The document provides an overview of microgrids and smart grids, including definitions and components. It defines a microgrid as a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that can operate connected to or isolated from the main power grid. A smart grid is described as an interconnected system of generation, loads, and storage enabled by remote monitoring and controls. The document outlines the various components that make up microgrids and smart grids including generation sources, energy storage, switching devices, and control systems.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
ADMS is a comprehensive network management solution with monitoring, analysis, control, optimization, planning and training tools sharing a common infrastructure, data model, and user experience.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
ADMS is a comprehensive network management solution with monitoring, analysis, control, optimization, planning and training tools sharing a common infrastructure, data model, and user experience.
Reactive Power Sharing Droop Control Strategy for DG Units in an Islanded Mic...IJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage
recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is
activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in
a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate
the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the
government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more
attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar
photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated
system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage
and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize
energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works
efficiently under a decentralized control system.
Reactive Power Sharing in Islanded Microgrid by Droop Control MethodIJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works efficiently under a decentralized control system.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
The energy sector is moving into the era of distributed generation (DG) and microgrids
(MGs). The stability and operation aspects of converter-dominated DG MGs, however, are faced by
many challenges. To overcome these difficulties, this paper presents a new large-signal-based control
topology for DG power converters that is suitable for both grid connected and islanding modes of
operation without any need to reconfigure the control system and without islanding detection. To
improve MG stability and to guarantee stability and high performance of the MG system during sudden
harsh transients such as islanding, grid reconnection, and large load power changes, a nonlinear MG
stabilizer is proposed. We propose a novel control topology for microgrids which can work in both grid
connected and islanding modes without reconfiguration so it does not require islanding detection
technique, the controller is based on the concept of synchronverter In this paper, a radical step is taken
to improve the synchronverter as a self-synchronized synchronverter by removing the dedicated
synchronization unit
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: MCAGCC 29 Palms Microgrid, presented by Gary Morrissett, USMC 29 Palms Base, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In planning for Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in a microgrid, careful consideration must be taken to ensure the DER and microgrid are resilient during both grid-connected and islanded operation. There are many factors considered in the design of a microgrid, including the size of an existing DER, or the size of a new DER, the preferred DER/microgrid control technology and the material and labors costs. This paper discusses protection topics that need to be considered when analyzing microgrid voltage stability during fault conditions. Areas examined are fault contributions and voltage ride-though concerns with synchronous generators and inverter based DERs. A case study simulated on a real time power system simulator is presented in this paper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
It is very useful power point presentation on the "Grid Voltage Regulation"
it consist all thing related with topic.
I have already presented and got 100% credit.
Reactive Power Sharing Droop Control Strategy for DG Units in an Islanded Mic...IJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage
recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is
activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in
a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate
the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the
government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more
attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar
photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated
system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage
and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize
energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works
efficiently under a decentralized control system.
Reactive Power Sharing in Islanded Microgrid by Droop Control MethodIJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works efficiently under a decentralized control system.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
The energy sector is moving into the era of distributed generation (DG) and microgrids
(MGs). The stability and operation aspects of converter-dominated DG MGs, however, are faced by
many challenges. To overcome these difficulties, this paper presents a new large-signal-based control
topology for DG power converters that is suitable for both grid connected and islanding modes of
operation without any need to reconfigure the control system and without islanding detection. To
improve MG stability and to guarantee stability and high performance of the MG system during sudden
harsh transients such as islanding, grid reconnection, and large load power changes, a nonlinear MG
stabilizer is proposed. We propose a novel control topology for microgrids which can work in both grid
connected and islanding modes without reconfiguration so it does not require islanding detection
technique, the controller is based on the concept of synchronverter In this paper, a radical step is taken
to improve the synchronverter as a self-synchronized synchronverter by removing the dedicated
synchronization unit
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: MCAGCC 29 Palms Microgrid, presented by Gary Morrissett, USMC 29 Palms Base, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In planning for Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in a microgrid, careful consideration must be taken to ensure the DER and microgrid are resilient during both grid-connected and islanded operation. There are many factors considered in the design of a microgrid, including the size of an existing DER, or the size of a new DER, the preferred DER/microgrid control technology and the material and labors costs. This paper discusses protection topics that need to be considered when analyzing microgrid voltage stability during fault conditions. Areas examined are fault contributions and voltage ride-though concerns with synchronous generators and inverter based DERs. A case study simulated on a real time power system simulator is presented in this paper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
It is very useful power point presentation on the "Grid Voltage Regulation"
it consist all thing related with topic.
