The merits of integrating renewables with smarter grid carilec
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This presentation was given at the recent Carilec Renewable Energy (RE) Conference held in the beautiful country of St. Kitts under the theme "RE Ready, Are we REady? We looked at the Jamaican Context and experience with integration RE following the aggressive approach from the government to lower energy prices and diversify our energy supply mix. We examined various SMART Grid solutions to the problems experienced by JPS and in general how Electric Grids can cope with high penetration of RE.
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The merits of integrating renewables with smarter grid carilec
- 1. The Merits of Integrating Renewables with Smarter Grid Systems CARILEC Renewable Energy Conference 2016 “RE Ready, Are we Ready?” St. Kitts Marriott Resort & Casino Dwight Richards and Rick Case System Operations JAMAICA PUBLIC SERVICE CO. LTD
- 2. Overview of presentation • A brief look at Integrating Variable Renewable Resources (VRR) • The main challenges posed by VRR integration and applicable SMART GRID Systems that contribute to overcoming these challenges • Integration and Activation of various SMART GRID solutions • Alignment of SMART GRID development with Renewable Energy Development • Conclusion • Recommendation
- 3. About JPS • Est. 1923 • Ownership: EWP (Korea) 40% Marubeni (Japan) 40%, GOJ ~ 20% • Vertically Integrated Utility - Sole Transmission and Distribution, Liberalized Generation (incl. IPPs) • Installed Capacity: ~ 1,024 MW (JPS + IPP), Fossil, Hydro, Wind, Solar • Peak Demand: ~ 655 MW, May 16, 2016 • Approximately 16,000 km of T&D, 138kV and 69kV, 55 Substations, 28 Generating Plants • Customer base: ~ 606,650 • Staff: ~ 1700
- 4. Context • Globally, significant investments are being done in renewable energy technologies driven by efforts to decarbonize the planet • The variable nature of these generation poses integration challenges, renewable energy by itself, will not keep the lights on! • Grid modernization has to take place in concert with the rapid deployment of these variable renewable resources (VRR) • Balancing resources – integrating large-scale and small distributed energy resources (DER) • Smarter Grids enable higher penetrations of VRR on T&D networks
- 5. Jamaican Context – Energy Policy 2009-2030 • Reduce the over-dependence on imported oil for electricity production • Requires a diversified energy base with focus on “green” and “clean” technologies • Requires reduction of our carbon footprint and protection of the environment • Promotion of energy efficiency and energy conservation and grid modernization to accommodate these goals • Requires that by 2030, renewables (solar, hydro, wind, biofuel) will be 20% of the energy mix. • No objection for renewable plants < 15 MW (base operating cost and negotiable premium cap) • Competitive basis for renewable plants >= 15 MW through the OUR process
- 6. Jamaican Context – Energy Policy 2009-2030
- 7. Are we REady? • Installed Hydro Capacity - 29.12 MW • Installed Wind Capacity - 101.3 MW • Installed Solar Capacity - 20 MW • Roof Top Solar (DG) - 4MW (30MW) • Future Roof Top Solar - 13.5MW • Future Solar 2018 - 33.1 MW • Future Biomass 2018 - 5 MW • Converted 120 MW CCGT to LNG • 190 MW CCGT 2019 on LNG
- 8. The Jamaican Context – Renewable Energy Capacity Penetration • Total MCR = 1,024 MW • Existing RE capacity = 14.6% • VRR (Wind + Solar) = 11.8% • Projected RE Capacity = 17.7% • VRR (Wind + Solar ) = 14.5% Research indicates that in most large scale grid systems, VRR < 10% of peak capacity has little impact on system operation. Larger Shares will present challenges for System Operators. Wind Energy and Power Systems Operations: A review of Wind Integration Studies to Date” The Electricity Journal, Vol 22, Issue 10, 34-43. Day Peak Min Demand (MW) 580.0 400.0 Wind Capacity % 17..5% 25.3% Solar Capacity % 3.4% 5.0% TOTAL 20.9% 30.3% P E A K MIN 17.5% 25.3% 3.4% 5.0% 20.9% 30.3% RE CAPACITY PENETRATION AT ON-PEAK AND OFF-PEAK Wind Capacity % Solar Capacity % TOTAL
