The Inca Empire experienced civil war following the death of the emperor Huayna Capac, weakening the empire just as Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived in 1532. Pizarro, along with just 168 men, was able to defeat the Inca army and capture the Inca ruler Atahualpa, bringing much of the empire under Spanish control. A rebellion led by Manco Inca in 1536 failed to drive the Spanish out, resulting in the fall of the Inca Empire and 300 years of Spanish rule over Peru.

1. THE INCAS: RISE AND FALL
Adapted From:
http://www.slideshare.net/jmarazas/wh-chapter-7-
incas?qid=edf49841-f82e-4add-8d43-
c02de211154e&v=qf1&b=&from_search=6#

2. EARLY PEOPLES OF PERU
 Western South America includes a wide variety
of climates and terrains:
 Narrow coastal plain that turns into a dry,
lifeless desert with occasional river valleys
 Snow-capped Andes Mountains
 High plateau
 Jungles inland

3. MAP OF PERU

4. EARLY PEOPLES OF PERU
 Native American peoples developed many
different styles of life across South America
 Hunters/gatherers, farmers, fishermen
 Farmers used irrigation methods to grow corn,
beans, squash, and cotton
 Potatoes were also grown and included over 700
different varieties
 Domestication of the llama and alpaca

6. CHAVIN PEOPLE
 Earliest culture in Peru
 Around 850 BC, built a huge temple complex in
the Andes
 Stone carvings and pottery show that the Chavin
people worshiped a ferocious-looking god, part
jaguar and part human with grinning catlike
features

7. MAP OF THE CHAVIN PEOPLE

8. CHAVIN STONE HEADS

9. MOHICA PEOPLE
 Between 100-700 AD, the Mohica people forged
an empire along the arid north coast of Peru
 The Mohicas were skilled farmers who developed
new methods of terracing, irrigation, and
fertilization of the soil
 Their leaders built roads and organized networks
of relay runners to carry messages---ideas the
Incas would later use

10. MOHICA PEOPLE
 Remains of Mohica cities and temples dot the
land
 To build one temple, workers had to produce 130
MILLION sun-dried adobe bricks
 The people perfected skills in textile production,
goldwork, and woodcarving
 They produced remarkable pots decorated with
realistic scenes of daily life

11. NAZCA PEOPLE
 In southern Peru, the Nazca people etched glyphs
in the desert
 Glyph---pictograph or other symbol carved into a
surface
 Nazca glyphs include straight lines that run for
miles, as well as giant figures of birds, whales,
and other creatures

12. NAZCA GLYPHS

13. NAZCA GLYPH

14. NAZCA GLYPH

15. SECRETS OF THE NAZCA LINES
 Watch the video and answer the following
questions:
1. Who were the Nazca people?
2. How were the lines created?
3. What were the lines for?
4. Why are there links between the lines and
extra-terrestrials?

16. THE INCAN EMPIRE
 Pachacuti, a skilled warrior and leader, was the
founder of the Incan empire
 In 1438, he proclaimed himself Sapa Inca
(emperor) and set out on a policy of conquest
 He and later his son were able to extend Incan
rule from Ecuador in the north to Chile in the
South
 He made Cuzco the capital of the Incan empire

17. PACHACUTI

18. PACHACUTI STATUE IN CUZCO

19. CUZCO, PERU

20. CUZCO, PERU

21. INCAN EMPIRE MAPS

22. INCAN GOVERNMENT
 The Sapa Inca exercised absolute power over the
empire
 Claiming that he was divine, he was also the
chief religious leader
 His symbol was gold aka “sweat of the sun”
 He lived in splendor, eating from golden plates
and dressing in richly embroidered clothes
 In fact, the Sapa Inca never wore the same
clothes twice!!!
 His queen, the Coya, carried out important
religious duties and sometimes governed when
the Sapa Inca was absent

23. INCAN GOVERNMENT
 From Cuzco, the Incas ran an efficient
government with a chain of command reaching
into every village
 Nobles ruled the provinces along with local
chieftains whom the Incas had conquered
 Below them, officials carried out the day-to-day
business of collecting taxes and enforcing laws
 Specially trained officials kept records on a
quipu, a collection of knotted, colored strings
 Modern scholars think that the quipus noted
dates and events as well as statistics on
population and crops

24. QUIPUS
Time to make your
own Quipus!

25. INCAN ROADS AND RUNNERS
 To unite their empire, the Incas imposed their
own language, Quechua, and religion on the
people
 They also created one of the greatest road
systems of history
 It wound more than 12,000 miles through
mountains and deserts
 Hundreds of bridges spanned rivers and deep
gorges
 Steps were cut into steep slopes and tunnels dug
though hillsides

26. INCAN ROAD MAP

27. INCAN ROAD

28. INCAN BRIDGE

29. INCAN ROAD STEPS

30. INCAN BRIDGES
 Incan bridges spanned over large valleys and
rivers
 They used grass to create ropes
 How could grass be used to support multiple
people?
 Would you risk your life by crossing a gorge on a
grass bridge?
 Time to investigate with an experiment!!!

