Portable and mobile radiographic equipment can be used to perform x-rays on patients who cannot be moved to the radiology department. Portable units are small and light enough for one person to carry, while mobile units are larger but still movable. Both have x-ray tubes, high voltage generators, and control panels. Portable units have limitations of low output and difficulty maintaining radiation protection, while mobile units have higher output but are heavier. Mobile units can be powered by batteries or capacitor discharge and include features like movable arms and image intensifiers for fluoroscopy. They allow for x-rays to be performed in operating rooms.
Macroradiography is a radiographic technique used to magnify images relative to the object being imaged. It works by increasing the object-to-film distance, which magnifies the image size. Key factors that affect image quality include geometric unsharpness, which increases with magnification, and limitations of the x-ray tube's fine focal spot, which restricts output. Macroradiography is useful for examining small bony structures and pulmonary patterns at higher magnification.
Vital signs such as body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate are important indicators of a person's general physical health and play an important role in emergencies in radiology. They help medical teams assess and treat patients and prevent adverse outcomes. Radiographers play an important clinical and ethical role in radiology departments by carrying out procedures, providing care to patients within their scope of practice, maintaining patient confidentiality, and ensuring minimum radiation exposure. They must also conduct themselves professionally by maintaining a neat appearance and treating patients and coworkers with respect.
This document discusses different types of generators and their components. It begins by defining a generator as a device that converts mechanical energy to electricity. It then discusses common electricity terms like current, voltage, and EMF. The document outlines different types of generators including X-ray generators. It explains the workings of 3-phase, 6-pulse, and 12-pulse generators. Advantages are provided such as reduced ripple factor and increased X-rays. Overall, the document provides an overview of generators, their components, different pulse types, and their applications.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
Xeroradiography is a method of recording x-ray images using a selenium plate that becomes conductive when exposed to light or x-rays. The plate retains an electric charge, allowing an image to form by applying developer powder to the charged areas. Two machines are used: a conditioner that charges and stores plates, and a processor that develops images on the plates by applying toner and transferring the image to paper. Copying radiographs involves producing a second image from an original, which can be smaller, the same size, or enlarged. Subtraction films are used in angiography to enhance vessel contrast by digitally subtracting a pre-contrast "mask" image from post-contrast images.
Portable and mobile radiographic units can be either portable or mobile. Portable units are small enough to be carried by one person for use outside of a radiology department. Mobile units are larger and mounted on wheels, able to be moved throughout a hospital. Both use an X-ray tube, generator, and control unit to produce radiographic images. Newer units are using high frequency generators, computed radiography, or direct radiography for more efficient and higher quality imaging. Mobile C-arm units are important for fluoroscopy in operating rooms.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Macroradiography is a radiographic technique used to magnify images relative to the object being imaged. It works by increasing the object-to-film distance, which magnifies the image size. Key factors that affect image quality include geometric unsharpness, which increases with magnification, and limitations of the x-ray tube's fine focal spot, which restricts output. Macroradiography is useful for examining small bony structures and pulmonary patterns at higher magnification.
Vital signs such as body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate are important indicators of a person's general physical health and play an important role in emergencies in radiology. They help medical teams assess and treat patients and prevent adverse outcomes. Radiographers play an important clinical and ethical role in radiology departments by carrying out procedures, providing care to patients within their scope of practice, maintaining patient confidentiality, and ensuring minimum radiation exposure. They must also conduct themselves professionally by maintaining a neat appearance and treating patients and coworkers with respect.
This document discusses different types of generators and their components. It begins by defining a generator as a device that converts mechanical energy to electricity. It then discusses common electricity terms like current, voltage, and EMF. The document outlines different types of generators including X-ray generators. It explains the workings of 3-phase, 6-pulse, and 12-pulse generators. Advantages are provided such as reduced ripple factor and increased X-rays. Overall, the document provides an overview of generators, their components, different pulse types, and their applications.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
Xeroradiography is a method of recording x-ray images using a selenium plate that becomes conductive when exposed to light or x-rays. The plate retains an electric charge, allowing an image to form by applying developer powder to the charged areas. Two machines are used: a conditioner that charges and stores plates, and a processor that develops images on the plates by applying toner and transferring the image to paper. Copying radiographs involves producing a second image from an original, which can be smaller, the same size, or enlarged. Subtraction films are used in angiography to enhance vessel contrast by digitally subtracting a pre-contrast "mask" image from post-contrast images.
Portable and mobile radiographic units can be either portable or mobile. Portable units are small enough to be carried by one person for use outside of a radiology department. Mobile units are larger and mounted on wheels, able to be moved throughout a hospital. Both use an X-ray tube, generator, and control unit to produce radiographic images. Newer units are using high frequency generators, computed radiography, or direct radiography for more efficient and higher quality imaging. Mobile C-arm units are important for fluoroscopy in operating rooms.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Ward radiography involves performing x-rays for patients who are too ill to be moved to the radiology department. It is done in various medical and surgical wards like ICUs, surgical wards, and emergency rooms. Common exams include chest, abdomen, spine and bone x-rays. Proper equipment handling and infection control measures must be followed. Radiation safety precautions like lead aprons and shields are also used to minimize exposure. Theater radiography refers to x-rays done in operating rooms for procedures like cholangiograms and orthopedic or urological interventions.
