The document summarizes key aspects of sea floor geology and ocean basins. It describes how sea floors are geologically distinct from continents and shaped by perpetual cycles of creation and destruction. It also outlines the four main ocean basins - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic - and notes that the Pacific is the deepest and largest while the Arctic is the smallest and shallowest. Geological processes determine coastal landforms and water depths/bottom types, regulating life on Earth.
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the basic characteristics of the submarine canyons, their origin, and their distribution in various major oceans of the world.
Detailed information about the morphological conditions, sedimentology and marine life of the submarine canyons will also be understood.
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the basic characteristics of the submarine canyons, their origin, and their distribution in various major oceans of the world.
Detailed information about the morphological conditions, sedimentology and marine life of the submarine canyons will also be understood.
The continental shelf is an underwater landmass which extends from a continent, resulting in an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea. Much of the shelves were exposed during glacial periods and interglacial periods
This is a topic of Sequence stratigraphy in which I briefly describe about basin , formation of basin , Types , different basin of Pakistan and worldwide distribution of these basins.
The continental shelf is an underwater landmass which extends from a continent, resulting in an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea. Much of the shelves were exposed during glacial periods and interglacial periods
This is a topic of Sequence stratigraphy in which I briefly describe about basin , formation of basin , Types , different basin of Pakistan and worldwide distribution of these basins.
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
1 10 ocean composition-location Water in Earth’s Processesaalleyne
Water in Earth’s Processes
S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes.
c. Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world’s oceans.
Introduces Oceanography: oceanic plates, continental shelf, abyssal plain, trenches, hydrothermal vents, black smoke, temperature stratification, water masses and circulation, coriolis effect, el nino, larvae and larval ecology.
The analysis of all of the significant processes that formed a basin and deformed its sedimentary fill from basin-scale processes (e.g., plate tectonics)
to centimeter-scale processes (e.g., fracturing)
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture.
Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
A fossil is the preserved remains of a once-living organism.
Fossils give clues about organisms that lived long ago. They help to show that evolution has occurred.
They also provide evidence about how Earth’s surface has changed over time.
Fossils help scientists understand what past environments may have been like.
A fossil is an impression, cast,
original material or track of any animal or plant that is preserved in rock after the original organic material is transformed or removed.
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
A synthetic gemstone is identical to a natural gemstone in almost every way.This includes the same basic crystal structure, refractive index, specific gravity, chemical composition, colors, and other characteristics. Since the same gemological tests are used for stone identification on both natural and synthetic gems, it is sometimes even possible for a gemologist to be puzzled as to whether or not a stone is natural or synthetic. When this occurs, the best course of action is to send the stone to an accredited gem laboratory, like the Gemological Institute of America. They can positively determin ewhether a stone is synthetic or naturally occuring. Only minor internal characteristics allow separation of a synthetic gemstone from a natural gemston
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
Hotspot,Margins
1. Sea Floor
• Geologically distinct from the
continents
• Perpetual cycle of birth and
destruction that shapes the oceans
and controls the geology and
geological history of the continents
2. Sea Floor Processes
• Occur slowly (hundreds of millions of
years)
• Solid rocks flow like liquid
• Entire continents move over the face
of the earth
3. Geology is Important to the Marine
Biologist
• Habitat – natural environment that an
organism lives
• Habitats are shaped by geological
processes
5. The Water Planet
• Presence of water makes earth
unique
• Oceans cover 71% of the globe
• Regulate our atmosphere and
climate
• Life would be impossible without
water
6. The Geography of the Ocean Basins
• 2/3 of land area is in Northern
Hemisphere
• 61% of N. Hemisphere is ocean
• 80% of Southern hemisphere is
ocean
15. The Theory of Plate Tectonics
• Wegner could not explain how the
continents could move so his theory was
not well accepted
• 1950’s and 1960’s evidence was put
together that proved that continents did
drift
• The process involves the entire surface of
our planet – plate tectonics
16. Discovery of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
• After WW II sonar allowed the first
detailed surveys of large areas of the sea
floor
• Lead to the discovery of the Mid-ocean
Ridge
• A continuous chain of submarine volcanic
mountains that encircles the globe like the
seams of a baseball
22. Hot spot
• Found in about 45 places around the
world
• Hot, molten rock or magma well up from
deep within the mantle
• This magma forces its way up through the
lithosphere
• Erupts in volcanic activity
• May be near or far from Tectonics plate
boundaries
23. Hot Spot Examples
• Geysers and bubbling mud pools at Yellowstone
result from volcanic activity
• Seamounts – volcanic underwater mountains
• Hawaiian islands were created from hot spots –
as the plate moved new islands formed
• Island chains in the south pacific
24. • Hot spots by mid-ocean ridges also form
islands – Ex. Iceland, Azores and the
Galapagos islands
28. Island Arc
• There are two ways in which a group of islands can
form.
