy, water and support livelihoods. The oceans are divided into five main bodies of water and various pelagic and benthic zones based on factors like depth, sunlight penetration and distance from land. These zones each support different marine life adapted to the environmental conditions. Coastal areas like estuaries and coral reefs are also discussed for their ecological importance.
1. The document discusses various types of aquatic ecosystems including estuaries, mangrove swamps, coral reefs, rocky shores, sandy beaches, and barrier islands. It describes the key features and organisms found in each.
2. Coastal ecosystems like estuaries and mangrove swamps provide many important ecological services including habitat, nurseries for marine life, and protection from storms. They also have economic value through fisheries, recreation, and tourism.
3. Coral reefs have exceptionally high biodiversity but are very vulnerable to threats like bleaching from rising water temperatures, ocean acidification, pollution, and destructive fishing practices. Widespread damage to coral reefs could have serious ecological and economic
The document discusses five endangered marine species - bluefin tuna, cape penguin, coral, gray whale, and Hector's dolphin. It notes that overfishing and pollution from human activities are the primary threats driving increased endangerment of marine life. Specifically, practices like bottom trawling, dredging, coastal development, and shark finning damage habitats and food sources. The document warns that at the current unsustainable rates, there may be no fisheries left by 2050. This would seriously harm ocean ecosystems and have negative economic and social impacts for humans.
This document summarizes key information about coral reefs. It defines coral reefs as mounds or ridges composed of living coral, coral skeletons, and other organisms' deposits. Coral reefs originated in the mid-18th century and are found throughout tropical oceans between 30 degrees north and south latitude. Coral reefs are under threat from climate change and pollution and play an important role in biodiversity, coastal protection, medicine, and tourism.
Plankton collection, preservation and analysis, M. Sc. Zoology, University o...Royston Rogers
This document discusses methods for sampling and analyzing plankton, including the use of plankton nets, flowmeters, and bottles. It describes mesh sizes for nets and quality standards. The document also outlines procedures for preserving samples with formaldehyde, storing them in jars, and analyzing samples through settling, counting, and identification methods. References on marine plankton and oceans are also listed.
This document provides an introduction to several types of coral diseases: black-band disease, white-band disease, white plague, and yellow-blotch disease. It discusses the history of coral disease and possible causes, including human and natural stresses, elevated temperatures, increased UV radiation, sedimentation, nutrients, and pollutants. Each disease is then described in terms of its appearance, affected coral species, and rate of progression.
The document describes different categories of ocean life including benthos (bottom dwellers), nekton (swimmers), and plankton (floaters). It also outlines various ocean habitats from the intertidal zone near shore to the open ocean, and explains the physical conditions in each area and the types of organisms that live there. Different shore zones are identified as sandy shores typically found in areas like New Jersey, Maryland, and Florida, and rocky shores located in places like Maine, Massachusetts, and parts of the west coast.
Coastlines are formed through erosion and sediment deposition processes. They are shaped by sea level changes and the interaction between land and ocean. A coastline includes beaches, cliffs, and other landforms at the boundary between land and sea. Coastal zones experience continuous change from tidal movements and ocean interactions with the shore. Erosional landforms like sea cliffs and arches form through destructive wave energy, while depositional landforms like beaches and barrier islands are built up from sediment deposition.
This document discusses invasive species and their impacts. It defines invasive species as nonnative plants and animals that harm native species. Some examples of invasive animal species in Florida mentioned are wild hogs, starlings, Burmese pythons, and iguanas. Invasive plant species mentioned include air potato, cogon grass, coral ardisia, and camphor tree. Invasive species are introduced both deliberately and accidentally, and then spread by various means. They cause damage by competing with and preying on native species, eliminating biodiversity, and disrupting ecosystems. Solutions proposed for invasive plants include manually removing them and replacing them with native species.
Coral reefs are underwater structures composed of calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps. They are home to many organisms and occupy a small portion of the ocean. There are three main types of coral reefs: fringing reefs near shore, barrier reefs separated from shore by a lagoon, and atoll reefs that surround a lagoon. Coral reefs are economically and ecologically significant but are threatened by pollution, rising water temperatures, and other human and environmental factors. Conservation efforts include establishing marine protected areas to restrict damaging activities.
