The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
Introduction
Skin Damage
Sun Radiation Summary
Sunscreen Defination
Classification Of Sunscreen
Sunscreen Agents
Sun Protection Factor
Sun Protection Factor Classification
When to re-apply the sunscreen
Ideas for pharmacy students on final year project : Possible Research FieldsTareq ✅
A lot of pharmacy students start to worry about what they should do for a Final Year Project (fyp). The aim of the presentation is to provide the basic ideas about FYP based on different courses of pharmacy discipline.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4MapX6DM4I
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Guidelines for stability testing of herbal drugsEasy Concept
Drug stability is defined as the ability of the pharmaceutical dosage form to maintain the
Physical, chemical, therapeutic and microbiological properties
during the time of storage and usage by the patient.
Well being of the patient & manufacturer by ensuring product quality. For selection or adequate formulation, determination of shelf-life and storage conditions. Preparation and substantiation of the claimed shelf life for the registration dossier. To provide evidence on how quality of drug variance with time under influence of environment
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
Introduction
Skin Damage
Sun Radiation Summary
Sunscreen Defination
Classification Of Sunscreen
Sunscreen Agents
Sun Protection Factor
Sun Protection Factor Classification
When to re-apply the sunscreen
Ideas for pharmacy students on final year project : Possible Research FieldsTareq ✅
A lot of pharmacy students start to worry about what they should do for a Final Year Project (fyp). The aim of the presentation is to provide the basic ideas about FYP based on different courses of pharmacy discipline.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4MapX6DM4I
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Guidelines for stability testing of herbal drugsEasy Concept
Drug stability is defined as the ability of the pharmaceutical dosage form to maintain the
Physical, chemical, therapeutic and microbiological properties
during the time of storage and usage by the patient.
Well being of the patient & manufacturer by ensuring product quality. For selection or adequate formulation, determination of shelf-life and storage conditions. Preparation and substantiation of the claimed shelf life for the registration dossier. To provide evidence on how quality of drug variance with time under influence of environment
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been shown to cause skin disorders, including sunburn and symptoms such as erythema, ageing and formation of wrinkles, pigmentation or dyspigmentation, DNA damage and ultimately photocarcinogenesis on prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders and protect the skin against exogenous and endogenous harmful agents by absorption, scattering and by blocking phenomena. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are classified into three wavelengths UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids in the skin causes oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system in the human body is triggered by skin exposure to sunlight and other climatic circumstances. Such injuries disrupt the skin’s regulation pathways, causing photoaging and the development of skin cancer. Active ingredient of sunscreen agents are synthetic substances which are divided into organic and inorganic filters used in the market. Synthetic agents have shown some serious side effects. Therefore, to overcome this deleterious effects natural sunscreens were found by the researchers from nature. Natural products are efficacious as sunscreens and produce healing, softening, rejuvenating, and sunscreen effects. However, the use of sunscreen has faced many challenges, including inducing photoallergic dermatitis, environment pollution, and deficiency of vitamin D production. Therefore, consumers should efficiently apply suitable herbal formulations to improve sun protection as well as to avoid the side effects of synthetic sunscreens.
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, sk...Steffi Thomas
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, skin-cream and toothpaste, Indian standards, Schedule S and Schedule Q, Drugs and cosmetic act, standards for heavy metals in cosmetics, standards for coloring agents in cosmetics, annexures, list of approved colours and dyes as per schedule Q Part 1, list of colours permitted to be used in soaps, types of toothpaste, general requirements for ECO mark and BIS mark, BIS certification marking
An innovator or branded drug is the first drugs created containing its specific active ingredient to receive approval for use.
A generic drug is made of the same active ingredient as its innovator drug.
In this power points viewer will be able to know the meaning of Pharmacopoeia and its coposition. History behind the different pharmacopoeia and popular pharmacopoeia existing world wide in herbal medicines. List of different pharmacopoeias also has been included.
herbal cosmeticsHerbal products are safe because they are natural
can be harmful if consumed improperly or in excessive amounts
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medical or drug‐like benefits. They ingredient with medicinal properties that manifests beneficial topical actions and provides protection against degenerative skin conditions.
Cosmeceuticals improve appearance by delivering nutrients necessary for healthy skin.
A platform is a group of technologies that are used as a base
or infrastructure upon which other applications, technologies
or processes are developed for the end-user.
