This document discusses federalism in India. It begins by defining federalism and explaining that it is a system of dual government that allows for regional and national levels of governance. In India, federalism is outlined in the constitution, which delineates powers between the central and state governments. However, the central government remains strong, as it can take control in emergencies and has financial powers over states. There are also ongoing conflicts around center-state relations, demands for more autonomy, and calls for new states that test India's federal system.

1. FEDERALISM

2. INDIA DURING 1947

3. PRESENT INDIA

4. WHAT IS FEDERALISM?

5. • Federalism does not consist of a set of fixed principles,
which are applied, to different historical situations.Rather,
federalism as a principle of government has evolved
differently in different situations. American federalism –
one of the first major attempts to build a federal polity –is
different from German or Indian federalism. But there are
also a few key ideas and concepts associated with
federalism.

6. FEATURES OF FEDERALISM
• Essentially, federalism is an . The details of this dual
institutional mechanism to system of government are
accommodate two sets of generally spelt out in a
polities—one at the written constitution
regional level and the other
at the national level . To prevent conflicts between
• The people likewise, have the centre and the State,
two sets of identities and there is an independent
loyalties—they belong to judiciary to settle disputes
the region as well as the
nation

7. POLITICAL MAP OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF
INDEPENDENT STATES, 1997

8. Article 1: (1) India, that is
Bharat,shall be a Union of States.
(2) The States and the territories
thereof shall be as specified in the
First Schedule.

9. FEDERALISM IN THE INDIAN
CONSTITUTION
• Even before Independence, . The Constitution clearly
most leaders of our national demarcates subjects, which
movement were aware that are under the exclusive
to govern a large country like domain of the Union and
ours, it would be necessary to those under the States
divide the powers between . Indian Constitution has
provinces and the central created a strong central
government government. India is a
• There was also awareness country of continental
that Indian society had dimensions with immense
regional diversity and diversities and social
linguistic diversity. This problems.
diversity needed recognition

10. Important provisions that create a strong
central government
• The very existence of a State including its • Governor has certain powers to
territorial integrity is in the hands of recommend dismissal of the State
Parliament. The Parliament is government and the dissolution of the
empowered to ‘form a new State by Assembly
separation of territory from any State or
by uniting two or more States • There may be occasions when the
situation may demand that the central
• The Constitution has certain very government needs to legislate on matters
powerful emergency provisions, which from the State list. This is possible if the
can turn our federal polity into a highly move is ratified by the Rajya Sabha
centralised system once emergency is
declared. • You have already studied in the chapter
on executive that we have an integrated
• Even during normal circumstances, the administrative system. The all-India
central government has very effective services are common to the entire
financial powers and responsibilities territory of India and officers chosen for
these services serve in the administration
• Articles 33 and 34 authorise the of the States
Parliament to protect persons in the
service of the union or a state in respect
of any action taken by them during
martial law to maintain or restore order.

11. CONFLICTS IN INDIA’S FEDERAL
SYSTEM
.Centre-State Relations • SPECIAL PROVISIONS
.Demands for Autonomy • Jammu and Kashmir
.Role of Governors and • Art.370
President’s Rule
• NORTH EASTERN STATES
.Demands for New States
• Art.371
.Interstate Conflicts

12. Is this how Governors should be
‘appointed’?

13. Flood of demands for creating new
States

14. A POWER POINT PRESENTATION
BASED ON NCERT TEXT BOOK –
JOSE FRANCIS ISAAC