I have already presented and got 100% credit.
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
Show drafts
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Tabula.io Cheatsheet: automate your data workflows
Reillly-Microgrids.pptx
1. REVIEW DRAFT – NOT FOR CITATION, QUOTATION, OR DISTRIBUTION
Microgrids, SmartGrids, and Resilience Hardware 101
Jim Reilly, Electrical Engineer - Microgrid Deployment
27 October, 2020
2. Grid Overview
What is a Microgrid?
What is a SmartGrid?
Variable Generation
Batteries
NREL CORE Microgrid Design Process
NREL Overview
2
All info in this deck is oversimplified to help a broad baseline understanding, please
consult with the experts before fully pursuing a microgrid or SmartGrid
3. Distributed Generation
o Distributed Electric Resource (DER), Decentralized Generation,
Dispersed Storage & Generation (DSP), Decentralized Energy,
Distributed Energy, Independent Power Producer (IPP), Non-Utility
Generator (NUG) , etc.
Dispatchable Generation Source
Generation sources that can be dispatched at request of operators
Baseload – Slow ramping up or down – Roughly 1-12 hours
Coal, Nuclear, Geothermal, Biomass, etc.
Peaking – Quick ramping up or down – seconds to minutes
Natural Gas, Hydropower, Geothermal, Biomass, Diesel, etc.
Variable Generation
Generation sources driven by variable energy resource
Wind power, solar power, Marine and Hydrokinetic, etc..
Reliability
Ability of a system to avoid a disruption in quality service
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
CAIFI = Num$%& o( )u*+om%& In+%&&up+/on*
)u*+om%&* 0%&1%2
Resilience
Ability of a system to adapt, withstand, and recover from a
disruption
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
CAIDI =
3u&4+/on o( )u*+om%& In+%&&up+/on*
)u*+om%&* 0%&1%2
Common Energy Terms
3
4. Electric Grid Overview
Historically all power flowed from transmission to distribution, distributed generation is creating potential bi-directional
power flows and forcing utilities to implement more intelligent distribution networks.
Transmission – high capacity back-bone lines that carry energy from generation to distribution
across long distances
Common voltages are 115 kV, 138 kV, 230 kV, 315 kV, 500 kV (typically metal poles)
Distribution – localized network that delivers energy from the transmission substation to loads
Common voltages are 12.47 kV, 22 kV, 34.5 kV, 46 kV, 69 kV (typically wood poles)
4
5. Microgrid – DOE Definition
Group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single
controllable entity with respect to the grid….and can operate in both grid-connected or island-mode.
What is a Microgrid?
Building-level
generators
Installation Substation(s)
Base-Level
Microgrid
Feeder-Level
Microgrid
Circuit-Level
Microgrid
Base Utility Supply
https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/000000003002008205/?lang=en-US
5
6. A microgrid can be operated in two major modes;
• Grid-tied
o Peak Shaving
o Frequency Regulation
o Demand Response
o Etc…
• Islanded
o Load Isolation - Planned outage
o Emergency Power - Unplanned outage
Microgrid Operation Modes
http://www.publicpower.com/library/committee_forum2011/Wayne%20Hartman.pdf
6
7. 1. Generatorsor battery storageare brought online with intertie-breaker open
o Generators are spinning, but not connected to either grid
2. Generatorsand Batteries are synchronizedwith the public grid and breakers are closed
3. Breaker/Disconnect to island base is opened
o Generators and storage transition to begin serving load
– Can be as quickly as 22ms
4. Loadsare shed, if necessary.
– (1-20cycles for disconnects/breakers to open)
5. Generator ties are closed and loads begin to be brought back online
6. ****Power restored to selected loads***
7. Controlsbalance voltage and frequency at microgridlevel
All of this happens here.
