While prior studies focused on the determinants of adoption of e commerce in large scale businesses and organizations, there is a few of empirical research on this issue of acceptance of e commerce in retail shops in emerging economies. This study addresses this lacuna by focusing on the changing faces of e commerce factors driving Nigerian retail shops’ adoption of online selling. A framework based on the extant literature and established model in the relevant field is critically examined in this study. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using frequency and percentage. The results showed that there is low involvement of consumers in e commerce changes in Nigeria. Secondly, the study also found out that the availability of online shopping does not affect the number of shopping trips that consumers make to physical stores. This finding has implications for e commerce sites and the government in designing an appropriate strategy for the implementation of technological innovation that are highlighted in the study. Dr. Robinson Aristarchus Bananda | Dr. Kennedy O. Nwagwu "The Changing Face of E-Commerce in Nigeria; Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38018.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38018/the-changing-face-of-ecommerce-in-nigeria-prospects-and-challenges/dr-robinson-aristarchus-bananda
Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countriesijtsrd
M commerce is defined as any transaction with monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunication network. M commerce like E commerce can be B2B business to business , P2P person to person or B2C business to customer oriented. The framework divides into couple sub areas based on user's distribution criterion. Mobile E commerce addresses electronic commerce via mobile devices, where the consumer is not in physical or eye contact with the goods that are being purchased. On the contrary in M trade the consumer has eye contact with offered products and services. In both case the payment procedure is executed via the mobile network. Prof. Rekha D. M | Divya. L "Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29410.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/29410/impact-of-m-commerce-technologies-on-developing-countries/prof-rekha-d-m
Effects of mediation of trust on effect of quality service e-commerce, servi...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countriesijtsrd
M commerce is defined as any transaction with monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunication network. M commerce like E commerce can be B2B business to business , P2P person to person or B2C business to customer oriented. The framework divides into couple sub areas based on user's distribution criterion. Mobile E commerce addresses electronic commerce via mobile devices, where the consumer is not in physical or eye contact with the goods that are being purchased. On the contrary in M trade the consumer has eye contact with offered products and services. In both case the payment procedure is executed via the mobile network. Prof. Rekha D. M | Divya. L "Impact of M-Commerce Technologies on Developing Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29410.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/29410/impact-of-m-commerce-technologies-on-developing-countries/prof-rekha-d-m
Effects of mediation of trust on effect of quality service e-commerce, servi...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
E-Marketing (past, present, and future)Usman Tariq
Textbook Title: “E-Marketing, 8th E": international Edition
Author: Raymond D. Frost, Alexa Fox, Judy Strauss
Publisher: Taylor & Francis, ISBN-13: 9781138731370
Year/Edition: 8th ed. was published by Rutledge
Publication Date: 2018-10-18
Consumers online purchase intention is significant guide for operating online organization in Bangladesh. The major purpose of this paper is to explore the key factors that influence consumers’ intention, satisfaction and loyalty towards online purchase in Bangladesh. This paper adopts quantitative analysis of possible factors that may influence consumers’ intention, satisfaction and loyalty towards online purchase. By using Convenient Sampling technique the data has been collected from 200 respondents. Data are analyzed using frequency, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis. From the results of regression analysis, this research is found that security, personal hobby, payment method, appropriate pricing, privacy, social media and reference groups as the significant factors, which considerably influence consumers’ intention towards online purchase. This investigation is revealed that online purchases intention, product quality and product brand as the important factors, which significantly influence consumers’ satisfaction. This paper is also demonstrated that satisfaction as the momentous factor, which notably influences consumers loyalty in Bangladesh.
Policy Brief : Can the GDPR help SMEs innovate for older adults in Europe?Mobile Age Project
Mobile Age project: https://www.mobile-age.eu/
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 693319.
This material reflects only the author's view and the Research Executive Agency (REA) is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Social networks and digital devices are being used to engage government, businesses and civil society, as well as friends and family. People are using mobile, interactive tools to determine who to trust, here to go and what to buy. At the same time, businesses are undertaking their own digital transformations, rethinking what customers value most and creating operating models that take advantage of what’s newly possible for competitive differentiation. The challenge for business is how fast and how far to go down the road to the eBusiness evolution.
Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi eshops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culturerelated factors. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.
EXPLORING FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF ONLINE SHOPPING WITH SAUDI ESHO...ijcsit
Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi eshops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culturerelated factors. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.
