This seminar is presented as a part of weekly journal club and seminar regularly conducted at Apollo hospital,Kolkata Department of Radiation oncology.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
TISSUE PHANTOM RATIO - THE PHOTON BEAM QUALITY INDEXVictor Ekpo
TPR(20,10) is the recommended photon beam quality index by IAEA TRS-398 for megavoltage clinical photons generated by linear accelerators. This presentation goes through the basics of Tissue Phantom Ratio (TPR).
Particle beam – proton,neutron & heavy ion therapyAswathi c p
particle therapy is advanced external beam therapy used to treat cancer , which uses beams of protons or other charged particles such as helium, carbon or other ions instead of photons. charged particles have different depth-dose distributions compared to photons. They deposit most of their energy in the last final millimeters of their trajectory (when their speed slows). This results in a sharp and localized peak of dose, known as the Bragg peak.
brief but informative knowledge about what basically Cobalt 60 is and what is the phenomenon behind this machine ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
TISSUE PHANTOM RATIO - THE PHOTON BEAM QUALITY INDEXVictor Ekpo
TPR(20,10) is the recommended photon beam quality index by IAEA TRS-398 for megavoltage clinical photons generated by linear accelerators. This presentation goes through the basics of Tissue Phantom Ratio (TPR).
Particle beam – proton,neutron & heavy ion therapyAswathi c p
particle therapy is advanced external beam therapy used to treat cancer , which uses beams of protons or other charged particles such as helium, carbon or other ions instead of photons. charged particles have different depth-dose distributions compared to photons. They deposit most of their energy in the last final millimeters of their trajectory (when their speed slows). This results in a sharp and localized peak of dose, known as the Bragg peak.
brief but informative knowledge about what basically Cobalt 60 is and what is the phenomenon behind this machine ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
Radiation emergencies and preparedness in radiotherapyDeepjyoti saha
In a Radiotherapy Department where cancer patients are being treated with high energy photons,gamma rays,electrons; all the radiation workers should be alert regarding radiation accidents & how to face the situation.
Precision attachments in prosthodontics/ orthodontics short term coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Radionuclide's such as radium-226, cesium-137, and cobalt-60 have been used as sources of gamma rays for teletherapy. These gamma rays are emitted from the radionuclide's as they undergo radioactive disintegration. Of all the radionuclide's, Co-60 has proved to be the most suitable for external beam radiotherapy.
Discussion about machines of Radiotherapy: Linac cobalt 60Julfikar Saif
Linac and cobalt 60 machines are some of the most widely available machines for treating cancer. In this presentation parts and history of the machines discussed
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. • Source of radiation is
at a distance from the
patientTELETHERAPY
• Treatment machines
incorporating γ ray
sources for use in
external beam
radiotherapy
ISOTOPIC
TELETHERAPY
3. Until 1951, all isotope machines produced were tele-radium units
( radium bomb ).
The source to skin distance was usually not greater than 10 cm in
these machines.
Major drawbacks of these machines were-i) high risk of radiation
hazard due to radon gas leak produced as a by product, ii) high
cost of radium, iii) large self absorption, iv) low exposure rate
constant and v) low output.
4. Bryant Symons radium "bomb" at Westminster Hospital,
London, England, in the 1930s.
5. For tele-cesium units the source to skin
distance is 20cm to 40cm.
They have not been very popular because of
relatively low exposure rate constant and low
specific activity.
6. Dr. Harold E. Johns - Invented the cobalt-60 unit in
the 1950s.
First Tele-Cobalt machines –Saskatoon Cancer
Clinic , Canada and the Victoria Hospital, London
9. JANUS Co-60 machine.
Ulrich Henschke, Bronx, New York
Co-60 source of about 2000 Ci.
Two specially designed rooms were built
adjacent to each other
Roman Mythology
Two heads looking in opposite directions
The gift to see both future and past
10. Iso-centric Cobalt-60 Teletherapy Machine,
Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.
