Classification of sedimentary Rocks
************************************
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks.
1.Clastic
2.Chemical
3.Organic
for more notes/ppt please visit vinoychakmalibrary.blogspot.in
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
Methods and stages of Mineral Exploration: Adaptive Resource Management PlanNgatcha Bryan
Exploration can be divided into a number of interlinked and sequential stages which involve increasing
expenditure and decreasing risk. Early stages of exploration are planning and prospecting. The planning
stage covers the selection of commodity, type of deposit, exploration methods, and the seĴing up of an
exploration entity. Prospecting covers activities leading to the selection of an area for detailed ground
work; this is the point at which land is acquired. The subsequent stages involve targeted prospecting and
exploration in order to quantify and qualify the mineral resources. Pre-feasibility study is then
performed for evaluating the commercial viability of the deposit (Adapted from Moon et al., 2006).
Classification of sedimentary Rocks
************************************
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks.
1.Clastic
2.Chemical
3.Organic
for more notes/ppt please visit vinoychakmalibrary.blogspot.in
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES; Causes of deposition; Origin of Hydrothermal Fluids (or The Main Sources of Water in Hydrothermal System); The Main Steps in Hydrothermal Processes; Classification of Hydrothermal Deposits; Different Types of Hydrothermal Vein; Different styles of Hydrothermal ore deposits; Orogenic Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Hypozonal: Orogenic, hydrothermal ore deposits; Epizonal:; Mesozonal
Methods and stages of Mineral Exploration: Adaptive Resource Management PlanNgatcha Bryan
Exploration can be divided into a number of interlinked and sequential stages which involve increasing
expenditure and decreasing risk. Early stages of exploration are planning and prospecting. The planning
stage covers the selection of commodity, type of deposit, exploration methods, and the seĴing up of an
exploration entity. Prospecting covers activities leading to the selection of an area for detailed ground
work; this is the point at which land is acquired. The subsequent stages involve targeted prospecting and
exploration in order to quantify and qualify the mineral resources. Pre-feasibility study is then
performed for evaluating the commercial viability of the deposit (Adapted from Moon et al., 2006).
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
The topic is related to depositional environment of sandstone and facie. conntent of topic is :
Facie (Definition , History , Types)
Walter’s law of facie
Depositional environment of Facie
Sandstone
Depositional environment of sandstone
geophysics seismic waves ,its types, particle motion in S P ans surface waves. Travel time graph . critically refracted , direct and reflected wave arrivals. what is critical distance and crossover distance. relation between critical refracted ,direct and reflected waves.Elastic constants like bulk modulus shear , young's modulus and poisson's ratio. Lame's constant.
Introduction to molecular genetic. ADN an ARN, structure and function.
Central dogma of molecular biology. Replication, transcription and translation.
Mutation, causes and classification
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
The topic is related to depositional environment of sandstone and facie. conntent of topic is :
Facie (Definition , History , Types)
Walter’s law of facie
Depositional environment of Facie
Sandstone
Depositional environment of sandstone
geophysics seismic waves ,its types, particle motion in S P ans surface waves. Travel time graph . critically refracted , direct and reflected wave arrivals. what is critical distance and crossover distance. relation between critical refracted ,direct and reflected waves.Elastic constants like bulk modulus shear , young's modulus and poisson's ratio. Lame's constant.
Introduction to molecular genetic. ADN an ARN, structure and function.
Central dogma of molecular biology. Replication, transcription and translation.
Mutation, causes and classification
La celula: la teoría celular, estructura y función. La división celularJosué Moreno Marquina
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Orgánulos celulares, organelles.
Mitosis y meiosis
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Concepto de ecosistema. Flujo de energía y materia en los ecosistemas. Los niveles tróficos y su representación gráfica: pirámides ecológicas (número, biomasa y energía) y redes tróficas.
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Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Introducción a la genética molecular, sus moléculas esenciales: ADN y ARN, así como los procesos de transcripción, traducción y replicación.
Las mutaciones genéticas y sus tipos: genéticas, genómicas y cromosómicas.
El interior de la Tierra, estructura y métodos indirectos, análisis de las ondas sísmicas.
Desde la deriva continental, Wegener, hasta la tectónica de placas.
Pruebas de la deriva continental.
Expansión de los fondos oceánicos. Bandeado magnético.
Tipos de placas y límites o bordes. Constructivos (dorsales), destructivos (fosas) y pasivos o transformantes (fallas transformantes).
Estructuras asociadas a los límites de placa.
Introducción a la materia para 2º ESO (13-14 años) España.
Concepto materia. Escalas, notación científica y órdenes de magnitud.
