The document summarizes major developments in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, including: 1) The Catholic Church restructured and built grand cathedrals while also facing issues like priest marriage and corruption. New religious orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans emerged to emphasize education and poverty. 2) The Crusades were launched by the Pope to retake the Holy Land but ultimately failed after the 4th Crusade. Trade expanded between Europe and Asia. 3) Population growth led to developments like new farming techniques, guilds, universities, and the rise of towns and a merchant class. The Hundred Years' War between England and France helped spark nationalism.

1. The Formation of Western Europe Ch. 14

2. The Age of Faith Church begins to restructure itself and started building projects Monasteries led the spiritual revival Problems in the church: Priests married and had families Bishops practiced simony (selling positions in the church) Lay Investiture (kings appointing church officials)

3. Reform and Church Organization Church is restructured to resemble a kingdom, with the pope at its head Papal Curia – pope’s group of advisors who developed canon law and held church court Church collected taxes in the form of tithes

4. New Religious Orders Friars, like monks, take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience but did not live in monasteries. Dominicans – one of the earliest orders of friars – emphasized education and study Franciscans – founded by Francis of Assisi – order of Friars that treated all creatures as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters

5. Church Architecture Small churches are replaced by large churches called cathedrals. Viewed as a representation of the City of God Gothic cathedrals are very tall and had stained glass windows meant to inspire worship Famous cathedral – Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris – ceiling more than 100 feet tall

6. Goals of the Crusades Pope Urban II calls for a “holy war” or Crusade to gain control of the Holy Land Goals: Stop Muslim attacks in Byzantine Empire Reunite Eastern and Western Christians Get rid of knights who were fighting each other at home Opportunity to make money through trade

7. First and Second Crusades Tremendous support for First Crusade Promise of heaven if you die in Crusade Most are French Ill-prepared for war Capture Jerusalem after a month of fighting Second Crusade: Hoped to recapture Edessa, which was lost to the Turks, and were defeated Jerusalem falls to Muslim leader, Saladin

8. Third Crusade Try to recapture Jerusalem Led by three powerful monarchs: Richard the Lion- hearted Philip II Frederick I Richard the Lion-Hearted vs. Saladin Both brilliant warriors Agreed to a truce after many battles Jerusalem remain under Muslim control but Christians can travel freely there

9. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles 4th Crusade fails – knights loot Constantinople instead of going to Jerusalem Less about capturing Jerusalem and more about knights becoming rich Do not really conquer much land

10. The Children’s Crusade 12 Year old Stephen of Cloyes leads 30,000 children to try to capture Jerusalem Most die of starvation or drown Nicholas of Cologne took 20,000 toward Rome to meet the Pope Many freeze to death Pope says to go home and wait until they are older

11. A Spanish Crusade Muslims control most of Spain Reconquista was a long effort by the Spanish to get the Muslims out of Spain Isabella and Ferdinand are new Christian rulers who use the Inquisition to increase power and unify Christians Heretics brought to court Many tortured and burned at the stake

12. Effects of the Crusades Expanded trade between Europe and Southwest Asia Lessened the power of the pope Weakened feudal nobility and increased power of kings Fall of Constantinople weakens Byzantine Empire Hatred between Muslims and Christians especially in the Holy Land

13. A Growing Food Supply Needed more food because populations were increasing Started using horses instead of oxen Use 3 field system instead of 2 field system Farm on 2/3 of land instead of ½ More food = healthier people = longer lives

14. Guilds Guild = organization of people who work in the same type of job Goal: improve economic and social conditions of their members Craft Guilds – glassmakers, winemakers, tailors Merchant guilds – involved in trade

15. Fairs and Trade Most trade took place in towns Fairs held several times a year where people traded their goods Cloth was the most common trade item Trade spreads across Europe and foreign goods become available

16. Business and Banking Necessary because of the increase in trade between different regions: Different currencies Merchants had to borrow money to buy goods Banking becomes a big business, especially in Italy This is the Commercial Revolution

17. Changes because of Commercial Revolution: Towns grow into cities Lifestyles change: People paid more More money for building businesses King’s power increases