E-Marketing (past, present, and future)Usman Tariq
Textbook Title: “E-Marketing, 8th E": international Edition
Author: Raymond D. Frost, Alexa Fox, Judy Strauss
Publisher: Taylor & Francis, ISBN-13: 9781138731370
Year/Edition: 8th ed. was published by Rutledge
Publication Date: 2018-10-18
Consumers online purchase intention is significant guide for operating online organization in Bangladesh. The major purpose of this paper is to explore the key factors that influence consumers’ intention, satisfaction and loyalty towards online purchase in Bangladesh. This paper adopts quantitative analysis of possible factors that may influence consumers’ intention, satisfaction and loyalty towards online purchase. By using Convenient Sampling technique the data has been collected from 200 respondents. Data are analyzed using frequency, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis. From the results of regression analysis, this research is found that security, personal hobby, payment method, appropriate pricing, privacy, social media and reference groups as the significant factors, which considerably influence consumers’ intention towards online purchase. This investigation is revealed that online purchases intention, product quality and product brand as the important factors, which significantly influence consumers’ satisfaction. This paper is also demonstrated that satisfaction as the momentous factor, which notably influences consumers loyalty in Bangladesh.
Policy Brief : Can the GDPR help SMEs innovate for older adults in Europe?Mobile Age Project
Mobile Age project: https://www.mobile-age.eu/
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 693319.
This material reflects only the author's view and the Research Executive Agency (REA) is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Social networks and digital devices are being used to engage government, businesses and civil society, as well as friends and family. People are using mobile, interactive tools to determine who to trust, here to go and what to buy. At the same time, businesses are undertaking their own digital transformations, rethinking what customers value most and creating operating models that take advantage of what’s newly possible for competitive differentiation. The challenge for business is how fast and how far to go down the road to the eBusiness evolution.
Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi eshops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culturerelated factors. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.
EXPLORING FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF ONLINE SHOPPING WITH SAUDI ESHO...ijcsit
Information and communication technology (ICT) is currently the key enabler of most fields and sectors. It contributed to improving the field of commerce by advent, the concept of electronic commerce. The advent of e-commerce contributed to improving the commerce field by enabling customers to conduct their entire business transaction via the internet. Accordingly, e-commerce has become an indicator of the economic growth sought by countries in this digital age. One of the common forms of B2C e-commerce is online shopping in which the customer deals with a website and gets a full shopping experience online. The online shopping environment in Saudi Arabia is expected to grow as a result of the development of ICT, the spread of the Internet, the large proportion of the youth population and the rapid trend of online markets around the world, and in Saudi Arabia in particular. However, it is still immature, and the adoption of online shopping with Saudi e-shops in specific is less than expected. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the factors influencing the adoption of online shopping by females with Saudi e-shops. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, as data were collected by conducting thirty semi-structured interviews with Saudi females and analyzed through applying Thematic Analysis (TA) method using a software tool (NVivo). As a result, the study reported thirteen factors influencing Saudi females to adopt online shopping with Saudi eshops. Those factors were classified under six main themes: products-related factors, logistics-related factors, customer service-related factors, payment-related factors, technology-related factors, and culturerelated factors. Based on the study’s findings, the researcher reported the study contributions and future research recommendations in conclusion.
Local Small Scale Enterprises Expectations and Potential Benefits on e Commer...ijtsrd
This study assessed the expectations and potential benefits on e commerce of local small scale enterprises in Northern Samar, Philippines. Specifically, it tried to find out the profile of the seventy four enterprises in the province, evaluate the expectations of the small scale enterprises on e commerce capabilities and determine the potential benefits of the small scale enterprises from e commerce implementation. The descriptive evaluative research was used. This study likewise employed the complete enumeration of the enterprises that have potential in adapting e commerce. The enterprise’s primary business included industrial products manufacturing, computers and electronics manufacturing, communications, financial services, computer services, consulting, consumer products manufacturing, food and agriculture, and others. The enterprises had one 1 to four 4 personal computers and had one telephone line. Majority of the enterprises had an access to the internet on a broadband line. And that, e commerce capabilities will be implemented within one year. The potential benefits of e commerce use to the enterprise were very significant. The respondents considered that through e commerce the enterprises will improve its information exchange with customers, increase the loyalty and retention of the customers, and increase the service to the customer as well as the revenue. Moreover, e commerce is very important in the improvement of the competitive position to the enterprise and also the enhancement of the image of enterprise. Dr. Maiden Grace Anquilo Gan "Local Small Scale Enterprises: Expectations and Potential Benefits on e-Commerce Landscape" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49705.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-and-retail-research/49705/local-small-scale-enterprises-expectations-and-potential-benefits-on-ecommerce-landscape/dr-maiden-grace-anquilo-gan
The Role of Technology Acceptance Model in Explaining Effect on E-Commerce Ap...IJMIT JOURNAL
Today e-commerce has become crucial element to transform some of the world countries into an information society. Business to consumer (B2C) in the developing countries is not yet a normalcy as compared to the developed countries. Consumer behaviour research has shown disappointing results regarding the overall use of the Web for online shopping, despite its considerable promise as a channel for commerce. As the use of the Internet continues to grow in all aspects of daily life, there is an increasing need to better understand what trends of internet usage and to study the barriers and problem of ecommerce adoption. Hence, the purpose of this research is to define how far Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) contributed in e-commerce adoption. Data for this study was collected by the means of a survey conducted in Malaysia in 2010. A total of 611 questionnaire forms were delivered to respondents. The location of respondents was within Penang state. By studying this sample, conclusions would be drawn to generalize the interests of the population.