The document discusses artificial reefs and Martin County's artificial reef program. It describes the purposes of artificial reefs which include increasing habitat for marine organisms and decreasing stress on natural reefs. It also outlines the types of artificial reef materials and reef designs used, including individual units, rubble mounds, and recycled materials. Finally, it provides details on Martin County's past and planned artificial reef projects in partnership with other organizations.
The poem celebrates the beauty of the ocean and sea life. It describes the majesty of sailing the seas and fishing in calm waters. While the beauty above the sea is appreciated, the poem notes that God has also rendered beauty below the sea in the form of coral reefs. Coral reefs are described as precious havens that sustain endless diversity of life and replace what has been taken by humans. Without coral reefs, the ocean would be barren.
The document summarizes Martin County's artificial reef program, which began in 1972 and has since constructed 61 reefs. It describes several of the named reef sites, honoring retired members of the Stuart Sailfish Club who advocated for artificial reefs. These include reefs named for Bill Donaldson, Captain Al Sirotkin, and Dr. Edgar Ernst. It provides details on recent reef projects, including the deployment of vessels to expand reef sites further offshore. Funding comes from activities like an annual fishing tournament and selling naming rights to existing and future reef sites.
Martin County Florida, Artificial Reef ProgramCindy Sullivan
The Martin County Artificial Reef Program aims to restore lost marine habitats and resources through the construction of various artificial reefs. Artificial reefs are constructed using materials like recycled concrete, bridge pilings, ships, and specialized engineered structures. These reefs provide hard substrate and shelter to attract fish and invertebrates. The program also includes monitoring of reef sites, education initiatives, and community involvement to support marine life and local fisheries. The goal is to enhance the environment while fueling sustainable economic and recreational opportunities.
A photographer named Sarah Barber runs a website called billiejeanisnotmylover.com. The website appears to be a photography portfolio for Sarah Barber and possibly others who take photos. Very little other information is provided in the short document.
The purpose of this research work is to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of a new type of artificial reef structure, in order to provide a structure with low flow resistance, which will be a more suitable shelter for fishes and marine organisms. The idea of the new artificial reef is based on the streamlined bicycle helmet design concept. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the helmet and hollow cube artificial reefs (ARs) of the same volume have been studied at different water depths and wave frequencies of Malaysia seas using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. The finite volume RANSE code Ansys CFX was used for calculating the reefs drag force (FD) and flow characteristics, while the potential flow code Ansys Aqwa was used for calculating the reefs inertia force (FI). The Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model was used in the RANSE code. The results of the two ARs were then compared for studying the hydrodynamic improvement due to the use of streamlined helmet artificial reef on the flow pattern around it. The streamlined body of the helmet artificial reef enhances the flow pattern at the aft region of the reef and provides flow zones with moderate flow speed at this area, which can help fishes and marine organisms from finding good shelter. The special shape of the different openings in the body of the helmet artificial reef improves the condition of the flow velocity distribution inside the unit than that of the hollow cube unit, which can increase the amount of the nutrient to the living fishes and organisms inside the reef.
Martin County, Florida Artificial Reef with slides about Fundraising, Fishing Tournament, THE WICKSTRON SHIP SINKING, HBOI Towers named BARATTA and DEBBIE SCHMIDT and the future reef called "Big Al".
Thank you Dave Powell for all your work on the presentation!
The document discusses an artificial reef project in Tyre, Lebanon. The project aims to promote sustainable development in fisheries and tourism by establishing a marine protected area and artificial reef. It outlines the background of conflicts over marine resources that motivated the project. It then details the objectives, participatory process, financial arrangements, management structure, goals, threats, zoning plans, and guidelines for artificial reef development and monitoring to balance multiple uses and protect the environment.
[1] The Tyre Marine Management Area (TyMMA) pilot project in Tyre, Lebanon aims to establish a marine protected area and artificial reef project to address conflicts between traditional and tourism users, resource degradation, and economic and security issues.
