what are the layers of the Earth?
what are at least 3 characteristics of each Earth layer?
Even though scientists cannot travel into the various layers of the earth how do they infer what the structure of the Earth is? Provide 3 examples or more
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocksThe absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the content about the Solar System. This is also where you would find some infos about planets and other astronomical bodies.
All About Earth (Core to Crust; Includes Facts; Q/A & much more) Arnold_Anand
This presentation is made in power point 2016.with lots of exciting transitions and animation. With loads of information and pictures.Helpful for students in classes 8,9,10 in social studies (SSC syllabus)
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
This presentation includes a details about Foundational Principles of Morality, Values and Mission in relations to Teaching. Anyone is welcome to use this if they want to...^_^hehe
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocksThe absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the content about the Solar System. This is also where you would find some infos about planets and other astronomical bodies.
All About Earth (Core to Crust; Includes Facts; Q/A & much more) Arnold_Anand
This presentation is made in power point 2016.with lots of exciting transitions and animation. With loads of information and pictures.Helpful for students in classes 8,9,10 in social studies (SSC syllabus)
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
This presentation includes a details about Foundational Principles of Morality, Values and Mission in relations to Teaching. Anyone is welcome to use this if they want to...^_^hehe
Prepared by: Ms. JAMAICA OLAZO
Want to ask a copy on this, just reach me on my fb account:
https://www.facebook.com/jamFeb25
DON'T FORGET TO HIT LIKE or LEAVE A COMMENT BELOW.
Thanks :)
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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3. Learning Objectives
8-3
The student will demonstrate an
understanding of materials that determine the
structure of the Earth and the processes that
have altered this structure.
8-3.1
Summarize the three layers of Earth – crust,
mantle, and core – on the basis of relative
position, density, and composition.
4. Essential Information
• The Earth has layers that have specific conditions
(states) and composition (made up of).
5. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer;
thinnest under the
ocean, thickest
under continents;
crust and top of
mantle called the
lithosphere
Mantle
Core
6. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer;
thinnest under the
ocean, thickest
under continents;
crust and top of
mantle called the
lithosphere
Mantle Middle layer,
thickest layer; top
portion called the
asthenosphere
Core
7. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer;
thinnest under the
ocean, thickest
under continents;
crust and top of
mantle called the
lithosphere
Mantle Middle layer,
thickest layer; top
portion called the
asthenosphere
Core Inner layer, consists
of two parts – outer
core and inner core
8. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer; Least dense layer
thinnest under the overall; Oceanic
ocean, thickest crust (basalt) is
under continents; more dense than
crust and top of continental crust
mantle called the (granite)
lithosphere
Mantle Middle layer,
thickest layer; top
portion called the
asthenosphere
Core Inner layer, consists
of two parts – outer
core and inner core
9. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer; Least dense layer
thinnest under the overall; Oceanic
ocean, thickest crust (basalt) is
under continents; more dense than
crust and top of continental crust
mantle called the (granite)
lithosphere
Mantle Middle layer, Density increases
thickest layer; top with depth because
portion called the of increasing
asthenosphere pressure
Core Inner layer, consists
of two parts – outer
core and inner core
10. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer; Least dense layer
thinnest under the overall; Oceanic
ocean, thickest crust (basalt) is
under continents; more dense than
crust and top of continental crust
mantle called the (granite)
lithosphere
Mantle Middle layer, Density increases
thickest layer; top with depth because
portion called the of increasing
asthenosphere pressure
Core Inner layer, consists Heaviest material;
of two parts – outer most dense layer
core and inner core
11. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer; Least dense layer Solid Rock – mostly
thinnest under the overall; Oceanic silicon and oxygen
ocean, thickest crust (basalt) is Oceanic crust –
under continents; more dense than basalt;
crust and top of continental crust Continental crust –
mantle called the (granite) granite
lithosphere
Mantle Middle layer, Density increases
thickest layer; top with depth because
portion called the of increasing
asthenosphere pressure
Core Inner layer, consists Heaviest material;
of two parts – outer most dense layer
core and inner core
12. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer; Least dense layer Solid Rock – mostly
thinnest under the overall; Oceanic silicon and oxygen
ocean, thickest crust (basalt) is Oceanic crust –
under continents; more dense than basalt;
crust and top of continental crust Continental crust –
mantle called the (granite) granite
lithosphere
Mantle Middle layer, Density increases Hot softened rock;
thickest layer; top with depth because contains iron and
portion called the of increasing magnesium
asthenosphere pressure
Core Inner layer, consists Heaviest material;
of two parts – outer most dense layer
core and inner core
13. Summary of Earth’s Layers
Copy Table into Notebook
Layer Relative Position Density Composition
Crust Outermost layer; Least dense layer Solid Rock – mostly
thinnest under the overall; Oceanic silicon and oxygen
ocean, thickest crust (basalt) is Oceanic crust –
under continents; more dense than basalt;
crust and top of continental crust Continental crust –
mantle called the (granite) granite
lithosphere
Mantle Middle layer, Density increases Hot softened rock;
thickest layer; top with depth because contains iron and
portion called the of increasing magnesium
asthenosphere pressure
Core Inner layer, consists Heaviest material; Mostly iron and
of two parts – outer most dense layer nickel; outer core –
core and inner core slow flowing liquid,
inner core, solid
14.