This document discusses portable and mobile x-ray machines. Portable x-rays can be carried by one person and used in hospitals, distant locations, or patients' homes to image in-patients or guide surgeons. Mobile x-rays are larger wheeled units that can be motorized or pushed. They have components like a base, generator, control panel, and supported x-ray tube. Mobile x-rays are classified by power source like capacitor discharge or batteries, and by output like low, average, or high power. Capacitor discharge units use a charged capacitor as the power source, while battery powered units use rechargeable batteries. Safety precautions for portable and mobile x-rays include long exposure cables and lead protection
Tomographic equipment allows for the production of sharp images by moving the x-ray tube and detector in opposite directions during exposure. There are two main types - attachments that connect to existing equipment using linkage mechanisms, pivot units, and drives, and specialized tomography tables. Tables are categorized into three groups based on their motion capabilities. All tomographic equipment aims to focus the anatomy of interest while blurring surrounding structures through controlled tube movement during x-ray exposure.
This document discusses the advancement of mammographic equipment. It begins by introducing the components and purpose of mammography equipment. Key components discussed in detail include the x-ray tube, compressor, anti-scatter grid, cassette holder, and digital detectors. The document then covers recent advancements, such as digital mammography technologies like computed radiography, full-field digital mammography, and digital breast tomosynthesis, which uses 3D imaging to improve cancer detection rates.
Filters are used in x-ray imaging to shape the beam and increase the ratio of useful photons for imaging to those that increase patient dose or decrease image contrast. Filters are typically made of metal like aluminum or copper and are placed between the x-ray tube and patient. They absorb the low energy photons that do not penetrate tissue deeply but deposit much radiation in superficial tissues. This provides better tissue penetration by the beam while reducing the skin dose and improving contrast. Different types of filters include inherent, added, compound, and wedge filters which vary in materials and thickness used.
This document provides information on dark room and film processing techniques. It discusses the key components and functions of a dark room for handling radiographic films without light exposure. It also describes the various stages of film processing including development, fixing, washing and drying. Both manual and automatic processing techniques are covered, outlining the different steps, equipment, chemical solutions and factors involved in each method. Automatic processors provide controlled, consistent processing using chemical tanks and a transport system to move films through development, fixation, washing and drying cycles.
X-ray generators are used to power x-ray tubes in radiology. They contain transformers, diodes, and circuits to select energy, quantity, and exposure time. Generators can be single-phase, three-phase, constant potential, or high-frequency. Three-phase generators provide a continuous output to reduce exposure time and improve image quality. Constant potential generators produce a near-DC waveform for more efficient acceleration of electrons.
Recent advancements in modern x ray tubeSantosh Ojha
All the advancements in X-ray tubes till date are done to increase the Tube heat storage capacity thus increasing the lifetime of x -ray tubes. This slide explains about these recent advancements in x-ray tubes.
MRI coils play an essential role in generating MRI images. There are several types of coils that work together, including gradient coils, shim coils, and radiofrequency (RF) coils. Gradient coils use magnetic fields to spatially encode the MRI signal and allow for imaging in different planes. RF coils transmit and receive radiofrequency signals to and from the body, converting these signals into data used to construct the final images. Different coil designs, such as volume, surface, and phased array coils, are optimized for imaging different body regions and provide better signal-to-noise ratios.
This document discusses fluoroscopy, which uses x-rays and a fluoroscope to obtain real-time moving images of internal structures. It was invented in 1896 by Thomas Edison. Fluoroscopy allows visualization of anatomical structures and organ motion/function. The key components are an x-ray source, fluorescent screen, and image intensifier system coupled to a TV camera. This allows radiologists to view live images on a monitor. Various fluoroscopy systems exist for different applications like surgery or interventional radiology. The document also describes the components and functioning of image intensifiers, TV cameras, and digital fluoroscopy detectors that allow the conversion of x-ray images to visible light and electrical signals.
X-ray generators use transformers, rectifiers, and capacitors to convert electrical power into high voltage pulses needed to generate x-rays. There are several types of x-ray generators including single phase generators that produce two pulses, three phase six pulse generators that use three phase power, and three phase twelve pulse generators that add an additional delta connection to produce twelve pulses. High frequency generators use high frequency current to provide a constant voltage to the x-ray tube. Power discharge generators include capacitor discharge generators that use a high voltage capacitor to store and discharge charge, and battery powered generators that use batteries as the power source.
The document provides information on cassettes, films, and intensifying screens used in radiography. It describes the construction, features, types, and care of cassettes. It also discusses the layers, types, handling and storage of x-ray films. The document explains how intensifying screens work by converting x-ray photons into visible light photons, amplifying the image on film. It describes the layers, materials, and speeds of intensifying screens. Tests for cassettes like the wire mesh test and light leak test are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of radiographic film, including its composition, construction, types, handling, and the latent image formation process. Radiographic film consists of a base and emulsion layer containing light-sensitive silver halide crystals. X-rays interact with the crystals to form a latent image, which is developed into a visible image. Proper handling and storage of the film is required to avoid artifacts and ensure optimal image quality.