“a common or standard method, equipment, procedure or work practice that may be applied to the research, development or manufacturing of different products ” An array of multi-disciplinary technologies covering major aspects of the drug discovery and development processes have been established in Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research (IBPR)
Drug information services provide valuable and evidence-based medication information to healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, physicians, and nurses. These services assist in clinical decision-making, ensuring safe and effective drug therapy for patients. Drug information services cover a wide range of topics, such as drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, medication safety, and counseling patients on proper medication use. They rely on drug monographs, databases, literature reviews, and drug information centers to gather and disseminate accurate and reliable information. These services play a vital role in supporting medication-related research, providing guidance on drug dosing, contraindications, side effects, and administration. They also help in medication reconciliation, evaluating drug literature, monitoring medication safety alerts, and addressing medication-related queries. Overall, drug information services contribute to enhancing medication management, optimizing therapy, and promoting patient safety in healthcare settings.
A Bacteriological Study of Localized Skin Infection in Human Beingsijtsrd
Present paper represents the bacteriological study of localized skin infection in human. Pathogenic bacteria are causes the various disease including skin disease. Sample was collected from the infected person and pouring on the specific media and observed the bacterial colony after 24 48 hour. Skin disease causing bacteria Staphylococcus, Streptococcus was observed in abundance, Staphylococcus aureus was seen in abundance Streptococcus pyogens was present and Corynebactrerium spp. and cutibacterium acne was seen less abundance. These are responsible for skin infection so proper awareness and antibiotic treatment must be for prevention of the disease. Abhilasha Tank | Anand Verma | Sunil Kumar Bourasi ""A Bacteriological Study of Localized Skin Infection in Human Beings"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30000.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30000/a-bacteriological-study-of-localized-skin-infection-in-human-beings/abhilasha-tank
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been shown to cause skin disorders, including sunburn and symptoms such as erythema, ageing and formation of wrinkles, pigmentation or dyspigmentation, DNA damage and ultimately photocarcinogenesis on prolonged exposure. It has been reported that sunscreens have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of skin disorders and protect the skin against exogenous and endogenous harmful agents by absorption, scattering and by blocking phenomena. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are classified into three wavelengths UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids in the skin causes oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system in the human body is triggered by skin exposure to sunlight and other climatic circumstances. Such injuries disrupt the skin’s regulation pathways, causing photoaging and the development of skin cancer. Active ingredient of sunscreen agents are synthetic substances which are divided into organic and inorganic filters used in the market. Synthetic agents have shown some serious side effects. Therefore, to overcome this deleterious effects natural sunscreens were found by the researchers from nature. Natural products are efficacious as sunscreens and produce healing, softening, rejuvenating, and sunscreen effects. However, the use of sunscreen has faced many challenges, including inducing photoallergic dermatitis, environment pollution, and deficiency of vitamin D production. Therefore, consumers should efficiently apply suitable herbal formulations to improve sun protection as well as to avoid the side effects of synthetic sunscreens.
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, sk...Steffi Thomas
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, skin-cream and toothpaste, Indian standards, Schedule S and Schedule Q, Drugs and cosmetic act, standards for heavy metals in cosmetics, standards for coloring agents in cosmetics, annexures, list of approved colours and dyes as per schedule Q Part 1, list of colours permitted to be used in soaps, types of toothpaste, general requirements for ECO mark and BIS mark, BIS certification marking
An innovator or branded drug is the first drugs created containing its specific active ingredient to receive approval for use.
A generic drug is made of the same active ingredient as its innovator drug.
In this power points viewer will be able to know the meaning of Pharmacopoeia and its coposition. History behind the different pharmacopoeia and popular pharmacopoeia existing world wide in herbal medicines. List of different pharmacopoeias also has been included.
herbal cosmeticsHerbal products are safe because they are natural
can be harmful if consumed improperly or in excessive amounts
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medical or drug‐like benefits. They ingredient with medicinal properties that manifests beneficial topical actions and provides protection against degenerative skin conditions.
Cosmeceuticals improve appearance by delivering nutrients necessary for healthy skin.
A platform is a group of technologies that are used as a base
or infrastructure upon which other applications, technologies
or processes are developed for the end-user.