Isocentric
SSD : 60cm
Source activity :low
Output low
Time taken MORE
11. The main components of a teletherapy machine are:
1. radioactive source;
2. source housing, including beam collimator and source
movement mechanism;
3. a gantry and stand in isocentric machines or a housing
support assembly in stand-alone machines;
4. a patient support assembly
5. a machine console.
12.
13.
14. Cylindrical double-welded stainless-steel capsule
Diameter ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 cm
Discs / pellets
Positioned in the cobalt unit with its circular end
facing the patient
15.
16. • The Cobalt-60 source is produced by irradiating ordinary, stable 59Co with
neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
•
The nuclear reaction is represented as
• The nuclei of 60Ni will be in the excited states following this decay and the
de-excite to the ground state by emitting two γ ray photons of energy 1.17 MeV and
1.33 MeV in cascade.
• The decay half-life is 5.26 years and the average photon
energy is 1.25 MeV.
17. The housing for the source is called the “source head”.
It consists of a steel shell filled with lead for shielding purposes and device for
bringing the source in front of an opening in the head from which the useful beam
emerges.
Also a heavy metal alloy sleeve is provided to form an additional primary shield
when the source is in the OFF position.
18.
19. A number of methods have been developed for moving the source from OFF
position to ON position-
1. Source mounted on a rotating wheel inside the source head to carry the
source from OFF to On position
2. Source mounted on a heavy metal drawer is moved horizontally by
pneumatic system through a hole running through the source head.
In the ON position the source faces the aperture for the treatment beam and in
the OFF position the source moves to its shielded location and the light source
mounted on the same drawer occupies the ON position of the source.
20. 3. Mercury is allowed to flow into a container immediately below the
source to shut OFF the beam.
4. Source is fixed in front of the aperture and the beam can be turned
ON and OFF by a shutter consisting of heavy metal jaws.
21.
22. Collimators provide beams of desired shape and size.
Collimators of teletherapy machines provide square and
rectangular radiation fields typically ranging from 5 × 5 to 35 × 35 cm2 at
80 cm from the source
The rotational movement of the collimator is continuous, and it can rotate 360°
about its own axis.
The collimator system can move to any position when the gantry is rotated.
23. The gantry can rotate by 360°. The rotational movement
of the gantry is motorized and controlled in two directions
continuously; its rotation speed can be adjusted.
Teletherapy machines are most often mounted
isocentrically, allowing the beam to rotate about the
patient at a fixed SAD. They can be used either as fixed
field machines or rotation units.
24. Treatment Bed has motorized movements
Horizontal
Vertical
Lateral
Table Top – 90 rotation to each side
Base - 110 rotation to each side
25. Control Console is situated outside the bunker
Interlocks present on the console for
1. Air Pressure
2. Door
3. Head Lock -Treatment Head has a swivel movement
of +/- 180
4. OFF Shield
5. Treatment Mode
6. Wedge Filter
7. Tray Interlock
8. Timer
26. Timer
The prescribed target dose is delivered with the help
of two treatment timers:
Primary Timer - the primary timer actually controls
the treatment time.
Secondary Timer - accounts for the source
movement from OFF to ON
position and again to OFF
position (shutter error).
Source ON/OFF Indicator –
Red- ON Green- OFF Amber- TRANSIT
27. • γ rays constitute the useful treatment beam.
• The β particles are absorbed in the cobalt metal and the stainless
steel capsules resulting in the emission of bremsstrahlung x-rays and
a small amount of characteristic x-rays.
28. • The lower energy γ rays produced by the interaction of the primary γ
radiation with the source itself, the surrounding capsule, the source
housing and the collimator system are also contaminants of the treatment
beam.
• The scattered components of the beam contribute significantly ( approx.
10% to the total intensity of the beam.
29.
30.
31.
32. BHABHATRON - The indigenous Cobalt-60 Teletherapy
Machine has a capacity of 200 RMM source and its source
to iso-centre distance is 80 cm. The system has unique user-friendly
features and fully closable collimator for improved radiation safety.