The document provides guidelines on medical radiology. It discusses the key components of a radiology system including the patient positioner, X-ray source, high voltage generator, and image receptor. It describes the physical principles behind X-rays and how radiological exams work. The document also outlines different radiology work techniques like parameter settings and anatomic programs.
The document provides details on the history and development of the modern X-ray tube. It discusses early experiments with evacuated glass tubes in the 18th and 19th centuries. Key developments include Roentgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895 using a Crookes tube, and Coolidge's invention of the hot cathode tube with a tungsten filament in 1913. The modern X-ray tube consists of a cathode that emits a focused electron beam, a rotating or stationary anode that produces X-rays upon electron impact, and components to dissipate heat and maintain the vacuum within the glass envelope.
This document discusses fluoroscopy and the components of a fluoroscopy system. It describes how fluoroscopy allows real-time visualization of organ motion, contrast agents, stent placement, and catheterization. It then provides details on the evolution of fluoroscopy technology over time, from early fluoroscopes to modern image intensifiers and closed-circuit television systems. Key components like the image intensifier tube, video camera, and television monitor are explained. Methods of image recording like spot film devices and video recording are also summarized.
Introduction to the parts of x ray machineHuzaifa Oxford
The document describes the key components of an X-ray machine:
1. The X-ray tube which produces X-rays and contains a cathode and anode in a vacuum tube housed in a protective casing.
2. The operating console which controls the voltage, current, and exposure time of the X-ray tube.
3. Additional components include a high voltage transformer, collimator to control the beam, patient table, grid to reduce scattering, and Bucky device which holds the X-ray film.
The document describes the key components of an X-ray machine, including the X-ray tube, operating console, transformer, tube housing, collimator, patient table, grid, Bucky, and radiographic film. It provides details on what each component is, what it does, and how it works within the overall system to produce X-ray images.
Ward radiography involves performing x-rays for patients who are too ill to be moved to the radiology department. It is done in various medical and surgical wards like ICUs, surgical wards, and emergency rooms. Common exams include chest, abdomen, spine and bone x-rays. Proper equipment handling and infection control measures must be followed. Radiation safety precautions like lead aprons and shields are also used to minimize exposure. Theater radiography refers to x-rays done in operating rooms for procedures like cholangiograms and orthopedic or urological interventions.
This document discusses portable and mobile x-ray machines. Portable x-rays can be carried by one person and used in hospitals, distant locations, or patients' homes to image in-patients or guide surgeons. Mobile x-rays are larger wheeled units that can be motorized or pushed. They have components like a base, generator, control panel, and supported x-ray tube. Mobile x-rays are classified by power source like capacitor discharge or batteries, and by output like low, average, or high power. Capacitor discharge units use a charged capacitor as the power source, while battery powered units use rechargeable batteries. Safety precautions for portable and mobile x-rays include long exposure cables and lead protection
Tomographic equipment allows for the production of sharp images by moving the x-ray tube and detector in opposite directions during exposure. There are two main types - attachments that connect to existing equipment using linkage mechanisms, pivot units, and drives, and specialized tomography tables. Tables are categorized into three groups based on their motion capabilities. All tomographic equipment aims to focus the anatomy of interest while blurring surrounding structures through controlled tube movement during x-ray exposure.
This document discusses the advancement of mammographic equipment. It begins by introducing the components and purpose of mammography equipment. Key components discussed in detail include the x-ray tube, compressor, anti-scatter grid, cassette holder, and digital detectors. The document then covers recent advancements, such as digital mammography technologies like computed radiography, full-field digital mammography, and digital breast tomosynthesis, which uses 3D imaging to improve cancer detection rates.
Filters are used in x-ray imaging to shape the beam and increase the ratio of useful photons for imaging to those that increase patient dose or decrease image contrast. Filters are typically made of metal like aluminum or copper and are placed between the x-ray tube and patient. They absorb the low energy photons that do not penetrate tissue deeply but deposit much radiation in superficial tissues. This provides better tissue penetration by the beam while reducing the skin dose and improving contrast. Different types of filters include inherent, added, compound, and wedge filters which vary in materials and thickness used.
This document provides information on dark room and film processing techniques. It discusses the key components and functions of a dark room for handling radiographic films without light exposure. It also describes the various stages of film processing including development, fixing, washing and drying. Both manual and automatic processing techniques are covered, outlining the different steps, equipment, chemical solutions and factors involved in each method. Automatic processors provide controlled, consistent processing using chemical tanks and a transport system to move films through development, fixation, washing and drying cycles.
X-ray generators are used to power x-ray tubes in radiology. They contain transformers, diodes, and circuits to select energy, quantity, and exposure time. Generators can be single-phase, three-phase, constant potential, or high-frequency. Three-phase generators provide a continuous output to reduce exposure time and improve image quality. Constant potential generators produce a near-DC waveform for more efficient acceleration of electrons.