“a common or standard method, equipment, procedure or work practice that may be applied to the research, development or manufacturing of different products ” An array of multi-disciplinary technologies covering major aspects of the drug discovery and development processes have been established in Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research (IBPR)
Drug information services provide valuable and evidence-based medication information to healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, physicians, and nurses. These services assist in clinical decision-making, ensuring safe and effective drug therapy for patients. Drug information services cover a wide range of topics, such as drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, medication safety, and counseling patients on proper medication use. They rely on drug monographs, databases, literature reviews, and drug information centers to gather and disseminate accurate and reliable information. These services play a vital role in supporting medication-related research, providing guidance on drug dosing, contraindications, side effects, and administration. They also help in medication reconciliation, evaluating drug literature, monitoring medication safety alerts, and addressing medication-related queries. Overall, drug information services contribute to enhancing medication management, optimizing therapy, and promoting patient safety in healthcare settings.
A Bacteriological Study of Localized Skin Infection in Human Beingsijtsrd
Present paper represents the bacteriological study of localized skin infection in human. Pathogenic bacteria are causes the various disease including skin disease. Sample was collected from the infected person and pouring on the specific media and observed the bacterial colony after 24 48 hour. Skin disease causing bacteria Staphylococcus, Streptococcus was observed in abundance, Staphylococcus aureus was seen in abundance Streptococcus pyogens was present and Corynebactrerium spp. and cutibacterium acne was seen less abundance. These are responsible for skin infection so proper awareness and antibiotic treatment must be for prevention of the disease. Abhilasha Tank | Anand Verma | Sunil Kumar Bourasi ""A Bacteriological Study of Localized Skin Infection in Human Beings"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30000.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30000/a-bacteriological-study-of-localized-skin-infection-in-human-beings/abhilasha-tank
Applying Monte Carlo Method to Bioengineering: Decision Support System in Hum...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Applying Monte Carlo Method to Bioengineering: Decision Support System in Human Skin-Tissue Correlation by Nuno Domingues in Innovation in Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine
Dermatology Department of deccan multispeciality hardikar hospital offers best skin treatment in pune India for all skin & hair related diseases. We are specialized in skin treatments such as skin cancer, eczema, acne, moles, blackheads, hair loss, shingles and others. Visit our website to know more about all of them in detail. http://deccanhospital.in
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by the rapid and excessive growth of skin cells. It affects around 2-3% of the global population and can manifest in various forms, from mild to severe. This condition is often associated with genetic factors and involves the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy skin cells.
Children's skin problems span nearly two decades from birth through adolescence. Several common pediatric skin conditions will be discussed including: diaper dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, warts, and acne.
follow me on my YouTube channel :- medic o mania
Novel Drug Approach Skin Aging Benefits of Phytotheraupeutic Emulsionsijtsrd
The use of herbs in cosmetics and different formulations are observed from centuries. Due to the antioxidant activity, herbs and herbal formulations show great potential. There potential is used to treat different skin diseases and improve skin appearance is well known. As UV radiation causes, lower immunity against infections, premature aging, sunburns, wrinkles, the best solution is to prevent the UV radiation and avoid side effects. Antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E flavonoids and phenolic acids perform a very important role in fighting against free radical species, which cause numerous negative skin changes. The isolated plant compounds as well as herbs as a whole have a high potential in the skin protection. The main rationale behind formulating the emulsions are new pharmaceutical formulations of some emulsified plant extracts or pure phytochemicals can also prettify the skin as well as reduce a number of degenerative diseases as well as skin conditions such as skin inflammation, skin cancers or skin aging. The ongoing challenge is to determine qualitatively and quantitatively, phytochemicals which are encapsulated into emulsions are very more efficient and safest. Mansi Kandge | Trupti Shinde | Dr. Amit Kasbe "Novel Drug Approach: Skin - Aging Benefits of Phytotheraupeutic Emulsions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50104.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50104/novel-drug-approach-skin--aging-benefits-of-phytotheraupeutic-emulsions/mansi-kandge
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Herbal Antiaging Creamijtsrd