15.
16.
17. How can you use your hands to remember the layers of the Earth?
27. • Solid Rock – mostly silicon and oxygen
• Oceanic basalt
• Continental granite
28. • Mostly iron and nickel; outer slow flowing
liquid, inner part, solid
29. Solid Rock – mostly
silicon and oxygen
Oceanic crust – basalt;
Continental crust –
granite
Hot softened rock;
contains iron and
magnesium
Mostly iron and nickel;
outer core – slow flowing
liquid, inner core, solid
30.
31.
32.
33. Layers of the Earth Project
Directions:
1. Accurately label the layers of the Earth
– Include the relative position
– Density
– composition
2. Include at least 3 major features for each Earth layer
37. The lithosphere is a "rocky“ rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet.
On Earth, it comprises the crust and the portion of the upper mantle
that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or more.
38. Asthenosphere - is a portion of the upper mantle just below the lithosphere that
is involved in plate tectonic movements. The asthenosphere is a highly viscous,
mechanically weak deforming region, but pressures keeps it like a thick soupy
plastic. The Asthenosphere has a relatively low density so Seismic waves pass
relatively slowly through the asthenosphere compared to the overlying
lithosphere.
39.
40.
41.
42. Geologists Notebook:
Digging Through Earth
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=AF8AEACA-F326-442B-A837-546E77BD2358&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
43. PoP- Layers of the Earth
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9j1xGaxYzY
44. • The chart below shows data about the Earth's layers.
What information can be concluded from the information in the chart?
A. The temperature of the earth increases as you go deeper into the earth
B. The density of the earth gets greater as you go deeper into the earth
C. The temperature of the earth decreases as you go deeper into the earth
D. The density of the earth decreases as you go deeper into the earth
45. Use the table below to answer the following question:
The table above describes the layers of the Earth. Which
of the following correctly labels these layers?
A. Layer A = Core ; Layer B = Crust ; Layer C = Mantle
B. Layer A = Mantle ; Layer B = Core ; Layer C = Crust
C. Layer A = Core ; Layer B = Mantle ; Layer C = Crust
D. Layer A = Crust ; Layer B = Mantle ; Layer C = Core
46. Which of the following statements is true about
Earth’s crust?
A. It is thicker under the continents than under the
ocean.
B. It is more dense than other layers.
C. It is the only layer where gravity exists.
D. It is the origin of the earth’s magnetic field.
47. Which of the following inferences help scientists
conclude Earth's magnetic poles are constantly
changing?
A. Earth contains a magnetic liquid.
B. Earth contains very dense solids.
C. Earth contains a magnetic solid.
D. Earth contains a very dense liquid.
48. Assessment Checklist
Summarize major points about the layers of Earth
Generalize major points about the crust
Generalize major points about the mantle
Generalize major points about the core of Earth
Compare the layers of the Earth
Classify and sequence the layers using
information
Identify each layer according to its properties
49. What does this evidence suggest
about Earth’s Structure?
50.
51.
52. My Model
Crust
Oceanic
Mantle Asthenosphere
crust
Outer core
Inner
core
lithosphere