The study examined the effects of digital marketing on consumer behaviour in selected states in
Nigeria. The sample for the study is made up of 378 purposively selected consumers and marketers in the study.
The data for the study was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Inferential statistics such as multiple
regression among others
AN EVALUATION OF THE PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC BUSINESS ADOPTION IN TH...ectijjournal
The study evaluated the perceived benefits of electronic business adoption in the Zimbabwean service sector
in Harare. A qualitative case study was adopted. The interview technique was deployed as a data gathering
instrument. Purposive sampling was used to select 100 service sector companies registered on the Zimbabwe
Stock Exchange (SZE).The findings revealed that electronic business is a catalyst to organisational
profitability and productivity. The study also discovered that electronic business improves communication
and open economy at national and international level. The study recommended that in order for the
sustainable growth of electronic business to take place, the institutional environment requires to be in favour
of the online trading systems.
AN EVALUATION OF THE PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC BUSINESS ADOPTION IN TH...ectijjournal
The study evaluated the perceived benefits of electronic business adoption in the Zimbabwean service sector in Harare. A qualitative case study was adopted. The interview technique was deployed as a data gathering instrument. Purposive sampling was used to select 100 service sector companies registered on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (SZE).The findings revealed that electronic business is a catalyst to organisational profitability and productivity. The study also discovered that electronic business improves communication and open economy at national and international level. The study recommended that in order for the sustainable growth of electronic business to take place, the institutional environment requires to be in favour of the online trading systems.
The appearance of data innovation to each part of human life and business has been obvious to
the point that it doesn't should be complemented more. Data innovation has been of extraordinary
substance in managing an account framework. This examination expects to explore the impact of
data innovation in the saving money arrangement of Bank. The information are acquired both
through the clients and the workers. The information were then broke down utilizing the correct
rate and the 5-point Liker scale to decide the effect of Information innovation in the saving money
framework undertakings. The discoveries at that point demonstrated that Information innovation
adds to the saving money framework in three diverse routes as tails: IT spares the season of the
clients and the representatives obviously, IT chops down the costs and IT encourages the system
exchanges.
Evaluation of Current Technology Enabling E-Commerce in Zimbabweiosrjce
The growth of the internet as a viable business vehicle for conducting business transactions is one of
the phenomena of modern information technology and has already had a significant impact on the business
community, providing new methods of conducting business on a global basis (Jutla et al, 1999). E-commerce
adds to the transparency and convinience of doing business and creates a level playing field. This study sought
to analyse current technology enabling e-commerce. The study described and explained the diverse types of ecommerce
technologies used in Zimbabwe. The study also came up with most common barriers and benefits of
using e-commerce technology as well as the usage level of these technologies in Zimbabwe. The world wide web
was discovered to be the mostly used e-commerce technology in Zimbabwe.The study recommended companies
to adopt the current technology enabling e-commerce so that they can be globally competitive.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
E-Commerce has transformed business as we know over the past few decades. The rapid increasing use of the Internet and the strong purchasing power in Saudi Arabia have had a strong impact on the evolution of E-Commerce in the country. Saudi Arabia is yet another country that will release artificial intelligence power to fuel its growth in the economic world. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) applications that can facilitate e-commerce processes have been widely used. The impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) concepts and techniques on the efficiency of e-commerce, particularly has been overlooked by many prior studies. In this paper, a literature review was conducted to explore and investigate possible applications of AI in E-Commerce that can help Saudi Arabian businesses.
The Importance of E-Commerce in Terms of Local Development: A Study in Turkey1inventionjournals
Internet is a great technology as well as a vast information storage, communication tool, trading platform, education field, business and entertainment environment. Internet is also the front door of the change and development and especially of the information community that is the bearer and courier of the development existing in the scientific and technologic fields. For this reason, E-commerce, which leaves its mark on the world market and gains more importance against the classic type of trade, also occupies a quite important position in national economy. The objective of our study is; to examine this commerce platform that is established as of today in city of Gümüşhane (Turkey) and to research the potential of E-commerce with regards to national economies and the factors that effect this potential.
