The document summarizes key political, social, and economic developments in Europe during the Middle Ages, from 800-1450 CE. It describes how Charlemagne's empire fragmented after his death, leading to the rise of feudalism and manorialism across Europe. It also discusses the invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims during this period. The document outlines the growth of centralized monarchies in places like England and France, as well as increased papal power and reforms within the Catholic Church. Other topics covered include the Crusades, expansion of trade and rise of cities, developments in education and architecture, and crises like the Black Death in the 14th century.
Chapter 9 world of islam: Afro-Eurasian connections, Ways of the World bookS Sandoval
AP World History Book, Ways of the World, Second Edition by Robert W. Strayer, Summary of Chapter 11: The Worlds of Islam 600-1500. An age of Accelerating Connections. Study and Enjoy!
Chapter 12 Ways of the World, Worlds of 15th century S Sandoval
AP World History / Ways of the World second edition by Robert W. Strayer. Summary of Chapter 12 An Age of Accelerating Connections 500-1500, The worlds of the fifteenth century.
Chapter 9 world of islam: Afro-Eurasian connections, Ways of the World bookS Sandoval
AP World History Book, Ways of the World, Second Edition by Robert W. Strayer, Summary of Chapter 11: The Worlds of Islam 600-1500. An age of Accelerating Connections. Study and Enjoy!
Chapter 12 Ways of the World, Worlds of 15th century S Sandoval
AP World History / Ways of the World second edition by Robert W. Strayer. Summary of Chapter 12 An Age of Accelerating Connections 500-1500, The worlds of the fifteenth century.
Week 3 WorksheetHST276 Version 24Complete week 3 workshee.docxcockekeshia
Week 3 Worksheet
HST/276 Version 2
4
Complete week 3 worksheet part 1 and complete part 2. Both are due in 48 hours or less. I will pay 25 only. Follow instructions completely do not deviate from my instructions.
Warning please do not deviate from my instructions I will ask for a complete refund or dispute for a complete refund. No Plagiarism and do NOT be late.
Part 1Week 3 Worksheet
As you read this week’s required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
1. Reformation Germany and Switzerland
a. The Reformation began in German and Swiss , small city-states within the Holy Roman Empire. Initially, the Reformation’s supporters were those with a history of with authorities. Many towns had complaints against mismanagement or other inappropriate behavior among their bishops, abbots, or prelates, who had their benefices.
b. The Northern Renaissance, a movement of humanists from more social backgrounds than their Italian counterparts, was more committed to reform than other humanist movements were.
c. Martin Luther’s Theses, posted in 1517 in protest of indulgences and other disputes with the Roman Church, became a focus for humanists and reformers. Luther’s capacity for free action was enhanced by the distraction caused by the election of the new Holy Roman Emperor, ; concessions made by the new emperor during his campaign; Luther’s allies who hid him in 1521 and 1522; and attacks against the Hapsburg holdings. When German peasants rebelled, demanding economic and spiritual equality and an end to serfdom, Luther sided against the , calling them un-Christian.
d. The success of Protestants in Germany led to reforms like compulsory education, humanist revisions of curriculum, and instruction for lay people about . From Germany, Lutheranism spread in the first half of the 16th century to Poland, Denmark, and .
e. The city of became the center of the Swiss reformation because of the efforts of a popular priest, , who opposed practices that were not specifically written in scripture. His disagreement with Luther about the nature of the bread and wine in the prevented a unified Protestant movement.
f. The early movement for adult baptism and withdrawal from society to form a more perfect community–called –was condemned by the pope, Lutherans, and Zwinglians, but found adherents among the rural poor.
g. In Geneva, led a reform movement focused on creating a godly society. He taught the godly , those predestined for salvation.
h. In the late 16th century, the Holy Roman Empire was highly among highly independent Lutheran, , and Catholic realms, in contrast to unified nations like Spain, England, or France. The most destructive of the wars of religion, the , ravaged the empire from 1618 to 1648. The Treaty of Westphalia, which ended this war, granted legal reco.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. Political Developments
End of Carolingian Monarchy, 819-987 (Frankish Empire)
•Charlemagne’s empire fell shortly after his death:
– It was a very diverse, ethnically and linguistically
– Church leaders wanted independence from the state
– Threatened by enemies on all frontiers:
• Muslims to the South
• Slaves & Magyars to the east
• Vikings and Norsemen to the North
– Frankish nobles stood up against his sons & thus undermined the power
of the central government
– Empire split into 3 parts:
• West (France)—ruled by Charles the Bald
• East (Germany)—ruled by Louis the German
• Central—ruled by Lothair—this kingdom was short-lived
5. Political Developments
Invasions and Migrations
•1. Vikings were pagan Germanic peoples who sailed inland on
rivers to assault various European populations. At first their
method was to attack, loot, and leave, but later the Vikings
settled and colonized conquered areas.