[2] The goals of the TyMMA include co-existence between users with minimal conflict, supporting the local economy and culture, increasing fish stocks, achieving self-sustainability, and gaining international recognition.
[3] A marine protected area is an area dedicated to protecting biodiversity and natural/cultural resources. The TyMMA proposes establishing no-take zones, fishing priority areas, and multiple use areas to balance conservation and sustainable use.
This document provides a summary of fundraising rounds for AI and data startups in Europe in 2016. Some key findings include:
- Over 270 startups raised $774 million in 2016, up from $583 million in 2015.
- The average funding round was $3.7 million.
- France and the UK led fundraising totals, with 108 startups in the UK raising $188 million and 37 startups in France raising $118 million.
- Early stage investments boomed, with $215 million invested in 170 early stage startups.
- In 2016, focus shifted from marketing applications to technologies using natural language processing, speech recognition and other AI techniques, as well as applications in healthcare, agriculture and other industries
AI and Machine Learning Demystified by Carol Smith at Midwest UX 2017Carol Smith
What is machine learning? Is UX relevant in the age of artificial intelligence (AI)? How can I take advantage of cognitive computing? Get answers to these questions and learn about the implications for your work in this session. Carol will help you understand at a basic level how these systems are built and what is required to get insights from them. Carol will present examples of how machine learning is already being used and explore the ethical challenges inherent in creating AI. You will walk away with an awareness of the weaknesses of AI and the knowledge of how these systems work.
This document describes eight major aquatic ecosystems: rocky shores, sandy beaches, mangroves, marshes, coral reefs, kelp forests, polar regions, and the deep sea. Each ecosystem is characterized by unique environmental conditions and provides habitat for a variety of marine life adapted to that environment, including algae, invertebrates like crabs and snails, fish, birds, and marine mammals. The ecosystems vary in salinity, temperature, sunlight exposure, and depth, selecting for large biodiversity across the different aquatic realms.
Coral reefs face threats from both natural disturbances and human activities. Naturally, hurricanes, tsunamis, volcanoes, earthquakes, predators, bleaching events, and pathogens can damage coral reefs. However, over 60% of reefs are now threatened by human threats like overfishing, coastal development, mining/dredging, pollution, and climate change, which release sediments, nutrients, toxins and heat into oceans. Both direct impacts to the reef structure and changes in water quality compound these threats. Conservation efforts aim to address both natural vulnerabilities and human pressures to protect these vital ecosystems.
This document provides an overview of ocean ecology, coral reefs, and sea mammals. It discusses several key points:
- Ocean principles including that the ocean covers most of the planet, regulates climate and oxygen levels, and contains diverse ecosystems.
- Coral reefs are fragile underwater ecosystems that are home to vast biodiversity, though they cover less than 1% of ocean area. Reefs are formed over long periods by corals and other organisms.
- Human activities like pollution, development, and climate change threaten coral reefs by increasing ocean temperatures and acidity, which can cause coral bleaching and impact ecosystem health. Protecting these ecosystems requires international cooperation.
This presentation provides an overview of coral reefs, including their importance, types, threats, and conservation efforts. It discusses the key points that coral reefs are highly biodiverse ecosystems that are economically and environmentally valuable but also face significant threats from climate change, overfishing, pollution, and development. Coral bleaching is highlighted as a major threat associated with rising water temperatures from climate change.
Coral reefs are underwater structures formed from calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps that live together in colonies. Corals can live over 4,000 years, longer than any other ocean animal. Corals are animals, not plants, that obtain nutrients through photosynthesis via algae living inside them or by catching food with stinging tentacles. Coral reefs are important habitats that are home to 25% of marine species and support tourism, fishing and coastal protection for many communities. However, coral reefs are threatened by pollution, climate change and other human impacts.
Coral reefs are underwater structures formed from calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps that live together in colonies. Corals can live over 4,000 years, longer than any other ocean animal. Corals are animals, not plants, that obtain nutrients through photosynthesis via algae living inside them or by catching food with stinging tentacles. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef, while India has significant reefs off the coasts of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu as well as in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Coral reefs are important as they provide habitat for over 25% of marine species and income for coastal communities from tourism.