• 1.) As a lithospheric slab is being subducted, the slab
melts when the edges reach a depth which is sufficiently
hot. Hot, re-melted material from the subducting slab
rises and leaks into the crust, forming a series
of volcanoes. These volcanoes can make a chain of
islands called an "island arc"..
29. Island Arc
• Examples of island arcs are the Japanese islands, the
Kuril Islands, and the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, shown
here.
• Island Arcs are formed on the opposing edge of a
subducted slab. For each case, there is an associated
subducting slab and a trench.
• 2.) The second way in which islands are formed is
via plumes or hot spots in the lithosphere. The Hawaiian
Islands are an example of this type of island formation.
In this case, there is no associated subducting slab
30.
31.
32. Sea Floor
• Divided into two main regions
• Continental margins – submerged edges
of the continents
• Deep-sea floor itself
33. Continental Margins
• Boundaries between continental crust and
oceanic crust
• Sediments from land accumulate here (can be
as thick as 10 km or 6 miles)
• Constitute about 28% of the oceanic area
• Shallow, gently sloping region (continental
shelf)
• Steeper area (continental slope)
• Gently sloping region (continental rise)
34.
35.
36. Continental Shelf
• Shallowest
• 8% of the oceans surface
• Biologically the richest part of the ocean (most
life and best fishing)
• Submarine canyons – remnants of rivers and
glaciers that once flowed across the continental
shelves
37. • Varies in width from less than 1 km (.6 mi)
to 750 km (470 mi)
• Shelf ends at the shelf break where the
slopes gets abruptly steeper
• Shelf break usually occurs at depths of
120 to 200 m (400 to 600 ft)
38. Continental Slope
• Closest thing to the exact edge of the
continent
• Begins at the shelf break and descends
downward to the deep sea floor
39. Continental Rise
• Deep sea fan – sediment moving down a
submarine canyon accumulated at the
canyon's base forms a deep sea fan (like a
river delta)
• Rise consists of a thick layer of sediment
piled up on the sea floor
42. Deep Sea Floor
• Depth of 3,000 - 5,000 m (10,000 to
16,500 ft.)
• Abyssal plain
• Rises at a very gentle slope towards
the ridge
43. • An active continental margin is found
on the leading edge of the continent
where it is crashing into an oceanic
plate. example is the west coast of
South America
• commonly the sites of tectonic
activity: earthquakes, volcanoes,
mountain building, and the formation
of new igneous rock
Types of continental Margins
44. Geological Features of the Abyssal Plain
• Submarine channels
• Low abyssal hills
• Plateaus, rises and other features
• Seamounts (submarine volcanoes)
• Guyots – flat topped seamounts
45.
46.
47. • Passive continental margins are
found along the remaining coastlines.
There is no collision or subduction,
tectonic activity is minimal and the
earth's weathering and erosional
processes are winning. This leads to
lots of low-relief (flat) land extending
both directions from the beach, long
river systems,
Types of continental Margins
48. • Accumulation of thick piles
of sedimentary debris on the
relatively wide continental shelves.
Again South America provides a
great example. The Amazon River,
whose source is in the Andes
Mountains (the active margin) drains
east across the interior of South
America to the coast,
Types of continental Margins
49. • where it enters the Atlantic Ocean
and deposits the tremendous volume
of sedimentary materials it eroded
from the continent.
Types of continental Margins
50. Trenches
• Plate descends into the
mantle
• Sea floor slopes steeply
downward
• Deepest parts of the
world ocean
• Mariana Trench –
Western Pacific – 11,022
m or (36,163 ft) deep
Editor's Notes
Hot spots not only mark the movement of plates, but they also play a part in the movement of plates. When a continent comes to rest, the dome that swells up over a hot spot is subject to fracturing and producing a three armed rift. These may initiate a zone of divergence and to guide the fracturing, although they are not necessarily the only cause. Typically, two arms of the rift open to form an ocean basin and the third arm fails and remains as a fissure in the continental landmass. By restoring the margins of the Atlantic Ocean to their Pangaea position, an abundance of three-armed rifts is revealed. The successful arms merged to form the mid ocean spreading zone and the unsuccessful ones remained as rifts extending into the continents.