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The Medieval Ages
The document provides an overview of the medieval ages in Europe, covering major periods and events between the 11th and 15th centuries. It discusses factors that led to peace and prosperity like the revitalization of the Church and rise of feudalism. Significant events included the Crusades, outbreak of the bubonic plague that killed up to half of Europe's population, and the development of knighthood, monasticism, and universities. The document also examines the power struggle between the Church and kings, witch hunts, agricultural advances, growth of trade and cities, architectural achievements, and the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
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The Medieval Ages
- 1. THE MEDIEVAL AGES A B R I E F OVE RVI EW
- 2. PEACE AND PROSPERITYFACTORS • Revitalization of the Church (Crusades) • Agricultural revolution and rise of feudalism • Revival of trade and the urban revolution • Rise of national monarchies • Development of universities • Architecture: cathedrals and castles King John of England Flying Buttress
- 3. THE CRUSADES 1095-1291CE • Effects • Reduced internal warring in Europe • Papacy gains prestige as defender of Christendom • Rise of trade in Italy (transporting men, supplies) • Contact with Muslims • New foods, bathing, fine Asian goods • Scientific and cultural knowledge • Islamic learning schools established in France and Spain
- 4. THE BUBONIC PLAGUE • Aka – the black death/bubonic plague • 1300’s killed between ¼ and 1/3 of population in Europe • Estimates of death toll: 75-200 million people • Came from ships that originated from the orient, carried by fleas on black rats • Symptoms: Buboes (swollen lymph nodes) would appear in the groin, neck and armpits • Oozed puss and blood when opened • Next the sick would develop a fever and vomit blood • Most victims died two to seven days after infection
- 5. ACCOUNT OF THEPLAGUE • By Boccaccio, medieval writer: In men and women alike it first betrayed itself by the emergence of certain tumours in the groin or armpits, some of which grew as large as a common apple, others as an egg...From the two said parts of the body this deadly gavocciolo soon began to propagate and spread itself in all directions indifferently; after which the form of the malady began to change, black spots or livid making their appearance in many cases on the arm or the thigh or elsewhere, now few and large, now minute and numerous. As the gavocciolo had been and still was an infallible token of approaching death, such also were these spots on whomsoever they showed themselves
- 6. THE BUBONIC PLAGUE • Its spread: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death#mediavie wer/File:Blackdeath2.gif • Poor sanitation and lack of bathing meant it spread quickly • Jews, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims and Roma were all blamed and persecuted • Most of the art and literature from the time focus on the effects of the plague.
- 8. MEDIEVAL KNIGHTS •Medieval Warriors on horseback, most sought after military weapon, bought by Lord • Had Armour (chain mail and plate) • Lived by a Code of Chivalry • Moral Code tied to religion • Squire: Knight’s aid • Watch: Terry Jones' Medieval Lives: The Knight • Take notes on other aspects of the life of a Medieval Knight • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhWFQtzM4r0 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtjSS5FmQc0
- 9. CHURCH AND KINGS Church • Was granted favours by Roman Emperors/Kings • land • exemption from taxes • immunity in courts • positions in courts • In return church helped kings secure control of territory • Most influential organization in Europe Kings • Got a supply of educated administrators from Church • In return kings would enforce laws that prohibited other religions
- 10. MONASTICISM • Mostdynamic and significant institution in the Early Middle Ages • Impulse to withdraw from the world and devote one’s self to God • Regarded as the most perfect form of the Christian life • “And every man that has forsaken home, or brothers, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands for my name’s sake, shall receive his reward a hundredfold, and obtain everlasting life.” Matt. 19:29
- 11. MONASTICISM • Startedwith St. Anthony from Egypt • Retired to the desert to live the ascetic life of a good hermit • A colony of would-be ascetics gathered around him to draw inspiration from his holiness • The colony lived together but did not communicate to one another • Soon other colonies grew in Egypt and other areas of the Roman Empire • St. Simeon Stylites lived atop a 60 ft pillar for 30 years!