Online Technology and Marketing of Financial Services in Nigeria: An Impact A...IOSR Journals
This study extracts and analyse basic information from Service providers and customers reporting the performance and challenges of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria. Staff and customers of twelve (12) out of the leading financial institutions in Nigeria, with track records of online activities were purposively sampled with the aid of structured questionnaires, to elicit ex post facto facts for use in this study. The resultant data were analysed with the use of descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation Coefficient using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 16. The study reveals low impact; meaning the country has not realises her full potentials in harnessing online technology for marketing of financial services. It also reveals incidence of challenges associated with implementation and performance of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria which include fluctuation in online services due to poor infrastructure, high rate of online fraudsters, slim awareness on the part of the customers, e-payment bottleneck, among others. Finally, this study expounds a number of management options to stimulate the impacts of online technology in marketing financial services in Nigeria.
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The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38018 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2021 Page 1229
C. Social media marketing whichis onlinemarketing aimed
at gaining interaction and engagement via social media
sites through the following;
1. Develop interesting content
2. Interact with fans and customers
3. Provide feedbacks
Morenike (2013) opined that there are advantages and
challenges of e-commerce in a general term. The advantages
are: reduction in administration cost, widermarket is within
reach, and customers havebroadersetofoptionsandvariety
to choose from. However, the challenges are: logistics and
shipment delivery (delivery within 24 hours is not feasible,
the cost of delivery and no good address), internet fraud,
fear of credit card details being compromise, influence of
public markets, doubt and mistrust online
misrepresentation, corruption and scam, profitability,
increasing competition, and knowledge and awareness.
Social network is defined as the extent to which individuals
are influenced by other individuals of other organizations
(Lewis Agarwal, and Sambamurthy,2003).Priorstudies also
suggest that adoption of technological innovations is
significantly affected by external counterparts (Khoumbati,
Themistocleous, Irani, 2006).
Probably, the major phenomenon of the twenty firstcentury
has been electronic commerce. Thetechnological progress is
now sufficiently well advanced for it to enable commercial
transactions in banks and commercial activities which are
facilitated through the use of information and
communication technologysuchas theinternet,intranetand
extranet, social media and global mobile communication. E-
commerce has emerged as a significant and rapidly growing
component of the world economic exchange. Through E-
commerce, the world economic exchange has been reduced
to a tiny global village in terms of its information capacity
and the resources it holds which canbeaccessed byanybody
from anywhere in the globe through the use of the medium
of e-commerce namely the internet and some other
electronic devices.
E-commerce activities include the inter-organizational
processes of market-based sell-buy relationships and
collaboration (known as business-to-business, or B2B,
commerce) and consumer-oriented activities (business-to-
consumer, that is, B2C, and consumer-to-consumer,orC2C),
as well as the intra-organizational processes that support
them (Zwass, 2003). Other e-commercemodels areBusiness
to Affiliate model (B2A), Business to Portal model (B2P)and
Consumer to Consumer model (C2C) to mention a few
(Cornet, Milcent and Roussel, 2000). In another sense, e-
commerce has been classified into B2B, B2C and electronic
markets (Morreale and Terplan, 2001).
However, e-commerceis theproductofdifferentgenerations
of electronic transactions.Thecurrent web-basedinternetor
e-commerce is the latest of several generations of systems:
Automated teller machines (ATMs) were the first well-
known machines to provide electronic access to customers
where as in phone banking, users call their bank’s computer
system on their ordinary phone and usethephonekeypad to
perform banking transactions. Personal Computer banking
superseded phone banking and allowed users to interact
with their bank by means of a computer with a dial-up
modem connection to the phone network. Phone and
Personal Computer banking entailed maintenance costs
associated with keeping uptodatewithdiversemodems and
with avoiding prohibitivelycomplexinstallationprocedures.
1.1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
E-commerce in Nigeria is gaining popularity with the
increasing number of people gaining access and is becoming
IT literate, with the number of mobile phones surpassing the
population of the country. The growth of online market in
Nigeria has significantly transformedthebusiness landscape
in the country. One of the main changes may be that buyers
trust what they read on the internet more than what they
hear from the salesmen themselves. Just like Amazon.com,
Aliepress.com and eBay, Nigeria now has various similar
online shopping platforms, amongst which is Jumia.com.ng,
Konga.com, Slot.ng, OLX.com.ng, Coliseum/Taafoo.com,
Dealdey.com, Kaymu.com, Parktelonline.com, Jiji.ng,
Yudala.com.ng, Supermart.ng, Kara.com.ng, Gidimall.com,
Gloo.ng, Fouani.com, Regalbuyer.com, Mystore.com,
Ojashop.com, Adibba.com, and Buyam.com.ng. Nigeria no
longer needs to worry about the high exchange rate of
dollars as these local shops trade in naira. Looking at how
lucrative this business is, a lot more online stores are
springing up every day, but not all of them have great
standards and are reliable to shop with. There are currently
over a hundred online stores in Nigeria today but
unfortunately, 90 percent of online shoppers patronize only
a tiny segment of these stores and according to Phillips
Consulting, 38 percent of Nigerians actually prefer online
shopping to the traditional in-shop store shopping.