The document discusses coral reef biodiversity and the Great Barrier Reef. It describes the Great Barrier Reef as a collection of over 3000 coral reefs off Australia's coast, forming one of the natural wonders of the world. It is home to thousands of species and provides food and jobs to the local economy. However, the reef is threatened by pollution, coastal development, ship traffic, and climate change, which have already damaged and killed parts of the reef. The reef ecosystem is highly complex, with coral polyps, fish, sharks, rays, and other species interacting as producers, grazers, predators, and through symbiotic relationships.
The document discusses coral reef biodiversity and the Great Barrier Reef. It describes the Great Barrier Reef as a collection of over 3000 coral reefs off Australia's coast, forming one of the natural wonders of the world. It is home to thousands of species and provides food and jobs to the local economy. However, the reef is threatened by pollution, coastal development, ship traffic, and climate change, which have already damaged and killed parts of the reef. The reef ecosystem is highly complex, with coral polyps, fish, sharks, rays, and other species interacting as producers, grazers, predators, and through symbiotic relationships.
Benthic organisms live on the sea floor and include animals like sea anemones, sponges, corals, sea stars, sea urchins, worms, bivalves and crabs. There is high diversity among benthic organisms, especially mollusks. However, plankton diversity in the water column is much lower, with far fewer pteropod snail species than benthic snails. Depth, food supply, salinity, temperature and oxygen levels all impact the distribution and types of benthic organisms that can survive on the sea floor. Benthic organisms leave behind traces of their activities through trails, tracks, burrows and bioturbation, which can provide clues about environmental
Coral reefs are built from the limestone skeletons of stony corals and cover around 100,000 square miles globally. They are located in shallow, tropical waters and grow gradually as coral polyps multiply and their skeletons accumulate. There are three main types of reefs - fringing reefs adjacent to land, barrier reefs separated from land by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding a central lagoon. Reefs support tremendous biodiversity but are threatened by human impacts like pollution, coastal development, overfishing, and climate change which can cause coral bleaching or increase ocean acidification.
The document provides an overview of ecology, focusing on marine benthic environments and zonation of coral reefs. It defines key ecological terms like organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. It then describes the different zones of the marine benthic environment, including the littoral, sublittoral, bathyl, abyssal, and hadal zones. Finally, it discusses coral reefs, including the symbiotic relationship between corals and algae, types of corals, conditions required for coral reef growth, zonation patterns in coral reefs, and various human impacts.
Coral reefs are biodiverse ecosystems found in warm, shallow waters near the tropics. They provide habitat for many species of fish, mollusks, and other marine life. However, coral reefs are threatened by human activities such as overfishing, pollution from agriculture, coastal development, and climate change. A case study of coral reefs in Cebu, Philippines highlights threats like tourism, destructive fishing practices, and how management strategies are developed through international partnerships to address these issues and protect vulnerable reef ecosystems.
Coral reefs are extremely valuable ecosystems that provide coastal protection, beach development, ecological benefits, and economic benefits. They are formed by tiny coral polyps that use carbon dioxide to form limestone structures in warm, shallow, clear waters. The main threats to coral reefs are pollution from sewage, agriculture, and solid waste which can cause algae overgrowth and sedimentation. Tourism activities like reef collection, boat anchoring, and trampling can also damage reefs. Destructive fishing practices involving cyanide, dynamite and bottom trawling further degrade reefs. Global warming poses an additional threat as corals are sensitive to small temperature increases.
Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems, providing habitat for approximately 25% of all ocean species despite occupying less than 1% of the ocean floor. Coral reefs are valuable both ecologically and economically, with their value estimated between $30-172 billion annually from tourism, fisheries, shoreline protection, and medicine. Coral reef ecosystems extend from coastal mangrove forests and seagrass beds, which stabilize shorelines, filter pollutants, and provide nurseries for coral reef organisms. The three types of coral reef formations are fringing reefs along the shore, barrier reefs separated from the shore by lagoons, and atolls surrounding deep central lagoons.