In this study creams were formulated based on the anti aging properties of herbal extracts and its evaluation. Ocimum tenuiflorum used as an active ingredients and extract as a Antibacterial property in these study cream are formulated by oil in water emulsion method. The cream were formulated with Aloeveragel, stearic acid, honey, Glycerin, olive oil, rose oil. The Stability for cream was performed at accelerated condition i.e. 40°C ± 2°C.If can be concluded that herbal creams without side effects having anti bacterial property can be used as provision of a barrier to protect the skin and avoid aging of the skin. Suchita Ghokhale | Dr. Smita T | Roshani Nimgire | Kashi S Ojha | Ujwala Namsale | Anam Mulla "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Herbal Antiaging Cream" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50672.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/50672/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-herbal-antiaging-cream/suchita-ghokhale
Your SKIN is The Largest and Most Noticeable Organ:
Discussion on How to Take Care
of this Important Organ
By
Dr. Maria Scunziano-Singh, MD, NMD
05/01/2014
A Review on Transomal Gels Therapy for Fungus Diseaseijtsrd
Fungal infections are induced by means of microscopic organisms that can invade the epithelial tissue. It detailed about the mechanism of occarance of fungus. The fungal kingdom entails yeasts, molds, rusts and mushrooms. This article detail about the fungus disease, their types, transomal gel technology, advantages and disadvantages. Bajrangi Poddar | Dr. Hariom Sharma | Jaya Singh "A Review on Transomal Gels Therapy for Fungus Disease" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32988.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/32988/a-review-on-transomal-gels-therapy-for-fungus-disease/bajrangi-poddar
Cosmetics are defined as “items with mild action on the human body for the purpose of cleaning, beautifying, adding to the attractiveness, altering the appearance, or keeping or promoting the skin or hair in good condition- while functional cosmetics, even if falling under the cosmetic definition, are designated as “items fulfilling specific actions like skin whitening, minimizing the appearance of lines in the face and body, protecting from the sun and sun tanning-. Ahiya Noor | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Cosmetic Science: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45135.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45135/cosmetic-science-an-overview/ahiya-noor
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
There are various roadway construction activities and plans that involve the use of flexible pavement having hot mix technique. This hot mix technique is a traditional method for the construction of road that has fulfilled the performance evaluation from infrastructure point of view throughout the past years. The various processes which are involved in this technique are providing heat to the aggregate and binder, proper mixing, provision of tack coat as per the specifications, laying of the mixed, the process of compaction. The cold mixed technique having use of bitumen emulsion on large scale should be epicenter of the study such that this technology may advance its application in present as well as future with proper specifications, testing throughout. The Hot mixed based techniques have gone through the significant advancements with time. The Cold mixed based technology is somewhere lagging in terms of applications which might be observed in the developing countries. In the present study, it has been the primary motivation that underlies the selection of cold mixed technique. Manoj Sheoran | Ms. Shivani "An Experimental Investigation on CMA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45088.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45088/an-experimental-investigation-on-cma/manoj-sheoran
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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tendons and inside organs. There are two general
kinds of skin, hairy and glabrous skin [4]. However,
the skin can be dry, touchy, pale, drooping or tired.
Individuals inadequate in fundamental supplements
like beta carotene, the B complex nutrients and
nutrients C and E frequently experience the ill effects
of the drying of the skin.
SKIN HAS THREE LAYERs
•
The Epidermis, the furthest layer of skin, gives a
waterproof Barrie and makes our skin tone.
•
The Dermis, underneath the epidermis, contains
extreme connective tissue, hair follicles, and
sweat glands.
•
The more profound subcutaneous tissue
(hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.
2. Functions of skin
Since it interfaces with the climate, skin assumes a
critical part in ensuring (the body) Against
Pathogens.[5,6] and inordinate water loss.[6] its
different capacities are Protection, temperature
guideline, sensation, stockpiling and combination of
nutrient D By activity of bright (UV) and the security
of nutrient B folates, ingestion of oxygen and Drugs
[7] and water resistance.[8] seriously harmed skin
will attempt to recuperate by Shaping scar tissue. This
is regularly stained and depigmented.
3. COMMON SKIN PROBLEMS
Skin infection is a typical sickness and it influences
all ages from the youngster to the old and cause hurt
in number of ways.[1] There are in excess of
thousand conditions that might influence the skin yet
most skin illnesses can be sorted into nine normal
types Listed as follows [9]
A. Bacterial infections
1. Impetigo: Impetigo is a highly contagious skin
infection that results in blisters and sores. there
are two kinds of people –
A. Non-bullous impetigo: it is a type of impetigo
that affects the nose and mouth. Nonbullous
impetigo is characterised by thin-walled
vesicles that burst producing a honey-
coloured crust[10]
B. Bullous impetigo: it is a type of impetigo that
usually affects the trunk.
Fig.1: Impetigo.
B. Fungal infections
On the surface of the skin, harmless fungi are always
present. When these germs penetrate the body,
infection occurs.