Recent advancements in modern x ray tubeSantosh Ojha
All the advancements in X-ray tubes till date are done to increase the Tube heat storage capacity thus increasing the lifetime of x -ray tubes. This slide explains about these recent advancements in x-ray tubes.
MRI coils play an essential role in generating MRI images. There are several types of coils that work together, including gradient coils, shim coils, and radiofrequency (RF) coils. Gradient coils use magnetic fields to spatially encode the MRI signal and allow for imaging in different planes. RF coils transmit and receive radiofrequency signals to and from the body, converting these signals into data used to construct the final images. Different coil designs, such as volume, surface, and phased array coils, are optimized for imaging different body regions and provide better signal-to-noise ratios.
This document discusses fluoroscopy, which uses x-rays and a fluoroscope to obtain real-time moving images of internal structures. It was invented in 1896 by Thomas Edison. Fluoroscopy allows visualization of anatomical structures and organ motion/function. The key components are an x-ray source, fluorescent screen, and image intensifier system coupled to a TV camera. This allows radiologists to view live images on a monitor. Various fluoroscopy systems exist for different applications like surgery or interventional radiology. The document also describes the components and functioning of image intensifiers, TV cameras, and digital fluoroscopy detectors that allow the conversion of x-ray images to visible light and electrical signals.
X-ray generators use transformers, rectifiers, and capacitors to convert electrical power into high voltage pulses needed to generate x-rays. There are several types of x-ray generators including single phase generators that produce two pulses, three phase six pulse generators that use three phase power, and three phase twelve pulse generators that add an additional delta connection to produce twelve pulses. High frequency generators use high frequency current to provide a constant voltage to the x-ray tube. Power discharge generators include capacitor discharge generators that use a high voltage capacitor to store and discharge charge, and battery powered generators that use batteries as the power source.
The document provides information on cassettes, films, and intensifying screens used in radiography. It describes the construction, features, types, and care of cassettes. It also discusses the layers, types, handling and storage of x-ray films. The document explains how intensifying screens work by converting x-ray photons into visible light photons, amplifying the image on film. It describes the layers, materials, and speeds of intensifying screens. Tests for cassettes like the wire mesh test and light leak test are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of radiographic film, including its composition, construction, types, handling, and the latent image formation process. Radiographic film consists of a base and emulsion layer containing light-sensitive silver halide crystals. X-rays interact with the crystals to form a latent image, which is developed into a visible image. Proper handling and storage of the film is required to avoid artifacts and ensure optimal image quality.
The document provides guidelines on medical radiology. It discusses the key components of a radiology system including the patient positioner, X-ray source, high voltage generator, and image receptor. It describes the physical principles behind X-rays and how radiological exams work. The document also outlines different radiology work techniques like parameter settings and anatomic programs.
The document provides details on the history and development of the modern X-ray tube. It discusses early experiments with evacuated glass tubes in the 18th and 19th centuries. Key developments include Roentgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895 using a Crookes tube, and Coolidge's invention of the hot cathode tube with a tungsten filament in 1913. The modern X-ray tube consists of a cathode that emits a focused electron beam, a rotating or stationary anode that produces X-rays upon electron impact, and components to dissipate heat and maintain the vacuum within the glass envelope.
This document discusses fluoroscopy and the components of a fluoroscopy system. It describes how fluoroscopy allows real-time visualization of organ motion, contrast agents, stent placement, and catheterization. It then provides details on the evolution of fluoroscopy technology over time, from early fluoroscopes to modern image intensifiers and closed-circuit television systems. Key components like the image intensifier tube, video camera, and television monitor are explained. Methods of image recording like spot film devices and video recording are also summarized.
Introduction to the parts of x ray machineHuzaifa Oxford
The document describes the key components of an X-ray machine:
1. The X-ray tube which produces X-rays and contains a cathode and anode in a vacuum tube housed in a protective casing.
2. The operating console which controls the voltage, current, and exposure time of the X-ray tube.
3. Additional components include a high voltage transformer, collimator to control the beam, patient table, grid to reduce scattering, and Bucky device which holds the X-ray film.
The document describes the key components of an X-ray machine, including the X-ray tube, operating console, transformer, tube housing, collimator, patient table, grid, Bucky, and radiographic film. It provides details on what each component is, what it does, and how it works within the overall system to produce X-ray images.
A linear accelerator is a machine that accelerates charged particles along a linear path to deliver radiation therapy for cancer treatment. It consists of an electron gun that produces electrons, an accelerator structure that accelerates the electrons using microwaves, and a treatment head that shapes and monitors the x-ray beam. Key components include the gantry that directs the beam, flattening filters and collimators that shape the beam, and ionization chambers that monitor the dose. The linear accelerator accelerates electrons to produce x-rays that are precisely aimed at the tumor to destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.