Aquatic microbiology deals with the study of microbes in aquatic environments like freshwater and saltwater systems. It includes the study of microscopic plants, animals, bacteria, viruses and fungi and their interactions. Aquatic ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and their physical and chemical environments in aquatic habitats. Key concepts include food webs, nutrient cycles, and the effects of both biotic and abiotic factors on the types of organisms present. Marine environments support diverse coastal and open ocean habitats that are home to complex communities of microbes, plankton, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates.
Marine biology Marine organisms that live on or inside the bottom, different types of beaches, and biodiversity in these different types of beaches
#Environment
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - CORAL REEFS. It contains: what are coral reefs, the development of corals, growth rates, polyps and algae, reef formation, fringing reefs, barrier reefs, atolls, threats to coral.
The document summarizes key aspects of the marine environment, including the following:
- The ocean covers 71% of the Earth's surface and supports over 250,000 known marine species. It plays a crucial role in regulating the planet's climate and carbon levels.
- There are two major zones - coastal and open ocean. Coastal zones include estuaries, shorelines, coral reefs, and kelp forests, which provide diverse habitats. The open ocean has zones from surface waters to the deep sea floor.
- Human activities like pollution, overfishing, and climate change threaten marine life. While the oceans can dilute some pollution, dumping of hazardous waste risks further degradation of these vital ecosystems.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and cells. It discusses that cells use the same basic biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides which are made up of smaller subunits called monomers linked together. It also describes that cellular processes are powered by ATP which contains high-energy bonds. Additionally, it outlines the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes like bacteria are single-celled and smaller while eukaryotes can be single or multicellular and have membrane-bound organelles.
The Earth is made up of four ocean basins - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic - which cover 71% of the planet. The ocean floor is composed of tectonic plates that are constantly shifting and spreading at mid-ocean ridges. As new crust is formed at ridges, old crust is destroyed through subduction at trenches. This process of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics explains continental drift over millions of years, from the single supercontinent Pangaea to the current configuration of lands and oceans.
The Earth is made up of four ocean basins - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic - which cover 71% of the planet. The ocean floor is composed of tectonic plates that are constantly shifting and spreading at mid-ocean ridges. As new crust is formed at ridges, old crust is destroyed through subduction at trenches. This process of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics explains continental drift over millions of years, from the single supercontinent Pangaea to the current configuration of lands and oceans.
Grasslands are biomes dominated by grasses rather than trees. They are found across North America, Eurasia, South America, South Africa, and Australia. Grasslands develop in areas with moderate rainfall between 250-800 mm and periodic droughts that prevent the growth of forests but support grasses. Grazing animals and fires help maintain grasslands by preventing the growth of shrubs and trees. Human impacts like plowing for crops, overgrazing, and replacing native plants with domesticated species have degraded many original grasslands.
The open ocean is the most extensive biome on Earth, covering over 360 million km2. It is divided into vertical zones based on factors like depth, light penetration, temperature, and pressure. The pelagic zone extends from the sea surface and is divided into epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssopelagic zones. Phytoplankton in the epipelagic zone perform photosynthesis, while organisms in deeper aphotic zones rely on chemosynthesis. Human activities like overfishing, pollution, climate change, and habitat destruction threaten ocean ecosystems.
Rivers begin as small streams and creeks in headwaters and flow downstream, increasing in width and other factors. The biology changes along the river continuum from the source to mouth, with cooler, clearer water and organisms adapted to fast flow near the headwaters and larger, muddier water with slower flow and different adaptations closer to the mouth. Human activities like pollution, dams, and industry have influenced rivers worldwide.
Lakes are inland bodies of fresh water formed in depressions on the land surface. They are found all over the world but are most common in high latitude and mountainous regions. Lakes form through processes such as glacial erosion and deposition, shifts in the Earth's crust, volcanic activity, and landslides. Lakes stratify into layers based on water temperature and density. In temperate lakes, seasonal changes cause the layers to mix, replenishing oxygen levels. Lakes support a variety of plant and animal life adapted to different depths and oxygen conditions. Human activities can negatively impact lakes through pollution, development, and other disturbances.
