1. Renaissance and Reform

2. The Renaissance
 Renaissance-rebirth
 Turning point between medieval and modern times
 Between 1300-1600
 Revival of Greco-Roman civilization spread from Italy to all
parts of Western Europe
 Vigorous spirit of inquiry
 Greater accuracy in geography
 Invention of new technologies
 Travel
 Record-keeping

3. The Reformation
 Marked by movements for moral and religious
change
 Engaged humanist critics of the Roman Catholic
Church
 Engaged the lives of individual middle class
Christians
 Observation of the human being: not as a hero but as a
creature whose humanity is debased by folly and burdened by
moral conflict
 Christian piety
 Anti-clericalism

4. Democratic Impulses in England
 Magna Carta 1215
 Forbade the king to levy taxes against the nobility without
approval from his royal council (of nobles)
 Trial by jury: asserted primacy of law over the monarch
 Great Council 1265
 Imprisoned Henry III until he agreed to share power with
nobility
 Middle class representatives invited to participate in the Great
Council (Parliament)
 Laid foundation for Constitutional Monarchy

5. The Black Plague in Europe
―Ring around the Rosy‖

6. Timeline
 China: Hubei Province 1334
 Constantinople: 1347
 Genoa, Italy 1348
 Europe: 1348-1351
 England: 1348-50

7. Advancement of Black Plague

8. Trade Routes

9. Transmission of Yersinia Pestis
 Rat fleas

10. Transmission of Yersinia Pestis

11. Symptoms
 Fever between 101-105 °F,
 headaches, aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a
general feeling of malaise.
 Frist symptoms included swollen lymph glands in
the neck, armpits and groin. The glands fill with
puss until they turn black and cause the skin to rot.

12. Symptoms

13. Symptoms

14. Progression

15. Medieval Doctor’s Protective Gear
 Long robe to protect skin.  This picture is often a
 Gloves or a stick to poke depiction of ―death‖
the patient to determine
where it hurt.
 Hat to protect head.
 Cone filled with medicinal
(& strong smelling) herbs.
 Glass to cover the eyes.

16. Biological Warfare: Medieval Style
 Traditional tale: Tartars vs. Genovese
 Tartars dying of plague and losing the battle, strap
dead plague victims to catapults and fling them
over the city walls to the Genovese.
 Genovese contract the plague and begin dying
themselves.
 Genovese escape by means of ships to ports around
the Mediterranean carrying the plague with them.

17. Biological Warfare: Medieval Style
 Wrapping the clothing of a plague victim in pretty
paper and sending it to one’s enemy.
 Of course, the sender usually died as well.

18. Drawing of Jews Poisoning Wells from 1349

20. Religion vs. Science
 The Roman Catholic Church taught that sickness was
brought on by sin.
 Relics, holy water, prayer and penance were
considered to be means to cure illness.
 The Roman Catholic Church often forbade scientific
research as witchcraft.
 Use of Cadavers was prohibited and punishable by
death.

21. Pieter Bruegel, The Triumph of Death,
c. 1562
They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in ...
ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug.
And I, Agnolo di Tura ... buried my five children with my own hands ...
And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world.
—The Plague in Siena: An Italian Chronicle

22. Effect on Europe’s Population
 The low estimate is that the Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s
population. The high estimate is that it killed 2/3 of
Europe’s population.
 Some countries/city states kept better records.
 England’s population dropped from 7 million to 2 million people.
 The population of Florence, Italy (birthplace of the Renaissance)
dropped from 120,000 to 50,00 between 1348 and 1350.
 There were 60% fewer ―fiscal hearths‖ from which to collect taxes in
Normandy, Burgundy & Provence (France).

23. Effect on the Roman Catholic Church
 A shortage of clergy.
 The new clergy demanded more money for their
parishes.
 The new clergy were either not as well trained or
not as devoted to Church doctrine.
 England’s clergy were some of the leading figures
of pre-reformation disputes in the Church: John
Wycliffe is a leading example of this.