•2. Magyars, located in the European steppe plains, moved
westward, raiding and looting on horseback. Their invasions
included northern Italy, Bavaria, and Saxony, the latter two of
which were forced to pay tribute. Western European populations
considered the Magyars to be Huns.
•3. Spain was invaded by North African Muslims, who then
crossed the mountains and attacked France.
6.
7. Political Developments
9th
& 10th
centuries: Rise of Feudalism and Manorialism from the
wreckage of the Carolingian Empire
•Feudalism: a political institution—all political functions existed
at the local level by a class of landed nobles or lords who were
vassals to the king. Lords made feudal contracts establishing
their relationship with local people (Peasants/serfs). The lords
served the king and the serfs served the lord
•Manorialism: socio-economic system—Land supported the
noble lord, his family & his soldiers. Each landed estate was
organized as a manor. Each manor was a self-sufficient economic
unit. Lords provided the land and military protection. Serfs
provided all of the labor
8. • Serfs: landless peasants who were bound to
the soil, they passed to knew owners when
the land changed hands
– Lived a difficult life organized around agricultural
labor
– Completely controlled by the lord of the manor
11. Political Developments
Restoration of Strong Centralized Government
(Monarchies):
1. Anglo Saxon Kingdoms united under William
the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy who
invaded England in 1066 (Battle of Hastings)
– All lords were made vassals of the king
– King coined money, supervised justice, built
castles
– Local government depended upon the king
12.
13. Political Developments
• 2. Henry II (1154-1189)--William’s great-grandson,
Henry II of England, married Eleanor of Aquitaine and claimed
lordship over provinces in southwestern France. Henry II’s rule
wove England and France together during the Middle Ages.
– Known as the “father of English Common Law” for he
established circuits for royal judges, began the Grand Jury
(25 men who submitted the names of individuals suspected
of criminal activity)
– Henry’s son John increased the tax burden on the
population, causing great resentment. His military
campaigns failed, and the people turned against him. He
was forced to accept the Magna Carta (1215), which
curbed the ruler’s power.
14. • Magna Carta, 1215
– Asserted that the king was subject to the laws of
the realm
– Accused person had the right to a trial by a jury o
his peers
– Eventually extended to all Englishmen—and
became the origins of Parliamentary goverment
16. Political Developments
• 3. Philip II (1180-1223)—unified France, enlarged the territory
under French rule.
• 4. Otto I developed an alliance with the church and was able to
increase his power in the Germanic states. A loose
confederation developed that was later called the Holy Roman
Empire, c. 1050
• 5. Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190) tried to unite the Holy
Roman Empire by making alliances with both nobles and
churchmen. His efforts failed in northern Italy, where cities
formed a league against him in alliance with the pope.
17. Medieval Religious Life
• Popes exercised great political power—
especially after a series of Papal Reforms
(meaning by the pope):
– 1. The Lateran Council (1215) decreed that the authority to
elect the pope belonged to the college of cardinals. The
decision was made to stem the rising influence of secular
rule over the church.
– 2. Papal power was increased under Pope Gregory VII,
who ordered all priests to give up their wives and children
or face dismissal. Gregory also placed nuns under strict
control and removed officials who had purchased their
offices.
– 3. European rulers — especially Henry IV, the ruler of
Germany — protested the restriction of their power to
appoint church officials. Nobles took advantage of Henry’s
conflict with the pope to enhance their position, siding with
the church to gain political power
18. Medieval Religious Life
• Monastic Reforms: also contributed to the
political power of the Church/Pope
• 1. Monasteries provided individuals with education and
chances for ecclesiastical careers. Convents were established
for females. The majority of those who could partake in these
opportunities were from well-established families, however.
• 2. The praying of monks and nuns was considered a vital
service, on the same level as nobles’ military might and
peasant labor. Prayers included requests for rain, security, and
good harvests.
• 3. When populations in urban areas felt the church was not
meeting their needs, they turned to views that the church
considered to be heresy. In an effort to combat the variety of
heresies, the church established the Dominican and Franciscan
orders to preach and administer to the needs of the urban
populations.
19.
20.
21. Medieval Christian Church
• Popular Religion:
• 1. The church became the center of community activities and an
important part of ordinary people’s daily lives. Mass became a
break from the routine of work.
• 2. Church rituals were filled with symbolic expressions. Making
the sign of the cross requested blessings, while sprinkling water
on fields symbolized refreshment and life.
• 3. The calendar revolved around special religious anniversaries
identified as holy days, which included Christmas and Easter.
Individuals who had lived especially holy lives were honored on
saints’ days. Saints were said to have the power to perform
miracles or to present prayers to God.