Rivers begin as small streams in high elevation areas and flow downstream, gradually widening and slowing as they go. They provide important ecosystem services like freshwater, habitat, and nutrient transport. The biology and chemistry of rivers changes longitudinally from headwaters to mouth, with cooler, faster upper reaches containing trout and mayflies while lower stretches have warmer water and fish like catfish. Human activities like pollution, dams, and industry have impacted many of the world's major rivers.
Tropical rainforests exist within 28 degrees north and south of the equator. They receive high rainfall, have warm temperatures, and high humidity. Though they cover less than 6% of the Earth's land, they are home to 50% of animals and plants and produce 40% of the oxygen. The layers include the forest floor, understory, canopy, and emergent layer, each with distinct characteristics. Abiotic factors like temperature, precipitation, soil and humidity influence the forest as do biotic interactions between plants and animals. Human activities like deforestation, agriculture, mining, pollution and climate change threaten these important ecosystems.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The tundra biome is characterized by extremely low temperatures, little precipitation, poor nutrients, and short growing seasons. It is separated into Arctic and alpine tundra. Arctic tundra occurs at high latitudes and has cold, desert-like conditions with permafrost and simple vegetation adapted to the harsh climate. Alpine tundra occurs at high elevations with little permafrost and drier, steeper areas. Both have simple plant structures and low diversity due to the severe environmental conditions.
The document discusses the boreal forest biome, also known as taiga. It covers over 11% of the Earth's land area in a band between 50-65 degrees north latitude, across northern Europe, Asia and North America. Boreal forests have low soil fertility, thin acidic soils with permafrost. Trees are adapted to the cold with conical shapes, needle-like leaves and dark colors. Animals found in boreal forests like black bears and lynx also have adaptations for the cold climate. The biome faces threats from deforestation, acid rain and global warming.
The document discusses the boreal forest biome, also known as taiga. It covers over 11% of the Earth's land area in a band between 50-65 degrees north latitude, across northern Europe, Asia and North America. Boreal forests have low soil fertility, thin acidic soils with permafrost. Trees and animals in boreal forests have adaptations like conical shapes, needle-like leaves, dark colors and insulation to withstand the cold climate. Deforestation, acid rain and global warming threaten boreal forests.
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Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Coral reefs group 8
1.
2. CORAL REEFS
Often called “rainforests of the sea”, they are one of the
most diverse ecosystems on Earth. They occupy less than
0.1% (around 284,300 km2) of the world's ocean
surface, yet provide a home for 25% of all marine
species, including
fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges
, and other cnidarians.
They are most commonly found at shallow depths in
tropical waters. Coral colonies thrive at 21-29OC, saline
environments, and clear waters.
6. A fringing reef can take
ten thousand years to
form, and an atoll can
take up to 30 million
years.
7. STRUCTURE
Corals are modular animals, anemone-like cylindrical polyps with prey-
capturing tentacles surrounding the opening or mouth. Most form sessile
colonies supported on the tops of dead colonies and cease growth when
they reach the surface of the water
Coralline algae are important contributors to
reef structure in those parts of the reef
subjected to the greatest forces by waves.
These algae strengthen the reef structure by
depositing limestone in sheets over the reef
surface.
8. General abiotic conditions: Shallow waters, Temperature 21-29 C, Clear
low-nutrient waters, salinity 30-40 ppt.
However, the coral reef can be divided into different zones with varying
abiotic characteristics and consequently different biological communities. The
environmental factors responsible for these differences are wave
action, current direction and intensity, light intensity, etc.
Light sets the depth at which zooxanthellae can survive. Diversity is lowest
at the crest near the surface, where only species such as massive pillar-
shaped corals tolerant of intense or frequent disturbance of waves can
survive. Diversity increases with depth to a maximum of about 20 m. Then it
decreases as light attenuates, eliminating shade-intolerant species.
9. Branching corals occur along the
reef crest where abundant light
drives photosynthesis needed to
support rapid growth. Vigorous
wave energy clears sediment from
the branching species that have no
biological means of sediment
removal.