A linear accelerator (LINAC) is a device that uses radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate electrons to high energies in a linear path inside a tube. The electrons are then collided with a heavy metal target to produce high-energy x-rays. The x-rays are directed to the patient's tumor from any angle by rotating the gantry and moving the treatment couch. LINACs have evolved from early machines with limited motion and lower energies to modern machines with wider ranges of beam energies, dose rates, field sizes, and operating modes that provide more precise and accurate radiation treatment for cancer patients. Key components of a LINAC include the drive stand containing the klystron or magnetron to generate microwave power, the accelerator waveguide
The document describes the components and operation of medical linear accelerators (linacs) used for external beam radiation therapy. Key components include an electron gun, accelerating waveguide, target, bending magnet, flattening filters, and collimators. Electrons are accelerated to high energies and directed at a target to produce high-energy x-ray beams. The x-ray beams are shaped and aimed at the tumor using the linac's gantry. Modern linacs can produce x-ray or electron beams with varying energies and have advanced capabilities for precisely delivering radiation doses.
This document provides information about x-ray generators. It discusses the key components of x-ray generators including transformers, rectifiers, and exposure timers. The transformers are used to increase or decrease voltage in the circuit. Rectifiers convert alternating current to direct current. Exposure timers control the length of x-ray exposures. The document also describes different types of x-ray generators such as three-phase generators, power storage generators, and automatic exposure control systems.
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This document discusses different types of clinical generators used in radiation therapy. It describes low and high energy generators, including van de Graff generators, betatrons, cyclotrons, microtrons, and linear accelerators. It provides details on the operating principles, components, and historical development of various particle accelerators such as cyclotrons, synchrocyclotrons, and linear accelerators. It also discusses the different parts of linear accelerators including electron injection systems, radio frequency power generators, waveguides, and safety features.
An x-ray machine uses x-rays to generate images of structures inside the body. It is a complex device used for purposes like airport security screening and medical imaging. Maintenance of x-ray machines includes repairs, preventative maintenance, and scheduled inspections to increase availability and reliability. Troubleshooting involves testing different components like transformers, cables, and tubes to diagnose issues like failed power supply or exposure problems.
brief but informative knowledge about what basically LINAC is and what is the phenomenon behind this machine ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
A substation receives power transmitted at high voltage from a generating station and transforms the voltage to a level appropriate for local use. It consists of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other equipment to step up or step down voltages. Typical components include busbars to carry current, disconnectors and circuit breakers to connect and disconnect circuits, current and voltage transformers to detect and transform measurements, earthing switches for safety, and surge arrestors to protect from surges. Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control.
Linear accelerators (LINACs) are commonly used for external beam radiation therapy. [LINACs] use microwave technology to accelerate electrons which are then directed at a metal target to produce high-energy x-rays. Key LINAC components include an electron gun, accelerator structure in the gantry, and a treatment head housing components like collimators and flattening filters to shape the beam. LINACs have advanced over generations from early isocentric units to today's computer-driven systems that provide wide ranges of energy and precision treatment capabilities like IMRT.
All the applications of ferrites is described in this presentation very briefly and presciously.
It would surely help you.
Please share it with your friends also.
Wireless power transmission involves transmitting electrical energy through electromagnetic fields without physical connections like wires. It has been researched since the 1890s but challenges remain. Methods include resonant inductive coupling using coils, capacitive coupling using plates, and far-field radiation techniques like microwaves and lasers. Advantages are eliminating wires and losses but disadvantages include inefficiency, safety concerns, and distance limitations. Current applications include wireless phone charging and advances aim to make wireless power transfer more efficient and practical over longer ranges.
1. The document discusses the functioning of an X-ray transformer control panel and X-ray tube. It describes how transformers are used to increase and decrease voltage for X-ray machines and the components of transformers.
2. The control panel contains meters, switches and buttons to select settings for kilovoltage, milliamperes and exposure time. It also includes safety devices like fuses.
3. The X-ray tube produces X-rays when fast moving electrons emitted from the cathode are stopped by the anode. It contains components like the glass envelope, cathode, anode and focal spot where X-rays are generated.
Mammography is a specialized radiography technique dedicated to breast imaging. It uses low kV and minimum filtration to increase contrast between tissues. The mammogram involves compressing the breast and taking craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) enhances visualization of blood vessels. It involves subtracting a pre-contrast "mask" image from post-contrast images, removing stationary tissues and leaving only the enhanced vessels. DSA allows for improved detection of abnormalities and image post-processing techniques to further optimize the images.
X-RAY GENERATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM , PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS AND INTRACTION OF X-RAY WITH MATTER.
THIS PRESENTATION CONSISTS LOT OF ANIMATIONS YOU WOULD LOVE TO WATCHING IT.
JUST DOWNLOAD AND ENJOY
The document summarizes a medical linear accelerator (LINAC). Key points:
- LINAC uses high-frequency waves to accelerate electrons which are used to treat tumors through electron beams or x-ray beams produced by electron impacts on a target.
- Early LINACs from the 1950s-1980s were large, bulky, and had limited motion. Modern LINACs have improved acceleration, more treatment options, and greater reliability.
- LINAC consists of an electron gun, microwave generator, waveguide, treatment head with collimation/target, monitoring devices, and safety systems. It accelerates electrons to treat cancer through precise x-ray beams.