Estructura del átomo, iones.
Moleculas
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
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2. SEISMIC WAVES
BODY WAVES:
• P-waves: faster, compressional,
can travel through any type of material,
including fluids
• S-waves: slower, transverse, can travel
only through solids
SURFACE WAVES: Rayleigh
and Love waves
density temperaturemelting point
3. Geochemistry model
Compositional layers
The Earth is made up of 3
main layers:
Crust:
- Continental (10-70Km) less
dense and older. Granitic
- Oceanic (5-10 km) more
dense and younger. Basaltic.
Covers two-thirds of Earth's
solid surface
Mantle (2900 km):
- Silicate rocks. Peridotite
- Flows
- D" layer.
Core: Fe-Ni
- Outer core, liquid (2900- 5100 km)
- Inner core, solid (5100- 6370 km)
-
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
+
4. Geochemistry model
Compositional layers
Schematic view of the interior of
Earth.
Layers:
1.Continental crust
2.Oceanic crust
3.Upper mantle
4.Lower mantle
5.Outer core
6.Inner core
Discontinuities
A: Mohorovičić discontinuity
B: Gutenberg discontinuity
C: Lehmann discontinuity.
5. Dynamic model
Mechanical layers
Lithosphere:
- Crust and the uppermost mantle.
It can be identified on the basis of its
mechanical properties.
- The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic
plates.
6. Continental drift & Plates tectonics
- Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) was a German
meteorologist and geologist who proposed the theory
of continental drift as a unified theory.
- In his book, "Origin of Continents and
Oceans," he calculated that 200 million years
ago the continents were originally joined
together, forming a large supercontinent.
- He named this supercontinent Pangaea.
7. 1. Continents seemed
to fit together, not at
the continuously
changing shoreline,
but at the edge to
their continental
shelves.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
EVIDENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL
8. 2. Fossil evidence, similar plant and animal fossils are
found around the shores of different continents,
suggesting that they were once joined.
P
A
L
E
O
N
T
O
L
O
G
I
C
A
L
10. 4. Geological fits:
When the geology of
eastern South
America and
West Africa was
mapped it
revealed that
ancient rock
outcrops (cratons)
over 2,000 million
years old were
continuous from
one continent to
GEOLOGICAL
11. 5. Tectonic fit. Fragments of an old fold mountain
belt between 450 and 400 million years ago are
found on widely separated continents today.
Pieces of the Caledonian fold mountain belt are
found in Greenland, Canada, Ireland, England,
Scotland and Scandinavia.
13. TOWARD PLATE TECTONICS
The Seafloor
• Mid ocean ridge
New ocean floor is created on ridges
Mid-ocean ridge is an underwater mountain system:
- Having a valley known as a rift, running along its
spine, as wide as 10–20 km.
- It wraps around the globe for more than 65,000 km.
- The average depth to the crest of the ridge is 2,5 km
- Oceanic ridges are split up by transform faults and
fracture zones.
14. • Ocean trenches
Ocean trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean.
An ocean trench is a long, deep depression in the ocean floor near continental
shelves. Others are found near chains of volcanic islands, called volcanic arcs.
15. Harry Hess published ‘The History of Ocean
Basins' in 1962, in which he outlined a
theory that could explain how the continents
could actually drift. This theory later became
known as ‘Sea Floor Spreading'.
7. Seafloor spreading.
He suggest that oceans grew from their centres, with
molten material (basalt) up from the Earth’s mantle along
the mid ocean ridges. This created new seafloor which
then spread away from the ridge in both directions.
17. Evidence of seafloor spreading
1. Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews (1963) noticed there
was a symmetrical pattern of magnetic stripes on either
side of the mid ocean ridges.
This suggested that the ocean floor was created at the mid ocean
ridges, then was split in half by later activity and pushed sideways.
2. Basalts stripes were found to be the same age at similar
distances away from the ridge on each side.
A. Magnetic stripes
18. Lavas (igneous rocks)
are progressively
buried by sediments as
the seafloor spreads
away from the ridges.
So the thickness of
sediment on the
oceanic crust increases
with the age of the
crust. Oceanic crust
adjacent to the
continents can be
deeply buried by
several kilometres of
sediment.
B. Sediment thickness
19. 7.Earthquackes
The map above shows the distribution of
earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.0
that occurred between 1965 and 1995.
20. 7.Volcanoes
In the map below, each triangle represents the location of
a recently active (on a geologic time scale) volcanoes.
22. TECTONIC PLATES
The surface of the Earth (lithosphere) is broken up into large plates:
tectonic plates o lithospheric plate.