Load Isolation - Planned Microgrid Transition
Planned transition from Utility-feed to microgrid
Backup generators are ”Spinning” and are ready to serve
loads at time of isolation
Seamless transition can occur with proper coordination
7
7
8. 1. Protectionsystem senses a fault – breakers trip
– (1-20 cycles)
2. ***Power outage***
3. Central control systemsees trippedbreaker and begins islandingsequence
– (Intracycle)
4. Generatorsare ramped up or batterystorageis brought online
– (intracycle -10minutes)
5. Loads are shed, if necessary.
– (1-20 cycles)
6. Generator ties are closed and loads begin to be brought back online
7. ****Power restored to selected loads***
8. Controlsbalance voltage and frequency at microgridlevel
All of this happens here
Emergency Power - Unplanned Microgrid Transition
Unplanned transition fromutility-fed to microgrid
Backup generators are not ”Spinning”
Short duration outage – 1 sec to 10 mins
8
9. Components
Generation
Energy storage
Loads
Transmission and Distribution Lines
Switching and Protection Devices (manual and/or motor actuated)
Circuit Breaker
Disconnect Switch
Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
Reclosers
Fuses
Power/voltage Correction
Voltage Regulator
Capacitor
Components of Microgrids
Opening HVAir-break
disconnect under load
(Not supposed to happen, but still cool!)
9
10. SmartGrid - DOE Definition
Interconnected generation and loads enabled with remote monitoring and controls capabilities
Enabled through fiber, relays, central control system
Allows for central monitoring and controls
Workforce management to deploy personnel for O&M
Some functions can be automated based on set-points and desired operating conditions
10
What is SmartGrid?
11. Hardware
Current Transformer (CT) and Potential Transformer (PT)
Transform high current/voltage to low current/voltage to
become easier and cheaper to measure
Relays
Terminal point to convert data signal into action (ex open
breaker, or ramp generator)
Communication
Fiber Optic/Cat 6/radio or line signals
Carrier for signals between terminals
Software
SCADA/Hardware Machine Interface (HMI)
Energy Management System
Battery Management System
Microgrid Controller
Programmable Logic Controllers (RTACs)
Components that Enable SmartGrid
Old Analog Relays
11
New Digital Relays
12. Basic
Grid-level generators that can island groups
of loads from grid
Connected generators can parallel
Manual operation of all switching
and generation
Intermediate
• Grid-level generators that can
remotely island loads from grid
o System is half-automated, requires
manual load shedding or isolation
o Generators can be remotely
controlled once loads are shed
Advanced
Full Smart Microgrid capability
o Entire installationcan be islanded
o Central control of load shedding
o Central control of generator output
Phased Approach to Microgrids and SmartGrids
Examples of levels…there are a limitless number of configurations
12
13. “Smart Microgrid” – Interconnected generation and loads capable of being operated and monitored
remotely as an island from the public utility system
o Smart Microgrids consist of two major layers
– Microgrid layer – electrical distribution
– SmartGrid layer – controls and monitoring
13
Smart Microgrid
Smart microgrids can enable participation in markets for;
Frequency Regulation
Demand Response
Peak Shaving
Price Arbitrage/Load Shifting
Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR)
Volt/VAR Support
Etc..
14. Microgrid Planning: Ensure that adequate capacity exists to serve peak load and blackstart the microgrid
Peak load and average load are a large factor of generation capacity sizing
Generationshouldbe sized with considerationof the efficiency of the system
Generation capacity must be capable of supporting in-rush currents during blackstart
Capacity and Energy resources
– Variable energy resourcesshouldbe viewedas an energy resource (kWh)
– 10 MWof solarPV and 10 MWof diesel cannotserve 20 MWof load, this can serve 10 MWof loadwith PV offsetting fuel use
Operation: Generation will be dispatched based on system needs
As load varies, generation will be adjusted to maintain a balanced system
Variable generation should be maximized to reduce fuel consumption when available, but may need to be curtailed to ensure
adequate power quality
Variable Generation in a Microgrid
Denholm, “High PenetrationVG and the PotentialRole of Energy Storage“ 2014
E. Ela, “Active Power Control From Wind Turbines“ 2014
14
15. Capacity of a BESS = MW
Similar to peak output of a diesel – the most power that can be injected