Further down the reef front,
slower-growing hemispherical
corals (Mixed/Massive) are better
suited for removing sediment
coming down the slope.
In even deeper water, platelike
colonies respond to continually
decreasing light levels. This shape
places all the polyps on upward-
facing surfaces, optimizing the
colony's ability to gather light—
much like solar panels.
10. Adding to the productivity of the coral reefs are crustose, coralline algae,
turf algae, macroalgae, sea grass, sponges, phytoplankton, and a large
bacterial population. Coral reefs are among the most highly productive
ecosystems on earth.
This productivity and the varied habitats within the reef support a high
diversity of life –thousands of kinds of invertebrates (some of
which, such as sea urchins, feed on coral animals and algae), many
kinds of herbivorous fish that graze on algae, and hundreds of
predatory species. Some of these predators such as the puffers and
filefish, are corallivores, feeding on coral polyps. Others lie in ambush
for prey in coralline caverns. In addition, there is a wide array of
symbionts such as cleaning fish and crustaceans that pick parasites and
detritus from larger fish and invertebrates.
17. REEFS WORLDWIDE ARE
THREATENED
• 11% of reefs have been lost
• 16% of reefs severely damaged
• ~60% of studied reefs threatened by
human activities
• No pristine reefs left
18. Threats to coral and
coral reefs:
• 1) Natural
• 2) Anthropogenic
–of human origin
28. • Loss of zooxanthellae
• causes
– higher than usual
ocean temperature
– sharp changes in
salinity
– heavy UV light
exposure
29.
30. Pathogens
• Diseases on the rise
– new pathogens (8+)
– land pathogens
(Aspergillus)
– occurring at all
depths
– More susceptible
when stressed
31. Threats from Nature
• Unusually strong waves such as those from a
hurricane
• Water temperature changes
• Dramatic changes in saltiness of water
• Predators, such as snails and crown of thorns
starfish
• Overgrowth of algae
32. Threats to coral and
coral reefs:
• 1) Natural
• 2) Anthropogenic
–of human origin
33. Anthropogenic threats
to coral reefs:
• Overfishing
• Development
• Mining and dredging
• Recreation
44. Threats from Humans
• Pollution
– Sediments block light from zooxanthellae
– Chemicals either poison corals or allow too much
algae to grow
• Power plants
– Filter water and kill fish and plankton
– Releasing hot water kills organisms
45. More Threats from Humans
• Deforestation
– Causes erosion which clouds the water
– Burning of trees could be a factor in climate change
• Destructive fishing
– Blasting with dynamite
– Cyanide poison
– Boats running aground, anchors
– Overfishing
47. Global climate change
• Reduced reef building
• Increase in frequency and intensity
of hurricanes
• Increases in bleaching
• Increased in disease
48.
49. A New Home
• Corals now have a
choice of where to
live
• Corals are very
sensitive and are
rapidly dying
• People are trying to
help by creating
artificial reefs
50. Arguments for Artificial Reefs
• It can help build
or rebuild a reef
• It will increase
fish populations
by making new
habitats
51. Arguments Against Artificial Reefs
• Moveable
• Chemical leaking and
leaching into the ocean
• It does not increase fish
populations but rather
moves them to one
location away from their
natural habitat which
makes them easier to catch
54. It’s up to Us to Save Coral Reefs
Be Responsible.
Editor's Notes
Reef-building or hermatypic corals live only in the photic zone (above 50 m), the depth to which sufficient sunlight penetrates the water, allowing photosynthesis to occur. Coral polyps do not photosynthesize, but have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae; these organisms live within the tissues of polyps and provide organic nutrients that nourish the polyp. Because of this relationship, coral reefs grow much faster in clear water, which admits more sunlight. Without their symbionts, coral growth would be too slow for the corals to form significant reef structures. Corals get up to 90% of their nutrients from their symbionts.much of the reef interior consists of toppled and degraded corals, sediment, and open cavities. Most of the sediment is produced by (1) fish and urchins grazing on algae that cover dead coral surfaces and (2) sponges, molluscs and worms that excavate into the carbonate substrate seeking shelter (a process known as bioerosion). This nearly equal mix of intact and broken corals plus loose sediment is subsequently bound together by encrusting organisms (for example, coralline algae) and carbonate cement. Thus, the edifice that is the coral reef owes its final structure as much to bioerosion, cementation, and encrustation as it does to skeletal production by corals.