It is however, not yet Uluru for e-commerce in Nigeria.Many
people have not yet fully adopted the purchasingtechnology
as according to a research by konga.com 2015, 70 percent
respondents who know about e-commerce, only 32 percent
of them actually use it. For example, the statistics of
browsing search is 74 percent, selection of product 56
percent, paying online 15 percent, paying offline 82 percent,
and online checking of result 43percentCarmudi,2015).Itis
however, on this note that the study examined the changing
faces of e-commerce in Nigeria: prospects and challenges.
1.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to examine the changing
faces of e-commerce in Nigeria with emphasis on the
prospects and challenges. The specific objectives are as
follows:
1. To examine the involvement of consumers in e-
commerce changes in Nigeria.
2. To investigate whether the availability of online
shopping affect the number of shopping trips that
consumers make in physical stores.
3. To identify how often consumers browse and shop
online or browse only.
4. To determine the week-daycustomers visite-commerce
sites to shop online.
5. To evaluate whether seasons affect the buying habits of
the people using e-commerce.
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions would be answered in the
study:
1. Do consumers been involve in e-commerce changes in
Nigeria?
2. Does the availability of online shopping affect the
number of shopping trips that consumers make to
physical stores?
3. Do consumers browse and shop online or browse only?
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4. Which week-day do customers visite-commercesites to
shop online?
5. Do seasons affect the buying habits of the people on e-
commerce sites?
2. CONCEPTUAL/LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Osasere (2013) e-commerce involves
distribution, marketing, purchasing, and selling of products
and services and transfer of funds over an electronicsystem.
With all the in-your-face adverts going on online regarding
consumer-based retail sites, we cannot help but notice the
trend within Nigerian circles, not only have Nigerians
adopted a vicious approach to marketing using social media
tools and the likes, also Nigerians are beginning to embrace
the idea fully. Most business strategies and organizations in
Nigeria have been reconstructed around e-commerce. With
the click of the mouse different goods and services are
brought into the consciousness oftheconsumerwitha range
of prices, which the consumer is freetochoosefrom(Agbata,
2016).
In fact, in seven African countries (Nigeria inclusive)todaye-
commerce makes up around 3 percent of GDP, and it is
expected to make up 10 percent of total sales by the year
2025 (Goldsmith, 2016). Furthermore,itis predictedforthat
number to increase by 40 percent annually, over the next 10
years. According to UN (2015) the population of Nigeria is
182 million, and more than 40 percent of the population in
Nigeria has access to internet, and that number grows for an
additional 5 percent each year. Carmudi (2015) opined that
up to 8 percent of automobile buyers turn to the web and
social media, while offline researches are declining as a
source in Nigeria. Based on the changes in consumer’s
research process, Nigerian retailers have shifted their focus
to the internet as well, especially when it comes to
marketing.
According to an online shopping report by Phillips
Consulting (2015), online shopping in Nigeria records about
N1.3 billion worth of transactions monthly and not less than
500 orders are placed in a day with each retailernationwide.
Also, it has been reported that within the last two years,
investors put in a whooping sum of over N205 billion in the
e-commerce industryinNigeria.Phillips Consultingstatistics
have it that 15 percent of all Nigerian online shoppers prefer
DealDey, 25 percent prefer Konga and 38 percent prefer
Jumia. Jumia attracts 377,000 visitors daily. On its face book
page it has over a million likes and 44,000 followers on
twitter. Just like other Nigerian online stores, Jumia
sometimes experience slow delivery and integrity issues as
regards displaying out-of-stock items (Phillips Consulting,
2015).
Kelvin (2015); Carmudi (2015); and Kaymu (2016) in their
study of e-commerce evolution put together a list of online
stores based on the following criteria:
1. The activities on each store’s social media community
2. The number of visitors to its websites
3. Review by the customers
4. Professionalism
5. Web design and usability
6. Quality of products on display and quality of actual
products
7. Reliability, delivery speed and orders
The hierarchy of the top twenty online stores based on the
criteria above in ascending order is given below:
1. Jumia.com.ng: almost everybody knows how to sing
jumia.com.ng advert song because of its viral advertising
campaign. Jumia.com.ng is reported to have secured about
N8 billion in funding since its launch in 2012
(BuyOnlineNow.com, 2016). Orders placed on their site in
2014, when stacked on top each other, will be 220 times the
height of the tallest building in the world (Burj-Khalifa).This
shows that they make massive sales on their site.
Jumia.com.ng is themostreputableonline websiteinNigeria,
and for those people who are still being skeptical about
shopping in Nigeria online shops trust jumia.com.ng not to
fail you.