31. INCAN ROADS AND RUNNERS
 The roads allowed armies and news to move
rapidly throughout the empire
 At regular stations, runners waited to carry
messages
 Relays of runners could carry news of a revolt
swiftly from a distant province to the capital
 The Incas kept soldiers at outposts throughout
the empire to quickly crush any rebellions
 Ordinary people, though, were restricted from
using the roads at all

32. CUZCO
 All roads led through Cuzco
 In the heart of the city stood the great Temple of
the Sun, its interior walls lined with gold
 Like Incan palaces and forts, the temple was
made of enormous stone blocks, each polished
and carved to fit exactly in place
 The engineering was so precise that, although no
mortar was used to hold the stones together,
Incan buildings have survived severe
earthquakes
 Unfortunately, the Spanish demolished the
temple and built the Church of Santo Domingo
over it

33. CHURCH OF SANTO DOMINGO

34. DAILY LIFE
 The Incas strictly regulated the lives of millions
of people within their empire
 People lived in close-knit communities, called
ayllus
 Leaders of each ayllu carried out government
orders, assigning jobs to each family and
organizing the community to work the land
 Government officials arranged marriages to
ensure that men and women were settled at a
certain age

35. FARMING
 Farmers expanded the step terraces built by earlier
peoples
 On steep hillsides, they carved out strips of land to be
held in place by stone walls
 These terraces kept rains from washing away the soil
and made farming possible in places where flat land
was scarce
 Farmers had to spend part of each year working land
for the emperor and the temples as well as for their
own communities
 All the land belonged to the Inca, but cultivation and
crops were allotted to specific groups of people
 The government took possession of each harvest,
dividing it up among the people and storing part of it
in case of famine

36. INCAN STEP FARMING

37. METALWORKING
 The Incas were the best metalworkers of the
Americas
 They learned to work and alloy (blend) copper,
tin, bronze, silver, and gold
 While they employed copper and bronze for
useful objects, they used precious metals for
statues of gods and goddesses, eating utensils for
the aristocracy, and decorations

38. INCAN METALWORK

39. MEDICAL ADVANCES
 The Incas developed some important medical
practices, including surgery on the human skull
 In such operations, they first cleaned the
operating area and then made the patient
unconscious with a drug---procedures much
closer to the use of modern antiseptics and
anesthesia than anything practiced in Europe at
the time

40. RELIGION
 The Incas were polytheistic, worshipping many
gods linked to the forces of nature
 People offered food, clothing, and drink to the
guardian spirits of the home and village
 Religion was tied to the routines of life
 Each month had its own festival, from the great
ripening and the dance of the young maize to the
festival of the water
 Festivals were celebrated with ceremonies,
sports, and games
 A powerful class of priests served the gods,
celebrating their special festivals and tending to
their needs

41. RELIGION
 Chief among the gods was Inti, the sun god
 His special attendants, the “Chosen Women,”
were selected from each region of the empire
 During years of training, they studied the
mysteries of the religion, learned to prepare
ritual food and drink, and made the elaborate
wool garments worn by the Sapa Inca and Coya
 At the end of their training, most of the Chosen
Women continued to serve the sun god; others
joined the Inca’s court or married nobles

42. CHILD SACRIFICES
 In order to try and avoid famine, volcanoes and
earthquakes, the Incas sacrificed children and
captured warriors
 The children were raised to be ‘perfect’ and used
especially for the purpose of sacrifice
 Many mummified children have been found in
the mountains of the Andes

43. MUMMIFIED CHILDREN

44. MACHU PICCHU
 Machu Picchu lies some 7,000 feet above sea level
high in the Andes
 The sturdy walls have withstood centuries of
earthquakes
 Incan workers cut and fitted the stones together
without using mortar
 Abandoned for some 300 years, the ruins of
Machu Picchu were rediscovered in 1911

45. MACHU PICCHU MAP

46. MACHU PICCHU

47. MACHU PICCHU

48. MACHU PICCHU

49. MACHU PICCHU

50. MACHU PICCHU

51. MICHAEL PALIN VISITS MACHU MICHU
 Watch the Monty Python member visit the
ancient site

52. END OF THE EMPIRE
 At its height, the Incan civilization was a center
of learning and political power
 Then, in 1525, the emperor Huayna Capac died
suddenly of an unknown plague that swept
across the land
 He did not name a successor and soon civil war
broke out between two of his sons
 The fighting weakened the empire at a crucial
time because soon the Spanish conquistadors
would bring down the empire

53. FRANCISCO PIZARRO

54. PIZARRO’S ROUTE OF CONQUER

55. THE GREAT INCA REBELLION
 What the video and explain how the Spanish
Conquistadors conquered Peru