This document from the Aquinas College Economics Department covers several topics related to international trade, including: 1. Theories of absolute and comparative advantage in trade between developed and developing countries. 2. Attitudes toward trade, including developing countries seen as sources of cheap labor and raw materials, and concerns about job losses in developed countries. 3. Benefits and challenges of trade for developing countries, such as increased integration, multiplier effects, and terms of trade issues. 4. Benefits of international trade more broadly, including specialization, exploitation of economies of scale, and potential rises in living standards. 5. Explanations and examples of the theories of absolute advantage and comparative advantage in trade

1. Aquinas College Economics Department
International Trade
Trade between nations and the
Theories of Absolute and
Comparative Advantage
ECON4

2. Aquinas College Economics Department
Trade in Developed Countries
Attitude to Developing Countries
• Seen as place of cheap raw materials
• Cheap Labour
Falling Prices
• Leads to increased incomes
• Higher standards of living
Environmentalism
• Outsourcing of manufacturing has lead to cleaner
economies
Job Crisis
• Jobs are outsourced, so some call for Job Protection
in these developed countries

3. Aquinas College Economics Department
Trade in Developing Countries
Increasing Trade
• Should help countries become more integrated in
world economy
Multiplier Effect
• Created through the Foreign Trade
Terms of Trade
• Due to the primary products the terms of trade
are weighted in these countries favour
Tariffs on Goods
• EU’s CAP places price rises on these countries

4. Aquinas College Economics Department
Benefits of International Trade
Trade exists as corporations pursue profits
1. Specialisation leads to a more efficient
allocation of resources
2. Global markets are opened up and allow
firms to exploit economies of scale
3. Expansion of firms can lead to a rise in a
countries living standards

5. Aquinas College Economics Department
Theory of Absolute Advantage
TABLE 1 UK Mexico
Cider 600 380
Peanuts 360 320
Table 1 shows that should a
country dedicate all its
resources it could create
either good
The UK using all its
resources could produce 600
units of Cider or 360 units of
Peanuts
The UK can produce more Cider
with their resources than Mexico
can, meaning it has the absolute
advantage
DEFINITION:
Absolute Advantage is where a
country using a given resource is
able to produce more than other
countries with the same resources

6. Aquinas College Economics Department
Self Sufficiency
TABLE 2 UK Mexico Total
Cider 300 190 490
Peanuts 180 160 340
If neither the UK or Mexico traded then output would
look like this

7. Aquinas College Economics Department
Theory of Comparative Advantage
Even though the UK has an absolute advantage, Mexico
doesn’t have to lose out. If Mexico specialises then they
will benefit through trade
DEFINITION:
Comparative Advantage is
where a country can
produce a good with a
lower input cost than other
country
Comparative Advantage
is the theoretical basis
for trade
World Resources are better used
when nations specialise
Comparative advantage says that
opportunity costs for good
production is less in one place than
another

8. Aquinas College Economics Department
Comparative Advantage
TABLE 3 UK Mexico
Cider 600 380
Peanuts 360 320
In the UK the ratio looks like
this:
1 Cider = 0.6 Peanuts
1 Peanut = 1.6 Ciders
In Mexico
1 Cider = 0.8 Peanuts
1 Peanut = 1.18 Ciders
UK – Has the Comparative
Advantage in Cider Production has
it only has to give up 0.8 peanuts
Mexico – Has the Comparative
Advantage in Peanut Production
has it only has to give up 1.18
peanuts

9. Aquinas College Economics Department
Comparative Advantage
TABLE 4 UK Mexico Total
Cider 600 0 600
Peanuts 0 320 320
Countries therefore specialise in what they have a
comparative advantage in.
The Cider total is now
much higher than it
would if countries acted
alone
The Peanut total is now lower than if
countries acted alone. This can be
altered with Partial Specialisation

10. Aquinas College Economics Department
Partial Specialisation
TABLE 4 UK Mexico Total
Cider 550 0 550
Peanuts 50 320 370
As the total of peanuts is lower with specialisation
countries can part specialise to increase output
The amounts that are
available to the world
are now far more than if
countries acted alone