24. Labor Shortages
 In England more than 40% of the peasant
population died
 There were not enough peasants to farm the land.
 Peasants were able to command higher wages and
to move from manor to manor.
 Rise of the Yeoman farmer
 a small farmer who owned up to 100 acres of land
 sold rather than gave his produce to the Lord and to other
buyers.

25. General Effects of the Plague
 Cardinal Gasquet, an English Benedictine Monk, noted
that the plague furthered the rise of the Middle class who
―chatter and challenge authority‖.
 Shattered the tri-partate structure of medieval society:
those who fought, those who prayed and those who worked.
 Set the stage for revolutionary changes in western society:
Renaissance, Reformation and Revolution.
 The roots of the Holocaust in Germany and Austria
 Nobility used Jews as scapegoats
 Nobility looted Jewish wealth or defaulted on debts to Jewish bankers
 wholesale destruction of ghettos
 Expulsion of Jews from specific countries

26. Impact of Black Plague on Humanities
Hieronymous Bosch,
Death and the Miser, 1490

28. New Realism in Literature
 Giovanni Boccaccio Decameron
 Short stories
 Framework: the Plague
 Realistic
 High spirited
 Prize cleverness, good humor, and sensory pleasures over idealism and
piety, chivalry and humility
 Christine de Pisan
 First feminist writer
 Supported her children by writing
 Attacked the anti-female tradition of Aristotle and the Church
 ―Epistle to the God of Love‖
 Geoffrey Chaucer
 Wrote in the vernacular
 Canterbury Tales

29. The Hundred Years War
 Fought between England and France
 1337-1453
 On French soil
 English claim to continental lands and the French throne
 French outnumbered English by 3:1
 English won most of the early battles
 ―Secret‖ weapons of the English
 Foot soldiers
 Longbows: more accurate and quick than the crossbow
 Gunpowder
 Introduced to Europe by Muslims who acquired gunpowder from
the Chinese
 Fired by artillery

30. English Longbow over 6 feet long

31. English Defeat in the Hundred Years War
 Joan of Arc
 17 year old female peasant
 Wore men’s clothing
 Heard voices of Christian Saints
 Led French victory at Battle of Orleans
 Burned at the stake by English for heresy
 Heresy was her support for coronation of a rival monarch
 Most of evidence surrounded why she wore men’s clothing
 ―If I am not, may God put me there and if I am may God so keep me.‖
 English could not support physical and financial burdens
of maintaining army on French soil
 Withdrew in 1450

32. Herman Stilke,
Joan of Arc’s Death at the Stake Statue of Joan of Arc
In Notre Dame Cathedral

33. Decline of the Church
 The Black Death
 Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)
 Relocation of papacy from Rome to southern France pressured
by French King Philip IV
 Simony (selling church lands and taxing the clergy)
 Indulgences (purchasing ―leftover grace‖ from the lives of Saints)
 Great Schism (1378-1417)
 College of Cardinals conflict between French and Italian
interests
 Election of two popes
 Avignon
 Rome

34. Illuminated Manuscripts
From Tres Riches Heures (Very Precious Hours) ca. 1413-1416

35. Giotto’s Arena Chapel, Padua Italy

36. Cappella Scrovegni Padua, Italy
Chapel commissioned by Enrico Scrovegni as penance
For making his fortune by usury. Enrico’s father is
Identified in Dante’s 7th circle of hell.

37. Giotto (1266-1337)
 Natural lifelike style
 No longer flat images
 Weighty robust figures
 Chiaroscuro: modeling form through gradations of light and
shade
 Presenting emotion
 Figures neither so lifelike as to be portraits but not idealized
stereotypes

38. Giotto, Lamentation of Christ

39. Music: Arts Nova
 Increased rhythmic complexity
 Isorhythm: close repetition of identical rhythmic
patterns in different portions of a composition
 Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)
 Messe de Notre Dame
 ―One who does not compose according to feelings, falsifies his
work and his song.‖
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnkYwe0D5hg&feature=r
elated