• 4. A saint’s relics, such as his or her bones or pieces of clothing,
would be enclosed in the church altar. Peasants would offer their
prayers and loyalty in exchange for the saint’s healing power and
other favors.
22. Medieval Christian Church
The Expansion of Christianity
•1. Christian influences began to spread
throughout Europe. Scandinavia, Denmark,
Bohemia, and Poland were some of the
populations that became strong Christian
enclaves.
•2. In an effort to combat Muslim influences in
Europe, the reconquista or crusade to take back
territory lost to Islam began in Spain. Muslims and
Jews living under Christian rule in Spain were
increasingly discriminated against.
23.
24.
25. The Crusades 1095-1272
• Great example of the power of religion & of
the papacy
– Motived hundreds of thousands of people over 8
crusades to try to recover Holy Lands from
Muslims.
– Also led to the expansion of Europe
26. Background of Crusades:
1. Military victories of Muslim Turks were blocking Christian
access to the Holy Lands (Jerusalem)
2. Church supported centuries of wars between Christians and
Muslims
3. Many Christians wanted wealth and trading privileges
4. The pope thought that a campaign against the Muslim
presence in the Holy Land would reunite the Roman Catholic
Church with the Eastern Orthodox Church.
5. The pope and church officials gained support for a war to
defend Christianity. They promised that those who took up
the fight would receive forgiveness of their sins without
their having to do penance.
27.
28. Course of the Crusades
1. As a result of the First Crusade, four Crusader states were
established in the East. Jerusalem, Edessa, Tripoli, and
Antioch included fortifications to defend against Muslim
attacks.
2. Egypt and Syria were united under the leadership of Saladin,
and under his guidance the Muslims retook Jerusalem.
3. When the Crusaders were not welcomed into the Byzantine
Empire, they looted Constantinople, solidifying the divide
between the Greek and Latin churches.
29. Consequences of the Crusades
1. Crusaders destroyed Jewish communities as they traveled to
the Holy Land, increasing tensions between Christians and
Jews.
2. Jews throughout Europe experienced an increase in legal
restrictions. Christians were not allowed to work for Jews;
Jews could not hold public office; and Jews could not be seen
in public on Christian holy days.
3. Relations between Christians and Muslims also were strained
as a result of the Crusades.
4. they opened the old Middle East and Asia to the west,
stimulating a demand for Asian luxuries and making great
trade centers of Venice and Genoa.
5. they put Europeans into direct contact with the civilizations of
the ancient world and with works of hitherto unknown
classical authors, such as Aristotle.
30.
31.
32.
33. Medieval Trade
1. Defeat of Muslim Raiders reopened the Mediterranean and
revived long distance trade. Italian cities, Milan, Pisa, Venice,
& Genoa took the leading commercial roles.
2. Europeans wanted silks, spices, and luxury items from the
East
3. Trade routes developed between Flanders, England, and
France
4. Expansion of trade led to creation of new forms of business
organization & new banking systems—laid the foundation of
the modern market economy/capitalism
5. Commercial activity stimulated growth of cities leading to
more greater economic growth
34. Medieval Learning and Culture
Development of the University:
1.Irnerius, an instructor at the University of Bologna, inspired
interest in the study of Roman law and Justinian’s Code. Well-
known instructors became a draw for students, increasing the
size of the university.
2.Medieval professors who discussed thinking and reasoning
were called scholastics. Their focus was on thoroughly evaluating
both sides of an argument.
Cathedrals and a New Architectural Style
1.A new architectural style identified as Gothic spread
throughout Europe. The Gothic style included pointed arches,
flying buttresses, and stained-glass windows cut into stone.
2.The cathedral, generally the largest structure in the
community, not only served religious purposes but also was used
for secular functions such as political meetings and the staging of
plays.
35.
36. Medieval Learning and Culture
Use of vernacular language in literature
--authors began to deviate from the traditional use of
Latin and started writing in their local dialect. This use of
everyday language in literature allowed literature to be
far more accessible to the general masses.
37. Crises of the Later Middle Ages
1. A period of colder and wetter weather called the “little ice
age” had a negative impact on food production. Famine
occurred when food shortages increased.
2. An undernourished population was much more susceptible
to illness. The Black Death (the plague, 1347) killed a large
portion of the European population in the fourteenth
century.
3. Most people at the time believed the plague was caused by
“corrupted air” that carried the disease throughout the
community. Others accused the Jews of poisoning the
water wells. In the long term, the resulting population
decline eased pressure on the land and led to an increase in
wages for those who survived.
4. The Black Death killed ~20,000,000 people
Editor's Notes
Political Developments
Invasions and Migrations
1. Vikings were pagan Germanic peoples who sailed inland on rivers to assault various European populations. At first their method was to attack, loot, and leave, but later the Vikings settled and colonized conquered areas.