Earth surface is divided into 7 major and 8 minor plates
23. • Divergent
Plates move away from each other
Mid-Ocean ridges
TYPES OF
PLATE
BOUNDARY
• Convergent
Plates move towards each other
Trenches
• Transform
Plates slide past each other
Transform faults
24. • Spreading ridges
– Volcanic activity.
– Submarine earthquakes (related with transform faults)
DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES
– Where a divergent boundary forms:
• on a continent it is called a RIFT.
• under the ocean it is called an OCEAN RIDGE
25. • Iceland has a divergent plate
boundary running through its
middle
Iceland: An example of continental rifting
26. Rift valley: An example of continental rifting
East African Rift System
27. The Rift Valley and
Associated
Features
• Eventually a new plate
will form
• The sea will flood the
valley and connect to
the Red Sea
28. CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
SUBDUCTIONThere are three styles of convergent
plate boundaries
– Oceanic-continent crust collision
– Ocean-ocean collision
– Continent-continent collision: forms
mountains
The Earth's unchanging size implies that the crust must be
destroyed at about the same rate as it is being created
Subduction:
- Trench
- Volcanic arc
- Volcanoes
- Mountain belt
29. SUBDUCTION:
1. The oceanic crust which is thinner and more dense than the
continental crust, sinks below the continental crust.
2. It dehydrates and releases water into the overlying
mantle wedge, inducing partial melting in the
overlying mantle wedge, new melt which rises up into
the overlying continental crust forming volcanoes.
Subduction is a way of recycling
the oceanic crust
33. TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
The zone between two plates
sliding horizontally past one
another.
Most transform faults are found
on the ocean floor. However, a
few occur on land, for example
the San Andreas.
They commonly offset the active
spreading ridges, producing zig-
zag plate margins.
They are generally defined by
shallow earthquakes.
38. Magmas generated by
mantle rise up below t
erupt on Earth's surfac
systems, the longest m
the world. When the m
basalt, the planet's mo
the basis for oceanic c
39.
40. Look next links about structure and
composition of Earth
• The Geological Society: Plate tectonics
• Smithsonian National Museum of Natural
History: The dynamic Earth.
Editor's Notes
In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. These areas can form in the middle of continents or on the ocean floor.
As the plates pull apart, hot molten material can rise up this newly formed pathway to the surface - causing volcanic activity.
Presenter: Reiterate the process by going through the diagram, including the presence of mantle convection cells causing the plates to break apart and also as a source for new molten material.
Where a divergent boundary forms on a continent it is called a RIFT or CONTINENTAL RIFT, e.g. African Rift Valley.
Where a divergent boundary forms under the ocean it is called an OCEAN RIDGE.
Iceland is located right on top of a divergent boundary. In fact, the island exists because of this feature.
As the North American and Eurasian plates were pulled apart (see map) volcanic activity occurred along the cracks and fissures (see photographs).
With many eruptions over time the island grew out of the sea!
Question: Why don’t we have islands like Iceland where ever we get an Ocean Ridge?
Answer: Scientists believe that there is a large mantle plume (an upwelling of hot mantle material) located right underneath where Iceland has formed. This would mean that more material would be erupted in the Iceland area compared with if there was just the divergent boundary without the plume underneath it.
Convergent boundaries are where the plates move towards each other.
There are three types of convergent boundary, each defined by what type of crust (continental or oceanic) is coming together.
Therefore we can have: continent-continent collision, continent-oceanic crust collision or ocean-ocean collision….
At a convergent boundary where continental crust pushes against oceanic crust, the oceanic crust which is thinner and more dense than the continental crust, sinks below the continental crust.
This is called a Subduction Zone.
The oceanic crust descends into the mantle at a rate of centimetres per year. This oceanic crust is called the “Subducting Slab” (see diagram).
When the subducting slab reaches a depth of around 100 kilometres, it dehydrates and releases water into the overlying mantle wedge (Presenter: explain all of this using the diagram).
The addition of water into the mantle wedge changes the melting point of the molten material there forming new melt which rises up into the overlying continental crust forming volcanoes.
Subduction is a way of recycling the oceanic crust. Eventually the subducting slab sinks down into the mantle to be recycled. It is for this reason that the oceanic crust is much younger than the continental crust which is not recycled.
Example:
India used to be an island, but about 15 million years ago it crashed into Asia (see map).
As continental crust was pushing against continental crust the Himalayan mountain belt was pushed up.
“Mountains” were also pushed down into the mantle as the normally 35 km thick crust is approximately 70 km thick in this region.
Mt Everest is the highest altitude mountain on our planet standing 8,840 metres high. This means that below the surface at the foot of the mountain the crust is a further 61 km deep!!