2. Konga.com: konga.com is saidtobethe8th mostvisited
websites in Nigeria, beating popular new websites like
Vanguard, Punch and Lindaikejiblogspot.com. Konga’s
growth in the e-commerce industry in Nigeria is quite
amazing being the only Nigerian owned onlinestorethathas
been able to come that close to Jumia.com.ng which is partly
ran internationally. With konga.com you don’t need to join
any queue at Shoprite or Games to buy anything as
konga.com has it all and at a lower price. Konga.com
operates on pay on delivery system, either with cash or with
the use of debit card. You can also make use of Konga.com
pay as a more convenient and secure payment method to
shop. This website also offers amazing discount on seasonal
basis and if you are lucky to visit them at such time, you
might get a product at half the original price.
3. Slot.ng: slot is the biggest offline phones, computers
and gadgets retailer in the country today and they are the
top three online retailers in Nigeria. They are the most
reliable when it comes to getting gadgets online. They have
offline shops in various major cities in the country and that
makes it easier for customers to get their products faster
than they would have received from other online shops.
Delivery is free for customers in Lagos and Abuja, and they
also offer credit facilities to customers with the help of their
partnership scheme with Diamond Bank and First Bank.
4. OLX.com.ng: olx.com.ng was once advertised almost
every minute on DSTV. It gained a lot of popularity due to
that advertising strategy and now one of the most used
websites for people who want to buy or sell anything within
the country. It has similar features with Jiji.com, and
Kaymu.com, although, OLX is more preferred by most
Nigerian because of its simple and user-friendly website.
5. Coliseum/Taafoo.com:coliseumstarted as taafoo.com
but migrated to coliseum. For customers who are not aware
of this movement, they need not to worry because the
taafoo.com URL leads the site visitor to coliseum.com. This
online shop started as an online social media messaging
platform for Nigerian Celebrities in 2009, before they
venture into sales of fashion products.Taafoo.comoffers free
delivery services within Lagos to customers with minimum
purchase of five thousand naira; they also operate an offline
fashion mall in Oregun, Ikeja-Lagos.
6. DealDey.com: Dealdey.com was launched in March
2011 and features a daily deal on the best things to do, see,
eat, and buy in Nigeria. At Dealdey.com, local businesses are
supported and in turn they support customers with good
savings. According to the site administrators they want to
create a win-win scenario every dayforlocalmerchantswho
want to attract new customers, andforconsumers whowant
to save money and take advantage of great services and
activities in their own city.
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7. Kaymu.com: kaymu.com offers a wide variety of
products for sale. They have their own products as well as
products from other sellers who use the platform to trade.
Just like jiji.com you can sign up at kaymu.com as a buyer or
as a seller.
8. Parktelonline.com: Parktel international limited has
been a mobile phones distributor in Nigeria for over a
decade with a shop located at computer village Ikeja-Lagos.
They began an online store two years ago and it specializes
in the sales of mobile devices, computers and its accessories.
Parktelonline.com offers free next day delivery to their
customers in Lagos and Abuja, and they have an average of
11,000 daily visitors on the website.
9. Jiji.ng: jiji.ng is a fast-growing Nigeria’s free online
market where buyers and sellers meet to transact. They
provide a platform to sell and buy almost anything without
hassle under a friendly and safe environment.Asa selleryou
can register with Jiji.com, post an advert of your product(s)
and get contacted by an interested buyer. As a buyeryoucan
browse the various categories on the site for anything you
want, contact the seller and meet with them to finish the
transaction.
10. Yudala.com.ng: Yudala.com.ng is the newest online
store on this list. It started as a retail chain store with four
branches across Lagos. Yudala.com.ng has just launched its
online shopping services in August, 2015.
11. Supermart.ng: selling groceries online is notreallythe
safest business to do in Nigeria, but supermart.ng has
managed to convince Nigerians that buying meat and
crayfish online is not a bad idea after all.
12. Kara.com.ng: Kara.com.ng was created in 2012 and
sells mainly automobile products, power and electrical
products, phones and computer products. An online review
on the shop suggested that kara.com.ng is a good and
affordable place to shop online. Recently, Kara upgraded its
website design to a more matured template, where
everything is well placed and organized. They also stepped
up the photography and graphic design content of the
website.
13. Gidimall.com: Gidimall.com was launchedin2012 and
has been growing slowly and steadily. At Gidimall.com you
can buy fashion products, electronics, phones, computers,
food, and beverages. The website template is modern and
professional, it is also easy to navigate, butsomeshoppers of
the site commented that Gidimall’s services are due for
upgrading in order to meet theexpectations ofitscustomers.
14. Gloo.ng: Gloo.ng specializes in selling household and
supermarket itemsonline,fromfrozenfoods,cereals,snacks,
canned foods, dairy products, fresh foods and beverages to
home appliances, home décor items and beauty and health
care products. Gloo.ng provides the widest range of market
goods online and offers a same day delivery service.