Output can be controlled through inverters up to specified capacity
Energy of a BESS = MWh
Similar to the fuel storage for a diesel generator
Simplified run-time of a BESS
MWh / MWload = # of hours
5 MWh BESS injecting 2 MW can run for 2.5 hours
5 MWh BESS injecting 0.5 MW can run for 10 hours
20 MWh BESS injecting 10 MW can run for 2 hours
At $1M per MWh, this gives 2 hours of backup for a 10 MW load for $20M
Batteries output DC power and require an inverter to convert
DC to AC
For BESS, inverters have a constant source of power and can be used to
full ability. Until empty
Certain battery chemistries are better are quick response grid-services
than others
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
2 MW:1 MWh 1 MW:2 MWh
How the individual batteriesin a system are
configured(and inverter capacity)determinesthe
power and energy output of the system
15
16. Bulk Generation, Storage,
and MD/HD Mobility
Transmission/
Distribution & Storage
Distributed Generation, Storage,
Loads, and LD Mobility
115kV
13-34kV
13kV
120-480V
20MW
<2MW
Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF)
Virtual Emulation
Environment
(HPC @ ESIF + PHIL @
ESIF and Flatirons)
Flatirons Campus
17. 17
NREL Microgrid Design Process
CORE
Continuously
Optimized
Resilient Energy
Project Team
Background
Information
Stakeholders
Priority Missions &
Loads
Risks/Threats
High Level Goals
Performance
requirements
Step One
Scoping & Planning
Total Loads & Critical
Loads
Electrical Infrastructure
Existing Generation &
Future Potential
Controls &
Communications
Energy Costs
Historical Reliability
Step Two
Data Collection
Boundaries &
Architecture
Generation Analysis &
Selection
Controls & Comms
Design Constraints &
Requirements
Technical & Economic
Modeling
Implementation Options
Step Three
Conceptual Design
Step Four
Project
Development
Acquisition &
Operating Strategies
Funding or Financing
Project Refinement
Request for Proposal
Development
Solicitation
Contractor Selection
Post Award
Engineering Design
Construction &
Functional Testing
Commissioning &
Performance Testing
Operations &
Maintenance
Step Five
Implementation
Microgrids for Energy Resilience: A Guide to Conceptual Design and Lessons from Defense Projects
18. Power Systems Basics
19
In DC circuits, electrons travel in one direction causing voltage and current to remain constant over
time
• P = VI, P = Power
• V = Voltage, the electrical potential energy between two points
• I = Current, the flow of electric charge through a conductor
• R = Resistance
In AC circuits, electrons move back and forth through the circuit causing the voltage and current to
fluctuate with time
• Voltage and Current will travel out of phase with each other when inductance and capacitance are
introduced to the circuit
• An inductive circuit is considered “lagging.” The current peaks after the voltage
• A capacitive circuit is considered “leading.” The current peaks before the voltage
Inductive
-Lagging
18
Capacitive
-Leading
19. Overhead High-Voltage Disconnect Switches High Voltage Circuit Breakers
High Voltage Fuses
Underground Switching Cabinet
Switching and Protection Devices
20
Pad-mount switch
cabinet (PMH)
19
Photos courtesy Mike Coddington - NREL
20. 2.5MW & 3.8kW Wind Inverters
Solar PV inverter
Recloser
Protection and Power Transformation Equipment
21
Single-Phase Overhead Transformer
Three-Phase Overhead
Transformers
Photos courtesy Mike Coddington - NREL
Single-Phase Pad-
mount
transformer
Three-Phase Pad-
mount transformer
20
21. Substation Example(page 1 of 3)
22
Takeaway: Electrical drawings correspond
directly to the real world
21
24. 1. Data is gathered through hardware on the system.
o Current Transformer (CT)
o Potential Transformer (PT)
2. Receivers accept and convert signals
o Relays connected to CTs and PTs
3. Signals sent through communication medium
o Fiber – Fast communication speed
o Ethernet – Medium communications speed
o Radio – slowest communication speed
o Infared – fast communication speeds
4. Central control facility/servers
o SCADA system/microgrid controller
5. Signal sent through communication medium
o Fiber – Fast communication speed
o Ethernet – Medium communications speed
o Radio – slowest communication speed
o Infared – fast communication speeds
6. Receivers accept signals from communication
medium
o Relay, RTAC, RTU
7. Signal triggers hardware to perform a function
o Generator ramp up/down
o Switch open/close
o Shed loads
o Volt/VAR compensation
Operation of an example Smart Microgrid
1 & 2
3
4
5
6 & 7
24