This document provides an overview of the US government and constitution. It discusses the key topics of:
- The Constitution and its establishment, outlining the separation of powers and system of checks and balances.
- The three branches of government - the legislature, executive, and judiciary - and their roles and powers.
- Federalism and the changing relationship between federal and state governments over time.
- Key events like the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Philadelphia Convention, and amendments.
- Specific amendments like the Bill of Rights and their protections of individual liberties.
United States Federal Government Structure for International StudentsMolly Nichelson
I'm currently a graduate student in USC's Price School of Public Affairs, International Public Policy and Management program (IPPAM). The majority of my classmates are foreign nationals and they asked me to give a presentation on the US Federal Government structure. It's a basic overview but they were keenly interested in lobbying and PACs.
This lecture is designed for first year students of English, and for anyone interested in a simple explanation of what is at stake in current political debates in America
United States Federal Government Structure for International StudentsMolly Nichelson
I'm currently a graduate student in USC's Price School of Public Affairs, International Public Policy and Management program (IPPAM). The majority of my classmates are foreign nationals and they asked me to give a presentation on the US Federal Government structure. It's a basic overview but they were keenly interested in lobbying and PACs.
This lecture is designed for first year students of English, and for anyone interested in a simple explanation of what is at stake in current political debates in America
This presentation was developed as an introduction to the Boy Scout merit badge, Citizenship in the Nation. It can also be used as an overview for an American Government class.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
4. The Constitution & Federalism
Nature & Significance
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Bill of Rights
Amendments
Federalism
Constitutional Change
5. US Government Overview
Federal Government Power
Legislature
Makes the laws
Congress
House of Representatives
Senate
Executive
Carries out the laws
President
Plus VP, EXOP, Cabinet,
Executive Dept, and
Agencies
Judiciary
Enforces and interprets
the laws
Supreme Court
Including appeal courts
and trial courts
6. A Constitution
• A system of rules which describes the
structure and powers of Government
• Outlines the relationship between the three
branches of government
• And the relationship between the government
and its citizens
7. A Constitution
• Limits upon power
– Checks and Balances
• How power is exercised
• Where power is located
10. Birth of the USA
1776 – Declaration of Independence
11. Declaration of Independence
Taxation without representation
Leads to the US War of Independence from
Britain in April 1775
4th July 1776 the Colonies issue the Declaration
of Independence
12. Birth of the USA
1776 – Declaration of Independence
1781 – Articles of Confederation
13. Articles of Confederation
War isn’t over yet
13 Colonies ratify the Articles
Create a confederacy
Afraid of tyrannical government
They failed to form a nation
despite gaining independence
14. Problems with the Articles
No Executive
Branch
No Judiciary
Legislature
was a talking
shop
15. Birth of the USA
1776 – Declaration of Independence
1781 – Articles of Confederation
1787 – Philadelphia Convention
16. Philadelphia Convention
55 Delegates from 12 of 13
States in May 1787
It took 4 Months
Had to create a strong
government whilst protecting
freedoms
Rhode Island
I'm
Suspicious
about this
18. Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
States with large
populations
New Jersey Plan
States with Small
Populations
Connecticut
Compromise
Bicameral System
One according to Population
One represented Equally
20. Birth of the USA
1776 – Declaration of Independence
1781 – Articles of Confederation
1787 – Philadelphia Convention
1789 – George Washington elected
21. Birth of the USA
1776 – Declaration of Independence
1781 – Articles of Confederation
1787 – Philadelphia Convention
1789 – George Washington elected
1791 – Bill of Rights
22. Bill of Rights 1791
First 10 Amendments known as
Bill of Rights
Proposed by Congress Sept
1789
Ratified by States December
1791
Designed to protect against an
all powerful federal
government
17 Further Amendments
have been passed since
1791
23. Rights Established
No.
I Freedom of Speech
II Right to Keep and Bear Arms
III No quartering of soldiers
IV No unreasonable search and
seizure
V Due Process
No.
VI Speedy and public trial
VII Trial by jury in civil cases
VIII No Cruel and Unusual Punishment
IX Other rights of the people
X Power not delegated to Fed. Govt.
are reserved to the States or people
Issues:
Where does the Death Penalty sit with the 8th Amendment?
Does the Elastic Clause supersede the 10th Amendment?