15. Fouani.com: Fouani Nig. Ltd. is one of the major
distributors of LG products in Nigeria. They started the
online shop in 2011 and since then have been working hard
to curve a niche for them to become a household name in
Nigeria. They do not have problem delivering their products
to different parts of the countryas theyhavenumerous show
rooms across Nigeria. Aside selling their products,
Fouani.com displays Google paid adverts on the “product
details” pages of their website as a way to generate a little
more income from the site.
16. Regalbuyer.com: Regalbuyer.com deals with mobile
phones, computers, cameras, tablets, iPods, electronics a
little bit of apparels. Regakbuyer.com does nationwide
delivery and is a preferred partner distributor to major
Nigeria’s leading brands such as Nokia, HP, Dell, Samsung,
Sony, Tecno, Blackberry, and etcetera.
17. Mystore.com: at mystore.com, you can get a variety of
items ranging from clothes, kitchen utensils, phones, and
electronics. Currently, the website is experiencing some
changes, as the literature in some of the pages of the site is
not written in English language.
18. Ojashop.com: Ojashop.com is one of Nigeria’s fastest
growing online shops. It was launched in September, 2014
and is located in Ibadan. With orders of over ten thousand,
Ojashop.com can have your products delivered to your door
step for free, if you live in Lagos or Ibadan. In less than a
year, the online shop gained massive popularity and has
gained about 16,000 face book likes. Some customers
commented that fashion products are good but can be
improved.
19. Adibba.com: Adibba.com offers an ever-growing
variety of product categories ranging from power solution,
electronics, apparels, home appliances, and kid’s items and
even recharges cards. Their slogan is “the one place to get
all” and they strive to satisfy their growing community of
sophisticated shoppers by making shopping as easy as itcan
be. They have a pay on delivery policy and a 7 day return
policy. Payment is made ondeliverywithoutstress bysliding
your debit card through POS.
20. Buyam.com.ng: Buyam.com.ng is not a conventional
online store as they do not have a professional website.
Buyam.com.ng does its business on face book. The act as an
intermediary between buyers and the buyer’s favorite’s
offline store. Their job is to fill in the gap of convenience in
the buying process as buyers buy from their favorite offline
shop through buyam.com.ng. At buyam.com.ng, you will see
products of Ajeh clothing and Da-Viva, and you can have
your goods delivered to your doorstep.Although,customers
have complained that the integrity of the shop is being
compromised, the shop has been able to drive about 8,000
face book fans and 206 twitter followers.
Van-Alstyne, Parker, and Choudary (2016) described the
changes involve in e-commerce markets as a pipeline to a
platform business. Pipeline businesses create value by
controlling a linear series of activities, which is the classic
value-chain model. Inputs at one end of the chain (say,
materials from suppliers) undergo a series of steps that
transform them into an output that is worth more; the
finished product. For example, Apple’s handset business is
essentially a pipeline. But combine it with the App Store, the
marketplace that connects app developers and iPhone
owners, and you have got a platform. When a platform
enters the market of a pure pipeline business, the platform
virtually always wins (Van-Alstyne, Parker, and Choudary,
2016). Platform come in varieties, but all have an ecosystem
with the same basic structure, comprising four types of
players as shown below:
1. The owners of platforms control their intellectual
property and governance.
2. Providers serve as the platforms’ interface with users.
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3. Produces create their offerings, and
4. Consumers use those offerings.
A platform therefore, provides the infrastructure and rules
for a marketplace that brings together producers and
consumers.
As shown in the figure 1 below, the platform is the
ecosystem that owners and providers dwells and interacts
in. the owners of platforms are the various online shops
websites in Nigeria; the provider of the interface for the
platforms are either of the GSM providers (for example,
Airtel, Etisalat, Glo, and MTN,) for the banks; the producers
are the creators of the platforms offerings,whichconstitutes
the websites of the various online shops in Nigeria; and the
Nigerian consumers are the buyers or users of online shops
offerings (services), which are customers of the retail shops
in Nigeria. The players in the ecosystem fill four main roles
but may shift rapidly from one role toanotheras indicated in
the model below:
Source: Adopted from Van-Alstyne, Parker and Choudary (2016). Pipelines, platforms, and the new rules of strategy.
Harvard Business Review, April, 2016.
Figure 1: The Players in a Platform E-commerce Ecosystem
For any business to grow really, really quickly including the business of e-commerce, what you need to do is blitzscaling.