The linear accelerator uses electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles like electrons to high energies through a linear tube. The electron beam can treat superficial tumors directly or produce x-rays by striking a target to treat deep tumors. X-ray therapy has evolved from low energy Grenz rays and contact therapy for superficial tumors to higher energy orthovoltage, supervoltage, and megavoltage therapy using linear accelerators and cobalt-60 units that can treat deeper tumors. The main advantage of linear accelerators is that particles can reach very high energies without extremely high voltages, though each accelerating segment is only used once requiring longer linacs for higher energies.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on practical training at the 400 kV GSS Heerapura substation in Jaipur, India. It defines a grid substation and provides details about the 400 kV GSS Heerapura substation, including its establishment date, capacity, single line diagram, incoming and outgoing feeders. It describes the various components and equipment found at the substation, including transformers, circuit breakers, protective relays, busbars, and also mentions facilities like the transformer repair shop and oil testing lab.
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2. Content
Introduction
Portable radiographic equipment's
Components of portable equipment
Advantages and disadvantages of portable radiographic equipment’s
Mobile equipment's
Components of mobile equipment
Capacitor discharge unit
Battery powered unit
Advantages and disadvantages of mobile radiographic equipment.
Mobile image intensifier
High tension generator.
Advancements
Machine used in our department
3. INTRODUCTION
Machines that are used for
severely ill and unable patients,
who cannot be brought in the
radiology department.
Used when surgeons requires x-
ray guidance during their work in
the operation theater.
These machines can be divided
into two types:
Portable and
Mobile equipment.
4. Portable
Portable x-ray unit were discovered in
1912.
Portable units are small and light in
weight.
Can be dismantled and carried
usually by one person around the
hospital or even at patients home.
Have relatively low radiation output.
unit in 1912.
7. 1.Tube head.
A.X-ray tube.
- the tube is small stationary anode
- self rectified tube.
- single small focal spot of 1.0mm.
- has limit of exposure less than mobile x-ray equipment.
B. High tension generator.
-Tube and generator are enclosed in one oil tank , described
as tank construction and the whole enclosure called the tube head.
High tension generator
Xray tube
Oil filled tank
Tube head
8. 2.Tube stand
- it supports for the tube head.
3. Control unit(control panel)
- on off switch.
- kv and mAs selection.
- exposure switches.
10. Advantages of portable.
Simple and handy which can be folded into small package
whenever needed for transportation.
It is very useful and advantages in during sports and military.
Allows radiographic examination in locations limited by the
availability of a standard electrical supply.
Used in remote areas where electricity is also not available.
11. Disadvantages of portable.
Have relatively low radiation output.
it is difficult to maintain in aspects of radiation
protection.
Can be damaged by external source.
12. Mobile
Mobile means capable of being moved.
Mobile X-ray equipment's are Bigger and
heavier than portable and needs to be pushed
or motorized by human power.
Is movable, but because of its heavy weight
and size it can only be wheeled along flat
surfaces with motion brakes.
Have higher radiation output than portable.
14. Components of mobile equipment
Tube
Tube stand
High tension generator.
Control unit(control panel)
15. 1.Tube
- Rotating anode x-ray tube.
- dual filament with dual focal spot.
- focal spot = about 1.0mm for fine focus.
= 2.0 mm for broad focus.
2.Tube stand
• a strong vertical column mounted on the base that
supports the cross arm which carries the x-ray tube.
• To prevent damage to cables movements.
16. Tube stand can be divided into 5 major movements.
1.Rotation movement.
-around the center of the column(R).
2.Cross arm movement
- the extension of the tube head away from
center of the column (A).
3.Rotation around the axis of the crossarm(D).
4.Angulation movement.
- across the long axis of the tube head(B).
5.Vertical movement up and down main column(H).
17. High tension generator
Provides a maximum output of 125kvp and 300mA.
Includes full wave rectification provided by means of
selenium rectifiers.
The mobile x-ray unit consists of an earthed steel tank
filled with oil, which house the high-tension generator
rectifier and filament transformer.
Connected to the x-ray tube by mean of high-tension
cable.
18. Control unit (control panel)
Located behind the generator tank on the base unit.
It consist of
1. main on and off switch.
2. mA selector.
3. kv selector.
4. focal spot selector.
5. body parts selector.
6. exposure indicator .(ready and exposure).
19. Hand switch
A hand switch is a switch used for the x-
ray exposure process.
Transport handle
The rudder grip is the handle used
when moving in the mobile x-ray unit.
Cassette box holder
Place to put cassette when the plane
is moved.
20. Mobile classification can classified in two
ways
1. By power supply
a.Capacitor discharge unit.
• it does not operate on batteries.
• It can produce x-ray by store energy in capacitor then discharge through
it.
• Contains two metal plates that hold electrical charge.
b. Battery powered unit.
• Uses two sets of lead acid or nickel-cadmium batteries.
• One set powers driving of the machine.
• One set provides power to the x-ray tube.
21. 2. By output:
Low Power Mobiles: 10 to 30mA and 40 to 90 kVp.
Average Power Mobiles:100 to 150 mA and 40-95 kVp.
High power mobiles : up to 300 mA and 125 kVp.
22. Capacitor discharge unit.
When charge circuit is activated, voltage
from HTT charges a capacitor up to the kilo
voltage required for the exposure.