2. Ringworm: Ringworm is a contagious fungal
infection that most commonly affects the arms
and legs, but it can affect practically any part of
the body. It develops a ring-shaped rash that is red
or silvery scaly.
Ringworm can affect anyone, but it is more
frequent in children.
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Fig.2: Ring worm.
C. Viral infections
When a virus enters the stratum corneum and infects
the skin's inner layers, this happens. Herpes simplex,
shingles (herpes zoster), and warts are examples of
viral skin illnesses. Chicken pox and measles are two
examples of systemic viral diseases that can affect the
skin. Antibiotics cannot treat viral illnesses.
Fig.3: Herpes simplex
D. Inflammatory skin Diseases
3. Atopic eczema: The most Common form of
eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, causes
your skin to become itchy, red, dry, and cracked.
Most people have it for a long period, though it
can improve over time, especially in children.
Fig.4: Atopic eczema
E. Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a T-cell-mediated
autoimmune inflammatory skin Condition
characterised by coetaneous inflammation,
increased epidermal proliferation, hyperkeratosis,
angiogenesis, and aberrant keratinisation. This
disease is seen all across the world, affecting
between 2% and 3% of the Population [11, 12].
Fig.5: Psoriasis
F. Scabies: Scabies is a contagious skin disorder
caused by small mites that burrow Into the skin.
Itching that gets worse at night and a rash of tiny
red dots are the Prominent symptoms.
Fig.6: Scabies
G. Vitiligo: vitiligo is a condition that causes light
white patches on the skin that vary in size and can
appear anywhere on the body. They’re more
evident on parts like the face and hands that are
exposed to sunlight. as well as on dark or tanned
skin your hair may turn white if you have vitiligo
on your scalp.
Fig.7: Vitiligo
H. Acne (Acne vulgarise): In the United States,
acne is the most frequent skin Ailment. Acne is
traditionally associated with adolescence, but an
increasing Number of adults is suffering from it
as well. Many individuals feel that Acne will go
away on its own and that there is no need to
worry about it. While this may be true for a tiny
proportion of people, it isn’t true for the Vast
majority.
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Fig. 8: Acne
4. Conventional treatment of skin disease
Topical medicines include the following [13]:
Antibacterial: Antibacterials, such as bactroban
and cleocin, are frequently used to treat or prevent
infection. Ex. Clindamycin.
Anthralin (drithocreme, micanol and others):
Although not commonly used, anthralin can help
to treat psoriasis and reduce inflammation.
Antifungal agents: Lamisil, lotrimin, and nizoral
are a few typical topical antifungal medications
used to treat ringworm and athlete's foot.
Ex. Itracanazole
Benzoyl peroxide: Acne is treated with benzoyl
peroxide creams and other treatments.
Coal tar: This topical therapy is available with
and without a prescription, in dosages ranging
from 0.5 percent to 5 percent. Coal tar is used to
treat disorders including seborrheic dermatitis
(typically in shampoos) or psoriasis. Coal tar is
currently rarely utilised due to its delayed action
and potential for significant discoloration of
personal items and bedding.
Corticosteroids: these are used to treat skin
disorders such as eczema and are available in a
variety of forms such as foams, lotions,
ointments, and creams. Ex. Corticosteroids
Retinoids: The Retinoids (such as retin-A and
tazorac) are vitamin A-based gels or creams that
are used to treat a variety of diseases, including
acne. Ex. Retinol
Salicylic: Salicylic acid comes in a variety of
forms, including lotions, gels, soaps, shampoos,
and patches. It should be used judiciouslybecause
applying too much to one's body at once can be
hazardous. Many skin care products contain
salicylic acid as an active ingredient for the
treatment of acne and warts.
5. Oral treatments for skin conditions
A. Antibiotics: Antibiotics such as erythromycin,
tetracycline, and dicloxacillin are commonlyused
to treat a variety of skin problems.Ex.
Amoxicillin.
B. Antifungal medicines: Ketoconaole and diflucan
are two common antifungal drugs that can be used
to treat more serious fungal infections.
C. Antiviral drugs: Valtrex, acyclovir, and famavir
are examples of antiviral drugs. Antiviral
therapies are used to treat a variety of skin
disorders, including herpes.
D. Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids, such as
prednisone, are used to treat skin disorders
associated with autoimmune diseases, such as
vasculitis and inflammatory diseases like eczema
and psoriasis. Dermatologists prefer topical
steroids to avoid adverse effects; however
prednisone must occasionally be used for a short
period of time. Ex Prednosone.