- 9. Jamaica Load Profile and Capacity • Evening Peak - Highest energy demand is in Day • Demand met by load- following dispatchable base- load plant • Quick-Start GT’s brought online for short term capacity shortfall or peaking • High Spinning Reserves during low loads • Most dispatched capacity is fixed/flexible mix • Current demand intermittency is absorbed by spinning reserves – 29 MW Committed Capacity vs System Demand 200 300 400 500 600 12:30 AM 5:30 AM 10:30 AM 3:30 PM 8:30 PM Time Load/Capacity(MW) Capacity Demand
- 10. EFFECTS OF VRR on the Power System
- 11. -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 MW Time 36MW Wind Farm, August 18, 2016 (6:00am - 6:30pm) BMR
- 12. 0 5 10 15 20 25 MW Time 20MW PV Plant, August 18, 2016 (6:00am - 6:30pm) MW
- 13. 21.06MW, 11:07am 6.15MW, 11:10am 14.97MW, 11:22am 4.87MW, 11:24am 0 5 10 15 20 25 MW TIME CSL - August 2016 CSL
- 14. 48.8 49 49.2 49.4 49.6 49.8 50 50.2 50.4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Frequency,Hz MW Total VRR vs Spinning Reserve & System Frequency CSL WWFI&II WWFIII BMR Spinning Reserve Total VRR Frequency, Hz
- 15. The SMART GRID “A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies” – European Technology Platform Smart Grid (ETPSG) NIST Conceptual Reference Model
- 16. Smart Grid and VRR’s • What share of VRR is possible with more effective use of existing flexible resources? No one size fits all, careful studies and simulations are necessary. • Integrated Resource Planning using, for example, the Flexibility Assessment (FAST) method developed by the IEA’s Grid Integration of Variable Renewables (GIVAR) project. • IEA identifies four technical flexibility resources that can aid in the integration challenge: • Dispatchable plants: Load-Following Generators with ramp-up/ramp-down and short start-up/shut-down times • Storage: batteries, pumped hydro, compressed air, flywheels • Interconnection: to neighbouring utilities/systems • Demand-Side measures: Customer participation in power system operation – load shifting, load shedding etc., SMART-GRID Technologies are integral components
- 17. Flexibility needs and Flexible resources – IEA Framework • Smart Grid Systems and Technologies play a role in: • Demand Side Management & Response • Energy Storage Facilities • Power Market • System Operations • Grid hardware • Other Smart Grid Technologies • PHEV’s charging • Modernizing grid Operations through Advanced SCADA/EMS + Substation & Distribution Automation • Inclusive power markets, storage and demand side resources for balancing • Establishment of micro-grids during outages on the main grid
- 18. Flexibility is the Answer! • Flexibility expresses the extent to which a power system can modify electricity production or consumption in response to variability, expected or otherwise • Curtailing the VRR output when necessary to prevent surplus • Achieving Near- Instantaneaous Ramp Rates NIST Conceptual Reference Model
- 19. Key VRR Integration Challenges and Smart Grid Solutions • Integration Challenges • Transmission • General Ramping Requirements • Near Instantaneous Production Ramps • Over-Generation • Proposed Response to VRR Integration Challenges: • Smart Grid Tools • Market Tools • System Operations Tools • Other
- 20. Transmission • Siting of VRR are often times located at a significant distances from load centres. Cost of new transmission or limits on existing lines may pose challenges to additional VRR generation. • Smart grid technologies, especially advanced transmission and substation technologies, can aid in this challenge by increasing transmission line capacity, reducing system losses, and improving voltage and frequency control NIST Conceptual Reference Model
- 21. Transmission Solutions SMART GRID TOOLS • Dynamic Line Rating – real time monitoring of line sags • Wide Area Situational Awareness + Phasor Measurement tools – SMART Remedial Action Schemes • Flexible AC Transmission Systems – FACTS Devices > SVC, FSC, Sync Condensers • SMART Circuit Breakers – Fibre Optics Tripping independent of relays SYSTEM OPERATION TOOLS • Advanced Simulation Systems – Chess Player Algorithms, Improved Load Forecasting assist with Optimizing System • Better Balancing Area Coordination, Upgrade Line and Transformer Capacity, Retrofit Relays • Transition from day-ahead UC and hourly dispatch down to 5 minute intervals