40. Italian Renaissance
 Florence: most affluent of Rome’s city states
 Double entry bookkeeping
 Maintained contacts with Byzantine and Islamic Empires
 Home to Italy’s wealthiest families
 Florentine gold florin
 Pursuit of money and leisure by merchants and artisans
 Renaissance Italy had more in common with Greece than
Rome
 Condottieri: mercenary soldiers
 Popes had dual role:
 temporal governors of Papal states
 Leader of the Roman Catholic Church

41. Government
 Independent city-states in Italy
 Oligarchy of rich merchants—not aristocrats
 100 families dominated political life
 Medici family in Florence
 Merchant princes
 Supported scholarship
 Patronized arts
 Botticelli
 Michelangelo

42. Renaissance Humanism
 Reflected new attitudes toward Greco-Roman antiquity
 Advocated uncensored study of manuscripts
 Classical texts as a basis for reappraisal of the role of the individual in
society
 Classics a guide not only for Christian wisdom but also as fulfillment of
the human potential
 Included more people: merchants, artisans and skilled workers not just
aristocrats
 Embraced studia humanitas
 Grammar
 Rhetoric
 History
 Poetry
 Moral philosophy
 Saw no conflict between embracing and furthering human
potential and religious belief

43. Petrarch (1304-1374)
 Petrarch
 ―Father of humanism‖
 Psychic struggle between love for learning from antiquity and
Christian piety
 Cicero and Augustine
 Wrote love sonnets to a married Florentine woman Laura de
Sade

44. Petrarch

45. Petrarch Sonnet No. 134
(translated by Anthony Mortimer)
I find no peace, yet I am not at war
I fear and hope, I burn and freeze;
I rise to heaven, and fall to earth’s floor
Grasping at nothing, the world I seize
She imprisons me, who neither jails nor frees
Nor keeps me for herself, nor slips the noose;
Love does not kill, nor set me free,
Love takes my life, but will not set me loose.
I have not eyes, yet see, no tongue, yet scream;
I long to perish, and seek release;
I hate myself, and love another.
I feed on grief, and in my laughter week;
Both death and life displease me;
Lady, because of you, I suffer.

46. Ficino (1433-1499)
 Financed by his patron Cosimo de Medici
 Translated all of Plato’s writings from Greek to Latin
 Launched a reappraisal of Plato
 Plato’s Symposium
 Love exalted as divine force
 ―Platonic love‖ attracted the soul to God
 Spiritual love inspired by physical beauty

47. Ficino
Bust of Marisilio Ficino
By Andrra Ferrucci
In Florence Cathdral

48. Pico della Mirandola: The Dignity of Man
(1463-1494)
 Sought to recover entire history of human thought
 Translated Hebrew, Arabic, Latin and Greek
 Prove all intellectual expression shared same divine purpose &
design: Unity of all truth
 At 24, challenged the Church to debate 900
propositions
 Forced to flee Italy on charge of heresy
 Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) Humanist
Manifesto

49. Pico della Mirandola

50. Castiglione (1478-1529)
 The well-rounded man presented in The Book of the
Courtier
 Master all skills of medieval warrior
 Physical proficiency of a champion athlete
 Possess the refinements of a humanistic education
 Latin and Greek, vernacular
 Familiar with the classics
 Speak and write well
 Compose verse
 Draw
 Play musical instrument
 Sprezzatura – air of nonchalance

51. Castiglione
Portrait of Baldassare
Castiglione, by Raphael

52. Movable Type Printing Press
 1450 Johann Gutenberg
 Mainz, Germany
 Perfected movable type printing press
 Major vehicle for spreading humanist writings
 Facilitated rise of popular education
 Enabled readers to form their own opinions

53. Woodcut from 1568

54. Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
 The Prince
 Political treatise
 Outlines strategies by which a rule might gain and maintain
political power
 Medici family
 Machiavelli hoped for a unified Italy
 Supported a strong ruler as necessary for a strong state
 Argued that to preserve the state a leader must be ruthless
 Argued that ruler must be prepared to sacrifice moral virtue
 The end (a strong state) justifies the means (whatever is
necessary to preserve the state