- 12. MONASTICISM • St.Benedict of Nurisa (c. 480-544) added common sense • Changed from severe fasting, hair shirts, and lashings • Benedict was born into a rich family and had keen psychological insight • Well organized and learned from experiences • Founded a number of monasteries (Monte Cassino) • Became a model monastery • Focused on comprehensive, practical and compassionate rule
- 13. MONASTICISM AND SAINTS • Monasteries grew 400 -700 CE • centres of education, literacy and learning Saints • performs miracles as evidence of a special relationship with God • Must be canonized after death • St. Augustine • wrote “Confessions” • ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will • Wrote treatise allowing violence against heretics – the “just war”
- 14. THE FLAGELLANTS •Religious sect seeking salvation through self abuse • Tied to Christianity, used psalms, hymns • Spread word as an act of piety • Worked towards spiritual goals through our actions in this world
- 15. THE CHURCH TAKESCHARGE • Peace of God: 989 CE • No stealing from church • No assaulting clerics, women, peasants • Excommunication • Truce of God: 1027 CE • No fighting Thursday to Monday, feast days, holy days • No killing Christians • Led to justification for Crusades Truce created a paradox: Peace & Truce of God created to bring order and civility to society, yet this peace movement also contributed to idea of the righteousness of holy war.
- 16. CHURCH TAKES CHARGE,CONT’D • Church Schism: 1054 CE • Pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other • Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox split • War of Investitures: 1075 CE • Who gets to appoint bishops? Pope or King? • 50 years of bloodshed • Concordat of Worms: 1112 CE • King appoint bishops and abbots as vassal of empire • Pope then gives staff and ring • Kings gave up religious influence
- 17. CHURCH TAKES CHARGE,CONT’D • Pope Innocent III • Believed in supreme power of the papacy • Emperors and kings were servants of the church • Involved himself in disputes all over Europe • Freely used his power of excommunication • Placed kings in France and England were placed under interdict (removing sacramental and burial privileges). • Other kings were overthrown and replaced by rulers of his choice • Innocent started the trend of using the faith of various kings to their people to their advantage
- 18. WITCHES • Anestimated 1 million were executed • Trial by water – frown = innocent, float = guilty/burned at the stake • Initiated by Catholic Church • they were thought to be connected with the devil but most think they were used as a scapegoat • Blamed for the plague, drought and other problems • Martin Luther supported hunting for witches
- 19. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION •Three-field rotation • Heavy plough and horse collar • Windmills and water power • Led to population growth and urban renewal
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- 21. TRADE AND URBANIZATION Rise of Guilds Medieval Street Increased Trade Walled City of Carcassone, France
- 22. UNIVERSITIES 12th century Renaissance • Greek and Roman classics rediscovered • Universities established in Bologne, Paris, Oxford • Trivium (grammar, logic, rhetoric) and Quadrivium (math, geometry, music, astronomy)
- 23. ARCHITECTURE • Romanesqueto Gothic San Pantaleo Italy Last Judgement at Conques, France Flying Buttress Chartres Cathedral , France
- 24. MEDIEVAL CASTLES •Defensive fortress of Kings and Lords • Fight by laying “siege” (towers/rams/ladders) • Defended with hot oil/water, arrows, catapults • Catapults: fire dead animals, heads, burning objects
- 25. CASTLES Motte &Bailey Castle Stone Castles Bamburgh Castle, England https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F qGZbJEL21Q
- 26. 100 YEARS WAR:ENGLAND VS FRANCE • Edward III of England claimed the throne of France • Edward married the king’s daughter but rules state it can’t be passed down through the female line • England won early battles at Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt with longbow • In 1429, 17 yr old Joan of Arc was inspired by God to save France • Defeated the English at the Battle of Orleans • She was captured by the English and burnt at the stake for heresy, her legend grew • War lasted from 1337-1453 and had 4 stages • End result was that the French Kept their land
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