- 22. General Ramping Requirements • System operators “ramp” the output of generators in response to the demand for electricity, a vital grid function known as “load-following.” • Conventional ramping is normally due to fluctuations in electricity demand, high penetration of VRR adds a new variability to this convention and the unique patterns present different ramping challenges. • High Penetration Solar requires daily (morning and evening) ramping as well as cloud cover changes. • Wind Power generally increases during the day and dies down in the evening, but has less predictable up-and-down-ramping requirements
- 23. General Ramping Solutions SMART GRID TOOLS • Energy Storage – batteries, flywheels, chillers, heat • Demand Response • Virtual Power Plants – grouping of energy resources under central control SYSTEM OPERATION TOOLS • Better Wind and Solar Forecasting for Resource Scheduling • Better Balancing Area Coordination • Advanced EMS integrating near real- time (5 min) load forecast updates • Improved AGC monitoring, RTU scan rate >> VRR rate • Dynamic Spinning Reserve allocation and assignment to the best responding generator sets (including IPPs) • Retrofit/recalibrate generator governors for faster response
- 24. Near-Instantaneous Production Ramps • High-Penetrations of Solar present integration challenges, the passage of clouds over PV panels can result in output changes of +/- 50% in 60 seconds and +/- 70% in 10 minutes. • Rooftop or utility-scale PV connected directly to the distribution system can introduce voltage challenges. Quick variations from inverter-based generation can impact the voltage to customers if adequate voltage regulation is absent. • Siting of a single large solar installation at the end of a distribution feeder can strain the entire voltage regulation scheme. • Generally, the Response-Time for Voltage Regulation is critical.
- 25. Near Instantaneous Production Ramps Solutions SMART GRID TOOLS • Volt Var Optimization and require PVs to contribute to Voltage Regulation • Fault Location Isolation & Service Restoration • Transfer Trip Schemes – to allow proper discon and recon of RE when outage is detected • Automated reclosers to facilitate Islanding of DGs and/or BSs when outages are detected • Active power electronics in SMART Meters to control ramps • Coupling of PV inverters and PQM to minimize feeder voltage fluctuations SYSTEM OPERATION TOOLS • ADMS to integrate grid monitoring applications to improve visualization and situational awareness of the distribution network state and facilitate FLISR, FR, DR, VVO/VVC • Distribution Operator Training Simulator – DOTS • STLM for better voltage control
- 26. Over-Generation • Over-generation typically occurs when VRR generation is high, loads are relatively low, and there is a significant share of non-dispatchable and baseload conventional generation on the grid • The challenge is more common with wind generation in low-load situations
- 27. Over Generation Solutions SMART GRID TOOLS • High Quality RE Forecasting • Demand Response – eg. PHEV Charging, ICE for HVAC, Cooling of Industrial Refrigerators • Home Automation – Residential Pre-cooling, Electric Thermal Heating of Water, SMART Pumps, SMART Thermostats • Large Industrial Loads to absorb the excess energy SYSTEM OPERATION TOOLS • Expanded balancing area – sell/export the excess power • RE Curtailment – Reduce RE Output • Advanced EMS with Load Forecasting/Load Dispatch with AGC • Require all generators to operate at minimum load and/or leading power factor • Flexible base load generators capable of cycling
- 28. Integrating Solutions • The design of smart grid systems to enable greater VRR generation should be driven by analysis of the types, timing, and magnitude of grid challenges posed by the portfolio of VRR sources on each individual grid, as well as the relative cost of the potential solutions – IEA FAST method • The key challenge for decision-makers (i.e. system or market operators) is to prioritize and implement the appropriate mix of integration solutions detailed above given the specific grid topology, current and future VRR mix, and market structure • The economics of flexible resources are unique to each electricity market and regulatory landscape, and conducting resource assessments and simulations will be critical to estimating the most cost-effective path to integrating large penetration of VRRs