2. Magyars, located in the European steppe plains, moved westward, raiding and looting on horseback. Their invasions included northern Italy, Bavaria, and Saxony, the latter two of which were forced to pay tribute. Western European populations considered the Magyars to be Huns.
3. Spain was invaded by North African Muslims, who then crossed the mountains and attacked France.
Political Developments
“Feudalism” and Manorialism
1. An allegiance system developed that was based on an oath of loyalty. Knights swore their loyalty as vassals to a lord. The lord promised protection as well as material support, most often in the form of a fief. A fief was a portion of land belonging to the lord.
2. Charles Martel is believed to be the first to grant this type of loyalty arrangement. His successors, including Charlemagne, granted fiefs as well.
3. The granting of fiefs developed into a political system based on military obligations between a lord and his vassals. This system was identified as feudalism.
4. Manorialism was an economic system centered around landed estates. Free farmers surrendered their land to a lord and then farmed it under his jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
5. Some peasants lost their freedom and became serfs. This meant that they were permanently tied to the lord’s estate.
The Christian Church
Popular Religion
1. The church became the center of community activities and an important part of ordinary people’s daily lives. Mass became a break from the routine of work.
2. Church rituals were filled with symbolic expressions. Making the sign of the cross requested blessings, while sprinkling water on fields symbolized refreshment and life.
3. The calendar revolved around special religious anniversaries identified as holy days, which included Christmas and Easter. Individuals who had lived especially holy lives were honored on saints’ days. Saints were said to have the power to perform miracles or to present prayers to God.
4. A saint’s relics, such as his or her bones or pieces of clothing, would be enclosed in the church altar. Peasants would offer their prayers and loyalty in exchange for the saint’s healing power and other favors.
The Expansion of Christianity
1. Christian influences began to spread throughout Europe. Scandinavia, Denmark, Bohemia, and Poland were some of the populations that became strong Christian enclaves.
2. In an effort to combat Muslim influences in Europe, the reconquista or crusade to take back territory lost to Islam began in Spain. Muslims and Jews living under Christian rule in Spain were increasingly discriminated against.
The Life of the People
Towns, Cities, and the Growth of Commercial Interests
1. Medieval towns had similar characteristics. Most towns were surrounded by security walls and had a marketplace at their center.
2. Craft guilds were established to regulate the quantity, quality, and prices of the goods produced.
3. Sewer sanitation was unknown. Streets were full of animal and human waste.
The Expansion of Trade and the Commercial Revolution
1. The Italian city of Venice dominated intercontinental trade. Other Italian cities such as Florence and Milan were important trade locations.
2. The Hanseatic League was organized as a mercantile association to control trade. Western and eastern cities joined the league to achieve mutual security and trading rights.
Learning and Culture
Universities and Scholasticism
1. Irnerius, an instructor at the University of Bologna, inspired interest in the study of Roman law and Justinian’s Code. Well-known instructors became a draw for students, increasing the size of the university.
2. Medicine had been an academic focus in Salerno for centuries. In the twelfth century ideas from Greek medical texts spread throughout Europe from Salerno and were incorporated into the training of physicians at other universities.
3. Medieval professors who discussed thinking and reasoning were called scholastics. Their focus was on thoroughly evaluating both sides of an argument.
4. The university system developed a method of teaching called the lecture. Students took oral examinations after several years of study, and those who passed were awarded a degree identifying their academic accomplishment.
Cathedrals and a New Architectural Style
1. For a while cathedrals were built in a style called Romanesque that resembled ancient Roman architecture. A new architectural style identified as Gothic spread throughout Europe. The Gothic style included pointed arches, flying buttresses, and stained-glass windows cut into stone.
2. The cathedral, generally the largest structure in the community, not only served religious purposes but also was used for secular functions such as political meetings and the staging of plays.
Learning and Culture
Vernacular Literature and Drama
1. During the High Middle Ages authors began to deviate from the traditional use of Latin and started writing in their local dialect. This use of everyday language in literature allowed literature to be far more accessible to the general masses.
2. Troubadours were poets who embraced the use of common vernacular in literature, writing and performing songs and poems. Troubadour poets wrote lyric verses that celebrated human virtues such as love, desire, gallantry, and beauty. Many of the poems and songs reflected a mix of Christian and Muslim ideals.
Crises of the Later Middle Ages
The Great Famine and the Black Death
1. A period of colder and wetter weather called the “little ice age” had a negative impact on food production. Famine occurred when food shortages increased.
2. An undernourished population was much more susceptible to illness. The Black Death killed a large portion of the European population in the fourteenth century.
3. Most people at the time believed the plague was caused by “corrupted air” that carried the disease throughout the community. Others accused the Jews of poisoning the water wells. In the long term, the resulting population decline eased pressure on the land and led to an increase in wages for those who survived.