The capacitor becomes source of power for x
ray exposure. It is disconnected from the
charging circuit and connected to the x ray
tube for exposure.
its discharge through tube constitutes the
mAs of the radiographic exposure factors.
23.
24. • Rotating anode tube with single focal spot size of 1.2mm
and heat storage capacity of 80,000 HU.
Grid controlled:
• Uses a third electrode i.e., focusing cup to control flow
of electrons from filament to target.
• Voltage across filament-grid produces electric field along
path of electron beam that pushes electrons closer.
• Exposure start & stop controlled by voltage on grid.
• Large enough negative voltage on grid blocks tube
current from cathode to anode.
Xray tube:
+
25. • Automatic charging circuit for charging the capacitor.
• The kV range is from 30kv to 125kv. If preselected Kv is
altered after charging, the tube voltage is automatically
adjusted to the new value.
• A single mAs control, rather than mA and exposure
time being selected separately. The units are usually
designed to operate at a high, fixed mA value, so that
exposure time becomes the main variable by default.
control unit:
26. Advantages of capacitor discharge unit.
• Light weight ,smaller and easier to movement.
• Require much less time to charge than battery units.
• No battery usage.
Disadvantages of capacitor discharge unit.
• Can’t handle thick body parts due to voltage drop
during exposure.
• Must be charge prior to each use.
27. Battery powered mobile unit.
Also called cord less mobile unit.
Lithium/Ni-Cd batteries are used as a source of energy
for x ray exposure .
The generator is referred to as constant potential
generator (CPG).
Power supply is used to charge the batteries.
The batteries produces low voltage DC charge.
29. Advantages of battery powered unit.
• Stores considerable energy to generate x rays. It can
store 10,000 mAs.
• Make exposures independent of power supply mains.
• Supplies constant output of KV and mA through out
the exposure.
• Used in case of emergency power failure.
30. Disadvantages of battery powered unit.
• Needs special care and maintenance.
• Batteries must be charged
• Require regular batteries maintenance
• Heavy and hard to control .
31. Care and maintenance.
• The unit should be left connected to the
mains power supply of 220V.
• Naked flames or lighted cigarettes should
not be held near the batteries when they are
being charged.
• The acid level in the batteries should be
checked every 2 weeks.
32. Advantages and disadvantages of mobile unit.
High radiation output than portable is the advantage
And heavier than portable unit is the disadvantage.
33. Mobile image intensifiers unit.
They are used in OT (operating theater) for fluoroscopic
examination.
This reduces the number of radiographs taken and saves
the time of surgery.
34. Important features of mobile unit for
fluoroscopy.
The x-ray tube.
The image intensifier.
High tension generator.
Control console.
35. The x-ray tube and image intensifier.
• Mounted opposite to each other at the end of C-arm
• Xray tube head is at the lower end of C-arm and the
image intensifier is at the upper end with input phosphor
facing towards the x-ray tube.
• The tube head houses the x-ray tube.
• The x-ray tube is stationary anode and two focal spots.
36. • the c-arm is mounted on a cross arm which extend from a
carriage carried on a vertical support rising from the control
console.
• The x-ray tube and the image intensifier are held directly
opposite to each other with x-ray beam permanently
centered to the input phosphor.
• At the back of image intensifier is the television pickup tube
so that image can be viewed on monitor.
• The input phosphor of the image intensifier is cesium iodide
which gives good contrast.
37.
38.
39. Movements
• The vertical support can be raised and lowered, and the
cross arm can be extended through the carriage.
• The x-ray tube and image intensifier are attached to the
c-arm and move together.
• The c-arm can be moved in any direction, so the
equipment enables a good range of position and
projections to be used without wastage of time.
40. High tension generator
• The x-ray tube and high-tension generator are together
in the tube head.
• High tension generator are single phase with full wave
rectification provided by silicon rectifiers.
42. Control console.
• Kilovoltage for fluoroscopy or radiography range from 50kv
to 105kv.
• mA settings for fluoroscopy range from 0.1 to0.3mA .
• For radiography, the kv and mA are linked .i.e.
50mA at 55kv.
40mA at 80kv.
30mA at 105kv.
• The timer for radiographic exposure is electronic and gives
range from 0.1 to 0.3sec.
43. • For the television chain, circuit includes controls which allow the
image to be transposed right to left and inverted top to bottom.
• There is control for memory circuit with two magnetic disc that
is image storage is possible.
• There is facility for pulsed fluoroscopy with electronic selector.
the rates provided vary from 1 flash per sec to 1 flash every 5
sec.
• This allows to monitor dynamic events without subjecting the
patient to continuous radiation.
45. High Frequency Generator
Recently high frequency generators are more popular for
use in radiology for mammography and mobile units.
One of significant advantages is its compact design.
Converts low frequency (50 HZ) to high frequency (5KHZ)
pulsed DC, by altering waveform of incoming electrical
circuit which is subsequently increased to kilovolts,
rectified and sent to the x-ray tube.
46. Produces a nearly constant voltage wave form with extremely
low ripple(<1%).
Provides great x-ray quality(effective energy) and quantity.
More efficient.
More expensive than previous mobile units.