- 30. Activating demand-side intelligence • Smart grids can enable greater customer participation in power system operations. • By sending real-time information on cost of electricity, or offering information about real-time incentive payments, engaged customers and grid-networked housing and commercial buildings can participate in reducing stress on the network caused by system events, such as increasing peak demand or VRR integration events • Enabling demand to actively respond to load and price conditions can have a dramatic impact on the integration of VRRs. NIST Conceptual Reference Model
- 31. Primary Characteristics of Traditional vs. Smart Grid Demand Response Conventional DR Smart-Grid DR Participation Targeted, Limited to large C/I & residential All Customers Who Controls Utility Customers What is Controlled Interruptible Rates, Residential HVAC, Water Heating All Loads Available Control Equipment Utility provided, Few Suppliers Customer Provided, many market suppliers Incentives Fixed/Participation Payments, Baseline Metrics Retail Dynamic Prices, Reservation Payments, Pay-for performance DR products Generally limited to Reliability Capacity, Energy, Ancillary Services: Congestion Management DR, EE, Renewable Integration NO YES
- 32. Activating delivery-side intelligence • Dynamic Line Rating: lines are given a static thermal capacity rating that limits how much current can be delivered across the line formulated from ambient temp and current flow. • Sag in transmission lines affect the amount of current flow as well as ambient weather. • A cloud shadowing can increase line capacity by 3% and wind speed and direction can impact capacity by up to 10% • “Dynamic line rating” systems consist of tension and/or temperature sensors deployed on high- voltage transmission lines to provide grid operators real time insights into thermal capacity. Such intelligence can allow for greater amounts of electricity to be delivered, which at times can reduce the level of curtailment of VRRs
- 33. Enabling Distributed Generation & Microgrids • Planned islanding can now be introduced and integrated with system protection • Microgrids are defined as electrical systems that include multiple loads and distributed energy resources that may be operated either interconnected with the grid or as an electrical island • Applicable to rural areas or large residential subdivisions, corporate campuses, hotel zones • Microgrid Controller takes over the job of the system controller to maintain power quality (voltage, frequency etc.,), balance of generation and load
- 34. Integrated System Control Room • Full operational view of Transmission and Distribution systems • Integrated EMS and DMS • DMS function now critical as DER’s are deployed, active control of the distribution is essential with storage, generation and load. Advanced Applications and Simulation will be necessary to improve visibility and control over the resources. • At the transmission level, EMS are managing both conventional and VRR, active demand response, storage devices and safety. The EMS will have to control the DMS and DER’s directly in daily operations
- 35. Transmission Control Room Improvements • High resolution visualization of grid status and health • Automated Demand Management • Algorithms that identify intermittency events and look-ahead • Integrated forecasting software that allows for more accurate dispatch • Ability to manage the connection or disconnection of micro-grids • Work force demographics and skills
- 36. Conclusion • What is the regionally-appropriate sequence and priority of smart grid applications needed to facilitate the development of high-penetration VRR power systems? • What types of policy frameworks best engage customers in participatory energy markets? • What is the regionally-appropriate model for renewable energy development (e.g. what share of VRR resources should be distributed?) • What smart-grid VRR integration solutions are most strongly affected by institutional barriers? Market barriers? What policy changes would mitigate these barriers?