E. Immunosuppressants: Immunosuppressants, such
as azathioprine and methotrexate, are used to treat
a variety of disorders, including severe psoriasis
and eczema.
F. Biologics: These innovative medicines are the
most up-to-date treatments for psoriasis and other
skin disorders. Enbrel, humira, remicade, stelara,
and amevive are examples of biologics.
Herbal drug
Herbal drugs are prepared from the roots, stems,
leaves, bark, fruit, seeds, Or flowers of plants that
have medical properties or are thought to have
Therapeutic benefits. Many conventional medications
are also effective. Generated from vegetation in
reality, the word “drug “is derived from the French
word drogue, which means “dried herb”.
Herbal and conventional medications, on the other
hand, have considerable Differences. when a
conventional medication is created from a plant, it is a
refined from of the plant’s unique component that has
been shown to have a Positive medicinal impact. This
component is referred to as the active Ingredient.
Supplied in a specific amount, or dose to the patient.
6. Herbal drugs for skin diseases
Natural medications derived from plants are gaining
popularity due to a number of advantages, including
fewer side effects, improved patient tolerance, and a
lower cost. They are also more accepted due to a long
history of use. Aside from providing reasonable
means for the treatment of many diseases that are
intractable and incurable in other systems of
medicine, herbal medicines give a rational method for
the treatment of many diseases that are obstinate and
incurable in other systems of medicine. As a result, a
variety of plants have been studied for the treatment
of skin conditions ranging from itching to skin
cancer. During the past 17 years of research (1995–
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2012), 31 plants have been reported to be useful in
various skin conditions, which are listed below.
Achyranthes aspera (Common name: Prickly
chaff flower, Devil's horsewhip; Family:
Amaranthaceae)
The plant has traditionally been used to treat boils,
scabies, skin eruptions, and other skin ailments. The
MeOH extract, alkaloid, non-alkaloid, and saponin
fractions of A. niger leaves were obtained. In Raji
cells, aspera had a considerable inhibitory effect
(concentration 100 g) on the activation of the Epstein-
Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) generated by the
tumour promotor 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-
acetate (TPA). The non-alkaloid fraction, which
contains mostly non-polar chemicals, demonstrated
the most substantial inhibitory activity in this in vitro
assay (96.9 percent ; 60 percent viability). The entire
methanolic extract had a strong anticarcinogenic
effect in a two-stage in vivo mouse skin
carcinogenesis test (76 percent ). Leaf extract and the
non-alkaloid fraction were found to be effective
antitumor promoters in carcinogenesis. [14]
Allium cepa is a type of onion (Common name:
Onion; Family: Liliacea)
An investigation into the ability of onion extract gel
to improve the appearance of scars following excision
in patients with seborrheic keratoses found that the
extract gel improved scar softness, redness, texture,
and overall appearance at the excision site at study
weeks 4, 6, and 10, as determined by a blinded
investigator.[15]
Aqueous extracts from Allium cepa (onion; AOE)
and Allium sativum (garlic; AGE) were tested for
antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur (25
strains), Candida albicans (18 strains), other Candida
sp. (12 strains), and 35 strains of other dermatophyte
species in another study.[16]
Fig.9: Allium.
A. sativum (Common name: Garlic; Family:
Liliaceae)
In a study of Swiss albino mice infected with cancer
caused by 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA),
the best chemopreventive activity of garlic was seen
in mice treated with garlic both before and after the
development of skin carcinogenesis. Garlic
consumption delayed the production of skin
papillomas in animals and reduced the size and
number of papillomas at the same time, as seen in the
skin histology of the mice. Garlic's ability to protect
mice from skin cancer is thought to be attributed, at
least in part, to the stimulation of cellular defence
systems. [17]
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Fig.10: Sativum.