As a general rule, as the water depth increases then:Light intensity drops. Wave surges become less intense, but currents can still remain strong.Water temperature falls and becomes more constant.In the shallow, high light intensity and extreme water motion zones they will form fingered or massive (domed) structures. As the depth increases, light intensity rapidly drops off and wave surges are reduced, but the currents can still remain strong. To adapt to this lower availability of light, stony corals then take on thin, flattened plates therefore increasing the surface area that is exposed to the light.
Coralline algae are made up of masses of very fine thread-like filaments, that spread out in thin layers over the reef rock surface. These filaments produce calcium carbonate thus giving the algae anappearance more like a rock than a plant. The encrusting filaments trap sediments of sand, as well ascement the particles of sand together. Thus coralline algae help to stabilize the coral reef structure.Calcareous algae do not encrust like coralline algae, but grow erect. They too produce calciumcarbonate (limestone). When these algae die, the limestone remains produce sand. One type ofcalcareous algae known as Halimedaproduces about fifty percent of the sand found on some of ourbeaches in the Caribbean.Seagrassesserve as a habitat and shelter for reef animals such as the young or juveniles of conch andlobsters. These plants also provide food for many herbivorous reef fish. The leaves of seagrass arealso a habitat for very tiny organisms.Seagrasses have extensive interwoven underground creeping stems with roots attached. These stemsare called rhizomes. They anchor the plant in the sandy sea bed and help to keep the sea water cleanby filtering and trapping large amounts of fine sediments. These rhizomes also bind the sand on thesea bed and prevent the sand from being carried away by water currents. They are important inpreventing beach erosion.
Sea Snake: Adaptations for aquatic life include paddle-like tails and laterally compressed bodies, both of which enhance swimming ability. Also highly venomous.
Symbiotic Adaptationsor - example, the coral gives off ammonia as waste, while the zooxanthellae eat the ammonia for nourishment. This relationship helps to clean the coral. If the zooxanthellae die, the coral turns white (or bleaches). In many cases, if a coral bleaches, it will die. However, if bleached corals are given optimal conditions, the zooxanthellae will return and the coral will survive.Gobies---small fish that live in burrows in the reef sand---and pistol shrimp have an adaptation in which they partner to live together. The shrimp digs a burrow big enough for itself and the goby. The shrimp's digging stirs up food for the goby, and the goby protects the shrimp, since the shrimp has poor vision and cannot easily see approaching danger.Feeding: Butterfly fishes have small, pointed mouths adapted to eat the tiny polyps that make up corals. The coral-eating fish are constantly searching for and nipping at polyp-shaped food. But while their small, pointed mouths and nipping behavior give them an advantage over coral-eating competitors, the Butterflyfish varieties with the smallest mouths do not easily adapt to eating different foods.One of the most abundant reef food sources is plankton (microscopic plant, animal and bacterial organisms that circulate throughout the ocean's currents). Numerous reef species are very efficient plankton harvesters, using long tentacles designed to adhere to plankton cells. The tentacles are filled with toxins and stretch for great lengths to maximize their catch.Body shape:The latter are generally built primarily for sheer speed, and have evolved appropriate torpedo-like shapes that offer low frictional resistance (drag) to movement through water.In the complex coral reef environment however, a premium is placed upon maneuverability rather than sheer speed. Thus, many reef dwelling fishes have evolved a body plan that maximizes their ability to make rapid turns and stop quickly, highly useful traits for an animal attempting to avoid predators in physically complex habitats.By quickly dodging into fissures in the reef, swiftly circling around coral heads, or coming to a sudden halt next to a solid object (like a hard coral colony), prey can more readily avoid predators that lack such abilities.