- 37. Recommendation • Ensure alignment between smart grid roadmaps and scenarios for future renewable energy supply • Evaluate smart grid VRR integration solutions in the context of the full range of integration solutions • Integrated Resource Planning to: • Establish the existing flexibility of the grid to integrate new resources • Determine the optimal size and sites for renewable energy projects (resources) • Ensure grid sustainability through generation units with appropriate ramp and frequency stability capabilities • Facilitate better collaboration with customers in Distributive Generation, who are producing electricity and selling back to the grid
- 38. Questions? • Thank You References: ISGAN White paper: “Smart Grid Contribution to Variable Renewable Resource Integration”, 25 April 2012 Ministry of Energy and Mining, “National Renewable Energy Policy 2009-2030”, August 2010 IEA, “Harnessing Variable Renewables, A guide to the Balancing Challenge”, January 2011 US DOE, “Strategies and Decision Support Systems for Integrating Variable Energy Resources in Control Centres for Reliable Grid Operations, Global Best Practices, Examples of Excellence and Lessons Learned”, Lawrence Jones NIST, “Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards”, 1.0. January 2010 Energy Institute at HAAS, “Renewable Integration Challenges create Demand Response Opportunity,” Meredith Fowlie, Sept 2, 2014
Editor's Notes
- Ramping demands: Increased solar puts stress on the system when the sun rises and sets. Conventional generation must ramp down and up to compensate. Over-generation can be a problem when solar output peaks in the early afternoon if demand levels are modest and inflexible base load generation bumps up against minimum output constraints. Declining marginal value: As the level of renewables penetration (solar in particular) increases, renewable energy output becomes less coincident with peak net load. This drives down the marginal value of the electricity generated, in part by reducing the capacity value of solar on the build margin and in part by driving up the marginal cost of managing variable energy output.
- In light of this definition, smarter grids play a role in several domains within the IEA categorization of flexible resources. We now focus on a deeper discussion of how smart grid applications and technologies could enable power system flexibility in support of VRR integration Jamaica with VRR shares set to exceed 10% in 2016 has to seriously look toward smart grid solutions to maintain safety, security, reliability and economics The challenges presented by VRR integration will vary significantly by region, grid topology, and type of VRR resources on the grid. Consequently, the appropriate portfolio of integration tools will be specific to each grid system. In order to better contextualize smart grid tools within the full toolbox available to system operators, the next section provides a broad overview of key VRR integration challenges and outlines four categories of available tools: smart grid, markets, system operation, and other. ‡
- Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually. But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with some renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? To what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? And what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible? Power systems differ tremendously in design, operation and consumption patterns, in the natural resources that underpin them, the markets they contain, and the transmission grids that bind them together. Furthermore, and as this analysis shows, there is likely to be a wide gap between what is technically possible and what is possible at present. In other words, some systems are better able than others to manage large VRE shares of electricity production, and direct comparison among them of VRE deployment potential from the integration perspective is inappropriate. Integrated Resource Planning using the Flexibility Assessment (FAST) method developed by the IEA’s Grid Integration of Variable Renewables (GIVAR) project. ● Step 1 assesses the maximum technical ability of the four flexible resources to ramp up and down over the balancing time frame.5 This is the Technical Flexible Resource. ● Step 2 captures the extent to which certain attributes of the power area in question will constrain the availability of the technical resource, to yield the Available Flexible Resource. ● Step 3 is to calculate the maximum Flexibility Requirement of the system, which is a combination of fluctuations in demand and VRE output (the net load)6 , and contingencies. ● Step 4 brings together the requirement for flexibility and the available flexible resource to establish the Present VRE Penetration Potential (PVP) of the system in question.
- Grid hardware such as smart grid technologies can play several important roles to balance the fluctuation in “net load.”† Specifically, smart grid technologies are integral components of the categories of “Demand side management and response” and “Energy storage facilities.”
- The integration challenges are taken in the context of other solutions that are available, some which are soft and already available..
- SMART RAS
- Most Modern Grids have to make do on the existing Transmission Systems, So reducing the flow or operating closer to the limits is key for utilities and a challenge for system operators SMART RAS - the Smart RAS takes synchrophasor-measured real power of tie lines between two grid areas and is triggered using an AIEM (Adaptive Impact Energy Method) application. Static Var Compensators The SVC is a shunt connected device injecting dynamically inductive or capacitive reactive power into the transmission grid. The main task is voltage stability and reactive power control of transmission systems and system nodes. Series Compensators provide an increase in transmission system stability and capacity for power transmission. Applications of SC are Fixed Series Capacitors (FSC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) and Thyristor Protected Series Capacitors (TPSC).