24. Proposed
Amendment
Vote in the House
2/3 Majority
Required
Vote in the Senate
2/3 Majority
required
Votes in State
Legislatures
Passed by ¾ of all
State Legislatures
Constitution
Amended
Amending the Constitution
25. Notable Amendments
13th Slavery Abolished (1865)
14th Equal Protection and due process clause (1868)
15th Blacks given the right to vote (1870)
16th Income Tax (1913)
22nd Two term presidential limit (1951)
25th Presidential succession procedure (1967)
26. Notable Attempts to Amend
Amendment House Senate
Flag
Desecration
(05/06)
286-130 Yes 66-34
No
(1 vote short)
Balanced
Budget (95)
300-132 Yes 65-35 No
Super Majority
to increase
taxes (2002)
227-178 No N/A N/A
During Clinton’s Presidency there were 17 votes on constitutional amendments. All
the votes happened under a Republican Congress
Amendment House Senate States
Equal Rights for
Women (1972)
Yes Yes 35/50 (3 short)
27. Separation of Powers
Political power is distributed among the three
branches of government, all acting independently
and interdependently
Powers are shared through a series of checks and
balances
Executive Branch
Judicial Branch
Legislative Branch
28. Synoptic Links
Separation of Powers
• UK has a fusion of powers
• Members may sit in more
than one branch
• Until the CRA 2005 the Lord
Chancellor sat in all three
branches
Legislative &
Executive
29. Limited Government
The size and scope of the federal government
should be limited to only what is necessary
Limited Govt.
30. Checks & Balances
Each branch exercises power and control over
the others
It supports the idea of Limited Government
32. Checks on Judiciary
• Appointment of judges
• Pardon
By Executive
• Impeachment trials and removal from
office
• Proposition of constitutional amendments
By Legislature
33. Checks on Executive
• Amend/Delay/Reject legislation
• Veto Override
• Power of the Purse
• Declaration of War
• Ratification of Treaties
• Confirmation of Appointments
• Congressional Committee Investigations
• Impeachment
By Legislature
• Judicial Review
By Judiciary
34. Checks and Balances Examples
• Supreme Court Appointments
– Robert Bork (1987) [FAILED]
– John Roberts (2005)
– Sonia Sotomayor (2009)
• Amendments
– Education Reform Bill 2001 – Heavily Amended
• Legislative Blocking
– Clinton’s Healthcare programme 1993-94
– Increasing Minimum Wage
35. Federalism
A theory by which political power is divided
between a national and state government, each
having their own jurisdiction
It focuses around decentralisation
37. Dual Federalism
1780-1920
• Associated with a collection of ‘unknown
presidents’
Large Focus on States Rights
• Federal Government limited to Money, War and
Peace
Layer Cake Federalism
• Divisions in Political Power are Clear Cut
38. Cooperative Federalism
1930s – 1960s
• Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson
• Majority of the Presidents were Democrats
New Departments
• Defence (1949), Health, Education, & Welfare (1953), Transportation
(1966)
Large Increase in Categorical Grants
• Grants allocated to states by Federal Government for specific projects
Marble Cake
• Division in Political Power are less clear cut
39. New Federalism
1970s-2000
• Nixon, Ford, Reagan, Bush and Clinton
• Majority of the Presidents were Republicans
Shift back to State Power
• The Federal Government did not create the States;
the States created the Federal Government
Large Increase in Block Grants
• Grants allocated to states by Federal Government
for non specific purposes or general areas
40. An Ever Changing Concept
• Westward Expansion
– From 13 colonies to 50
• Growth in Population
– 4million in 1790 to 275million in 2000
• Industrialisation
– Need for Government Regulation
• Communication
– As the nation grew, it shrank
• Events
– The Great Depression
41. An Ever Changing Concept
• Foreign Policy
– Second World War caused the need for centralised
planning
• Supreme Court Decisions
– Decisions on the meaning of the constitution alter the
role of the Federal Government
• Constitutional Amendments
– These can alter the powers of States or Federal
Government
42. Federalism Under Bush
Government spending
increased by 33% in 01-05
– Iraq War
– Homeland Security
– Expansions of Medicare
& Education
• No Child Left behind
– Wall Street and Banking
Collapse
43. Federalism Under Obama
Expansion of Federal Government
Role
• Obama Care
• GM Bailouts
BUT:
Willing to allow states to pursue
goals – pollution permits in
California
However:
Only does this when it suits him to
do so!
44. Federalism
Pros Cons
Permits Diversity Can hide economic and social inequalities
Pluralistic Frustrates the national will, making
solutions to problems harder
Increased protection of individual rights Constant source of conflict between
states and government
States becomes ‘policy labs’ e.g. Pollution
permits in California
Overly bureaucratic, therefore creating a
costly system that is resistant to change
Well suited to geographically large nation
45. Constitution Synoptic Links
UK Constitution is uncodified
Unitary system of government
Fusion of Powers
Parliamentary
Lower levels of democratic participation
UK becoming somewhat more Federalised with
the EU
46. Exam success is
not a lottery!
Know your
terms
Know the
Articles
Know the
Examples