According Casnocha and Yeh, (2016) blitzscaling is the art and science of rapidly building out a company to serve a large and
usually global market, with the goal of becoming the first mover at scale. There are three kinds of scale identified by them;
growing your revenue, growing your customer base, and growing an organization’s size. Scaling up speed is necessary for
offensive and defensive marketing. Offensively, every business may require a certain scale to be valuable. For example, e-
commerce marketplace like Jumia.com must have both buyers and sellers and no matter their margin, they require very high
volume. Defensively, every business wand to scale faster than their competitors because the first to reachcustomersmay own
them and the advantages of scale may lead company to a winner-take most position.
3. METHODOLOGY
In this study survey research method was used. The study population was divided into two categories.Inthefirstcategory,the
target population is the total number of top 20 online stores in Nigeria. The second category of population comprised of the
entire customers of all the top twenty (20) online stores in Nigeria, which is 112 million customers (Kaymu, 2015). A total of
1500 participants were selected using simplerandomsample.Questionnaires werethensentthroughsocialmedia to thetarget
participants. The total completed questionnaires stoodat 370 ofwhich 350 weredeemedusable.Theresults werepresented in
frequency table and percentage as shown in table one.
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT
Table 1 summarizes the respondents’ characteristics. The results showed that gender in terms of male representation-54.9%
and 45.1% for females. It can be assumed that male visit online shopping sites more than female in Nigeria. Most customers
were fairly young in that 49.1% are in the 25-34 age brackets. This is followed by 20% for the 15-24 age groups, followed by
18% for the 35-44 age groups, 8% are in the 45-54 age brackets, and 4.9% for the 55 + years. This means that more than 87%
of participants who visits shopping sites that are familiar with e-commercearefairlyyoung,thatis,less than45yearsold.From
45 and above constitute less than 13% of participants.
In a similar report, most respondents (60%) have not fully adopted e-commerce and 40% have adopted e-commerce fully.
245(70%) of all participants browse e-commerce sites but never shop online, and only 105(30%) browse e-commerce sites
and equally shop online.
On e-commerce rate of use, 47.7% respondents said they quite often visit the sites, 20.9% said they visitthesites always,7.1%
visit sometimes, and only 1.3% said they never visited e-commerce sites.
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Moreover, 44% of the respondents are of the view that the busiest shopping day of the week is Saturday,35.1%areoftheview
that the busiest day is either Thursday or Friday, 16.9% said Tuesday/Wednesday is the busiest shopping day, while only 4%
are for Sunday/Monday.
The opinion of respondents on whether seasons affect their buying habits of people, 44.6% said celebrations influence their
buying habits, 34.3% are of the view that work-free days influence their buying habits, 16% are of the view that holidays
influence their buying habits, 3.4% enjoy sunny days to shop, while 1.7% are of the view that rainy days are better for
shopping.
Table 1: Characteristics of the Respondents
Questionnaire Item Characteristic Frequency Percentage
Gender
Age
E-commerce Adoption
Shopping Option
E-commerce usage
Day of visit
Season of buying
Male
Female
15-24yrs
25-34yrs
35-44yrs
45-54yrs
55 and above yrs
Yes
No
Browse/Shop online
Browse only
Always
Quite often
Sometimes
Never
Sunday/Monday
Tuesday /Wednesday
Thursday/Friday
Saturdays
Celebrations
Work-Free Days
Holidays
Rainy Days
Sunny Days
192
158
70
172
63
28
17
140
210
105
245
73
167
25
5
14
59
123
154
156
120
56
6
12
54.9
45.1
20.0
49.1
18.0
8.0
4.9
40.0
60.0
30.0
70.0
20.9
47.7
7.1
1.3
4.0
16.9
35.1
44.0
44.6
34.3
16.0
1.7
3.4
Source: Survey, 2018.
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study concludes with the following main findings:
firstly, consumers do not fully adopt e-commerce changes in
Nigeria. Secondly, the study also found out that the
availability of online shopping does not affect the number of
shopping trips that consumers make to physical stores.
Thirdly, consumers browse most times but not necessarily
shop online. Fourthly, the busiest shopping day of the week
is Saturdays. Fifthly, seasons affect the buying habits of
people.
Based on the findings the following recommendations are
made:
1. There is need for online shops to engage in promotion of
their e-commerce sites because people are likely to shop
on the sites if they are aware of some benefits accruingto
it.
2. Online retail shops should update theire-commercesites
to includeguaranteedsecurity,convenience,accessibility,
and best pricing. This will make customers happy with
purchases online.
3. Most times people browse e-commerce sites to knowthe
actual price of a product and then go to the physical
stores to buy. This is because the online shopping
shipment/delivery is either delayed or costly. It is
advised that they should have branches everywhere in
the country to solve that.
4. Unseasonal buying habits should be encouraged by the
online shops. This could be done by introducing
incentives for those buying out of seasons.
5. The finding of this studyhas implications fore-commerce
sites and the government in designing an appropriate
strategy for the implementation of technological
innovation that are highlighted in the study.
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