- In some instances, the ramping requirements driven by variable generation and variable demand may offset each other, while in other cases they may combine to require even more ramping capacity. Additionally, the interplay between different VRR sources may be important, for example in regions where wind speeds tend to increase in the evening during the same time that solar begins to decrease. In Jamaica there is the potential for interplay between wind and solar peaking at the same time with a great degree of overlap.
- US researchers report roughly 38,000 MW of existing demand response capacity in the United States.[17] Activating demand-side flexibility is not simply a technical question however -- it requires a mix of complementary policy, regulatory, and market measures, which should be coordinated with the desired type of demand-side participation in mind.
- Smart grid technologies and systems can cost-effectively enable demand-side flexibility in several ways. On the one hand, traditional (or managed) DR leverages networks and machine-to-machine communication protocols to manage demand based on real time price and/or load conditions. On the other hand, price-responsive (or active) DR leverages consumer and market participant responses to price in order to shift load. Traditional demand response is centrally controlled by the vertically-integrated utility and has historically focused on reliability operations (e.g. managing load peaks). Price-based demand response, managed through a market with increased customer participation, encompasses a wider range of potential products, potentially playing significant roles in capacity, energy, and ancillary services markets, as well as in congestion management. Automated demand response (“AutoDR” or “ADR”), which facilitates direct communication between building automation systems and electricity markets, is now technologically mature, but focuses mainly on demand response for peak demand reduction. Demonstration of technologies (including AutoDR) for load-following generation are now being conducted in several countries. Active, smart grid–enabled DR promotes greater price-responsiveness of customers and market participants through real-time pricing delivered via machine-to-machine communication, in-home devices, or mobile devices. The magnitude and flexibility of such resources is potentially quite large, but significant hurdles remain to its mainstream adoption in VRR-relevant power market operations – not least of which are uncertainties around likely rates of consumer participation. The critical policy issues facing greater activation of price-responsive, next-generation DR include market design, pricing, rules of participation, and technical resource assessments Sedano, Levy & Goldman, 2010
- The connection of small generators to the grid, such as rooftop PV, combined heat and power, diesel generators, gas turbines, fuel cells, and run-of-the-river hydro, is not a new phenomenon. For safety reasons, the traditional approach in integrating distributed generation is to set the protection and the voltage regulation of the generator to avoid cases of islanding during an outage. Islanding occurs when a generator is running, feeding the customers, while the main source is removed, either intentionally or through an unintentional service outage.
- The adoption of advanced information and communication technologies into grid control rooms is enabling dramatic advances in power system management. Key enabling systems include high-resolution visualization of grid status and health, automated demand management, algorithms that identify critical (i.e. intermittency) events, integrated forecasting software that allows for more accurate market dispatch, and the ability to manage the connection (and disconnection) of large micro-grids
- Considering the strong linkage between VRR and smart grid development and the magnitude of investments at stake, the following recommendations could help decision-makers in defining the appropriate course of action Recommendation 1: Ensure alignment between smart grid roadmaps and scenarios for future renewable energy supply. Smart grid technologies will be an increasingly important resource for integrating both large-scale and distributed renewable energy resources. The specific types of renewable resources to be developed, as well as the target mix of utility-scale and distributed resources, should inform the development of smart grid policies and capital investments. Scenarios that prioritize large-scale VRR will require a special focus on intelligent transmission solutions, while programs that prioritize DER, such as feed-in tariffs for small scale VRR development, will require a special focus on the way distribution networks are upgraded and operated Recommendation 2: Evaluate smart grid VRR integration solutions in the context of the full range of integration solutions. The pathway to successful VRR integration will be highly specific to each region, and will likely include various changes to system operation, power markets, and the cycling of dispatchable power plants. The integration of balancing areas, the development of efficient and open markets, and new or expanded transmission interconnections to dispatchable renewable plants (such as large hydro generators), may all be key candidates for addressing the VRR integration challenge. Smart grid solutions will typically complement these strategies, and in other cases they may represent cost-effective alternatives.