55. Renaissance Architecture
 The Dome
 Brunelleschi
 Alberti
 Defend classical principles of symmetry but use them in new
ways
 No longer directing gaze upward, fixes view on earth

56. Florence Cathedral

57. Pazzi Chapel

58. Rucellai Palace, Florence

59. Early Renaissance Painting
 Inspired by antiquity and perception of human eye
 Linear or one point perspective
 How to translate a three dimensional space onto a two
dimensional surface
 Brunelleschi
 All parallel lines in a given visual field appear to converge at a
single vanishing point on the horizon
• Provided a sense of an accurate depiction of the physical world
• Imposed a fixed relationship in time and space
 Between the image and the eye of the viewer
 Made the viewer the exclusive point of reference in the spatial
field
 Metaphorically places viewer at the center of the composition

60. Tommaso Guidi aka Masaccio (Slovenly Tom)
The Tribute Money (ca. 1425)
Employs both linear and aerial perspective

61. Sandro Boticelli (1445-1510), Birth of Venus
Employs undulating lines to indicate motion

62. Donatello (1386-1466), David
First freestanding , life-sized
Nude since antiquity

63. David
 Gentle contrapositioned stand
 Idealized
 Sensuous composition of a Biblical figure
 Celebrates beauty of the physical world while paying
homage to the spiritual world
 Rejects view of the body as the source of sin
 Adopts modern Western celebration of the body as a source of
pleasure

64. David and Doryphorous

65. Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455)
―Gates of Paradise‖ Florence Baptistry of San Giovanni
 Applied laws of linear perspectives to humanized
narratives
 Ten Old Testament scenes from the Creation to the
Reign of Solomon
 East doorway
 Michelangelo called these doors worthy of being the
―Gates of Paradise‖

71. High Renaissance (1490-1520)
 Center shifted from Florence to Rome
 Papal undertaking to restore the ancient city
 Use of indulgences to do so sparked the Protestant
Reformation
 Pope Julius II commissioned Donato Bramante to rebuild
Saint Peter’s Cathedral
 Harmonious design
 Tempietto San Pietro
 Andrea Palladio Villa Rontunda

72. Tempietto San Pietro

73. Villa Rotunda

74. Leonardo Da Vinci, Mona Lisa

75. Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper

76. Renaissance Man
 Da Vinci: human eye was most dependable for
obtaining true knowledge of nature
 Examined anatomical structures of plants, animals
and humans
 Examined properties of wind and air
 Drew designs for an armored tank, a flying machine
and a diving bell

77. Raphael (1483-1520)
 Commissioned by Pope Julius II to execute a series
of frescoes for the Pope’s personal library
 Represent 4 domains of human learning
 Theology
 Philosophy
 Law
 Arts
 School of Athens (1509-1511)

79. Michelangelo (1475-1564)
 Considered himself a sculptor
 Sistine Chapel Ceiling
 Took four years
 Worked from scaffolds 70 feet above the floor
 5760 square feet
 Creation and fall of humankind
 9 principal scenes
 Minimized setting and symbols to maximize figures
 Creation: God and Adam are equal in size and muscular grace
 confront each other like equals
 Adam’s facial expression is only thing that shows God is
superior

80. Michelangelo, Jacopino del Conte

81. David
Marble, 13’ 5‖
Note head and hands are
Out of proportion
to the trunk

82. Michelangelo, Pieta

85. Venetian High Renaissance
 Venice: Jewel of Adriatic
 Governed by merchant aristocracy
 Tapestries, jewels, spices from Middle East and Asia
 Art of Venetian High Renaissance emphasized color
and light
 Oil on canvas rather than frescoes

86. Tiziano Vecelli aka Titian (1488-1576)

87. Ottoman Empire
 Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453
 1529 Frances I of France negotiated ―Unholy
Alliance‖ to keep Turks out of Vienna
 Suleiman (1494-1566) created an empire that lasted
until WWI in the 20th century

88. Selimiye Mosque (1568-1574) Edime, Turkey