18. Urban Life As trade grows, towns grow, populations grow Problems in Towns: Narrow crowded streets No Sanitation Housing lacks light, clean water, air = fire hazard New Merchant Class Middle Class Burghers – merchants and town dwellers Fight for more rights

19. Revival of Learning Muslim libraries in Spain had many works of Ancient Greece Universities started when scholars met together in groups Oxford, Paris were 2 locations of universities Brought new ideas and forms of learning to Europe Some writers use vernacular, or everyday language of their homeland

20. Philosophers Thomas Aquinas – argued that religion could be proven by logic Combined ancient Greek thought with Christian thought Scholastics used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate issues These teachings influenced law and government

21. England Absorbs Waves of Invaders Early Invasions: Vikings Danish King Canute conquered England and united Anglo-Saxons and Vikings The Norman Conquest William the Conqueror from Normandy claims the English crown and invades England Won the Battle of Hastings against Harold, the Anglo Saxon

22. Henry II Took over after William the Conqueror died Married Eleanor of Aquitaine who was French and took over Aquitaine Mother to2 kings: Richard the Lion-Hearted and King John Ruled England from 1154 to 1189 Began using a jury in court Common Law – a single body of law

23. Magna Carta Henry’s son John ruled England Was a failure as a military leader – lost Normandy Was cruel and raised taxes to pay for wars His nobles revolted and forced him to sign the Magna Carta on June 15, 1215 Limited the power of the king No taxation without representation Trial by Jury

24. Edward I and Parliament Edward I needed to raise taxes for war $ Had to asked representatives from different groups to meet Knights, bishops, lords, and burgesses formed the group Group is called Parliament = legislative group Over time it helped limit royal power, like the Magna Carta did

25. France France struggled to increase power and get the English kings out Capetian family ruled United France and France became its own kingdom Phillip II Greatly increased French territory – got Normandy back from England

26. Estates- General France had 3 Estates 1st Estate = Church leaders 2nd Estate = great Lords 3rd Estate = common people When representatives from each estate met together it was called the Estates General Helped increase royal power against nobility, and never limited the power of the king

27. Pope and King Collide Pope Boniface VIII attempted to enforce papal authority on kings Wrote an official document stating that kings must always obey popes King Phillip IV of France has the pope put in prison Popes could never again force monarchs to obey

28. Avignon and the Great Schism The Pope (Clement V) decided to live in Avignon, which is in France, instead of Rome This move weakened the Church The cardinals chose a new Pope, from Italy. He was not a good leader, so they picked another Pope. So, there were 2 Popes 1 from France and 1 from Italy This split the Catholic Church This is known as the Great Schism, meaning division

29. Scholars Challenge Church Authority John Wycliffe challenges the weakened church He preached that Jesus was the true head of the Church, NOT the Pope He also believed the Bible alone was the final authority for Christian life, Not the Pope Jan Hus taught that the Bible was a higher authority than the Church He was excommunicated and burned at the stake

30. Bubonic Plague Began in Asia, traveling in rats on trade ships First place in Europe to get the Plague = Italy Known as the Black Death because of the dark colored boils on the skin Quickly spread to the rest of Europe 1/3 of the population of Europe died during the plague Ripped apart European society and culture

31. Plague Cont’d Kills 25 million Europeans Effects of the Plague: Town populations fall Tade declines. Prices rise Jews blamed for bringing on the plague Church suffers because their prayers did not stop the plague Peasants revolt

32. Hundred Years’ War Century of war between England and France French king dies with no heir Edward III (English King) claims the throne is his and this starts the war Victory bounces between the two for 100 years and finally the French drive the English out of France

33. Warfare Changes The longbow was used in the Hundred Years’ War Could penetrate armor Could be fired extremely fast English invention which helps the English win battles Archers replace the knights as war heroes

34. Results of Hundred Years’ War Nationalism – pride in your country People fought for country, not kings Power of French monarch increased English had another war : War of the Roses End of the Middle Ages

35. Joan of Arc During the Hundred Years’ War, a rumor spread that a young girl would save the French from the English At age 13 Joan began hearing voices of saints that told her to rescue France Joan led the French army in its first victory at Orleans She was captured by English allies and charged as a witch She was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431