Uses inverter circuit.
The DC power supply produces a constant voltage from either
a single phase or three phase input line source.
inverter circuit creates the high frequency AC waveform.
47. This AC current supplies the high voltage transformer and creates a
waveform of fixed high voltage and corresponding low current.
After rectification and smoothing two high voltage capacitor on the
secondary circuits accumulates electron charges. These capacitors
produce a voltage across the x-ray tube, that depends upon the
accumulated charges.
49. Computed radiography mobile x-ray unit.
It is a mobile imaging system used for capturing X-ray
images using a CR imaging plate.
It allows for convenient on-site imaging in various
healthcare settings, such as hospitals, clinics, emergency
rooms, and nursing homes.
51. Direct digital radiography mobile x ray unit.
It is a mobile imaging system used for capturing X-
ray images using a digital detector. Unlike computed
radiography (CR), which uses an imaging plate, DR
directly captures the X-ray image in a digital format.
This technology offers several advantages.
These system represents an evolutionary move in mobile
diagnostic imaging equipment and includes unique
features in terms of operability, mobility and image
quality.
52. these system meets todays and future clinical demands
providing the premium solution for
• Immediate image processing
• An efficient clinical workflow
• A rapid display of high-quality clinical images
• Fast integration into the hospital network.
55. Mobile equipment in our hospital.
Used in ICU ONLY.
Battery powered.
Rotating anode.
Mains supply 100-220v /50/60hz.
Kvp ranges from 40 to 125Kvp.
mAs ranges from 0.32-320mAs
Body part selection mode.
Size selection mode.
SIMADZU
56. SIEMENS
used in pediatric ICU only.
Capacitor discharge.
Rotating anode.
Mains supply 190-240v/50hz
Kvp range 40-100
mAs range 0.32-80 mAs
There is no body part selection and
size selection in this one .
57. uDR(United Imaging)
Used in all wards and intensive care
units.
Features
battery powered(lithium)
Rotating anode
Dual focal spot of 1.2 and 0.6
Tube Filtration of 1.5mm AL
Collimator filtration of 1mm AL
Mains supply:-230V /50hz/60hz.
range upto 150kvp and 320mAs.
58. 19” LCD touchscreen with body part,
size selection which presents all data
clearly.
With the help of a tablet pc, operators
can do imaging remotely, thus which
optimally protects them from
radiation damage.
Electric driving system for easy
transport.
Multi angle and flexible operation.
Fine motion control for higher
mobility.
Dual battery for longer power supply.
59. Cassette/detector used for DR and CR mobile machine
CR imaging plate(Cassette)
DR wireless imaging plate
60. REFERENCES
• Chesney's equipment for student radiographers
• Christensen's physics of diagnostic radiology
• www.slideshare.com
• Various websites and PowerPoint presentations.
62. Questions
1. What are the features of portable unit?
2. What are the features of mobile unit?
3. What are the components of portable unit?
4. How does a capacitor discharge mobile unit work?
5. Why high frequency generator is used in portable unit?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of battery powered unit?
7. What are the features of mobile image intensifier unit?
8. Which type of x ray unit is used in our department for ward radiography?
Editor's Notes
As shown in figure right side image shows old portable machine and left side shows the latest model portable machine which looks like camera and easy to handle.
Tube head include x ray tube and high tension generator.
X ray tube operating self rectified and connected directly across the secondaru winding of the high tension transformer.
Kvp and ma vary garne lai rheostat vanxa
High tension generator contains high tension transformer.
Pahlye vacuum diode
Solid state dioide
Ma ahlye selenium
When the charge button is pressed, the capacitor is charged through high tension
source by connections at G1 and G2.
when required kV is reached, charging is automatically stopped, and the lamp indicates ready.
After charging has stopped when exposure button is pressed, capacitor is connected to tube at X1 and X2.it discharges through the tube and constitutes the x ray exposure.
Powersupply from nickel cadium batteries goes to dc chopper here the dc voltage is converted into pusating dc of high frequency , and that high frequency is supplied to primary winding of HTT and from the secondary winding of transformer we get high voltage ac , and that high voltage ac goes to rectifier and converts ac into pulasating dc and that pulsating dc is smoothed with the help of capacitor circuit and that smoothed dc goes is supplied to x ray tube for exposure.
Input phosphor convert x-ray photons into light photons.
This c arm contains xary tube and image intensifier in opposite end and the tv is connected to image intensifier to view the image .
The whole c arm is mounted on the cross arm here the carriage help to extend the cross arm and supported on vertical support.
Image of fluoroscopic mobile c arm
In image intensifier intensification takes place and brightens the image.
Here input ac power supplied to the rectifier and converted into pulsating dc that smoothed with the help of capacitor filter that dc is supplied to the inductor circuit (chopper) here thar dc is conveted into high frequency pulsating dc now that high frequency pulasating dc is passed through primary winding of high voltage transformer and converted into high voltage ac that high voltage ac is passed through a series of rectifier and converted into high voltage pulsating dc now that pulsating dc is smoothed and supplied to xray tube with the help of capacitor circuit.
Have low radiation output
Have high radiation output