Aloe vera (Common name: Barbados aloe;
Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae)
Aloe vera has demonstrated to be effective in the
treatment of skin problems, and it is frequently used
as a health beverage. It's also been shown to help with
wrinkles, stretch marks, and discoloration. It also
appears to have the ability to accelerate wound
healing by increasing blood circulation and
preventing cell death around a wound. One of the
studies conducted on mice to investigate the effects of
Scutellariae radix and Aloe vera gel (AV) in
spontaneous atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions
found that the group receiving only AV at a dose of
0.8 mg/kg p.o. provided relief in AD due to lower
levels of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-10. [12]
Fig.11: Aloe Vera
Azadirachta indica (Common name: Neem;
Family: Meliaceae)
Externally, leaf extract is used to treat boils and
blisters. [23] In one study, mice were given topical
DMBA (500 nmol/100 l for 2 weeks) followed by
TPA (1.7 nmol/100 l of acetone, twice weekly) as a
promoter to produce skin tumours. For 20 weeks, the
test group was given aqueous Azadirachta indica leaf
extract (AAILE) three times a week at a dose of 300
mg/kg body weight. The findings of this investigation
demonstrated that A. indica has chemopreventive
potential against skin cancer in mice. [24]
The goal of this study was to see if aqueous AAILE
has a modulator effect on cell cycle-associated
proteins during two-stage skin carcinogenesis in
mice. Skin tumours were produced by topical
administration of DMBA as a carcinogen followed by
repeated application of TPA as a promoter. In
compared to the control group, skin tumours from the
DMBA/TPA group had increased expression of
proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, index of
proliferation), p21, and cyclin D1, but no changes in
p53 expression. In compared to the DMBA/TPA
group, tumours in the AAILE + DMBA/TPA group
had lower PCNA and cyclin D1 expression and
higher expression of p53 and p21. The findings of the
study revealed that AAILE acts as a pro-oxidant in
tumours, making them more vulnerable to damage
and ultimately leading to its anti-neoplastic effect.
AAILE may also alter the passage of cells through the
cell cycle via modulating cell cycle regulatory
proteins. [25]
Another study found that ethanol extracts of
Andrographis paniculata, Glycyrrhiza glabra,
Ocimum sanctum, A. indica, and Green tea had the
potential to inhibit acne when used in an anti-acne
moisturiser formulated from herbal crude extracts and
investigated for physico-chemical parameters as well
as antibacterial activity of the formulation. The ideal
anti-acne moisturiser recipe was found to be helpful
in controlling acne-inducing microorganisms such as
Staphylococcus epidermis and Propionibacterium.
[26]
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Fig.12: Azadirachta indica
Beta vulgaris (Common name: Beetroot;
Family: Brassicaceae)
When compared to capsanthin, cranberry, red onion
skin, and short and long red bell peppers, the in vitro
inhibitory impact of beet root extract on EBV-EA
induction using Raji cells indicated a high order of
activity. An in vivo study of anti-tumor promoting
activity in mice skin and lung bioassays also
demonstrated a strong tumour inhibiting impact. The
findings imply that consuming beetroot can be one of
the most effective ways to avoid cancer. [27]
Fig.13: Beta vulgarise
Brassica oleraceae (Common name: Red
Cabbage; Family: Brassicaceae)
Skin cancer was generated in mice by a single topical
application of 200 nmol of the initiator DMBA to
their backs, followed by 10 nmol of TPA twice
weekly for 30 weeks, followed by 0.1 g/L of aqueous
extract of B. 1 week after initiator treatment to
oleraceae. [28]
Calendula officinalis (Common name:
Marigold; Family: Asteraceae)
Marigold flowers have been used in folk medicine for
centuries, and Decoctions and tinctures made from
the flowers have been attributed to more Than 35
properties. Burns (including sunburns), bruises, and
cutaneous and Internal inflammatory diseases of
various origins are the most common uses. Topical
formulations containing marigold extract (ME) were
evaluated in hairless mice against UV-B irradiation-
induced photo damage, and it was discovered that
application of ME in gel formulations containing 0.21
g/cm of narcissi and 0.07 g/cm of rutin in the viable
epidermis was linked to a possible improvement in
collagen synthesis in the sub epidermal connective
tissue. [29]
One of the trials conducted on 34 patients with
venous leg ulcers to investigate the therapeutic
efficacy of ME on the epithelialization of lower leg
venous ulcers found that generating epithelialization
significantly accelerated wound healing. [30] When
tested on healthy human volunteers, research on
cream compositions including seven distinct types of
marigold and rosemary extracts demonstrated that
they are efficacious in experimentally generated
irritating contact dermatitis. [31]
Camellia sinensis (Common name: Green tea,
Chaay; Family: Theaceae)
Green tea, which is made from the tea plant C.
sinensis, may aid in the treatment of skin cancer and
tumours. Polyphenols, which work as antioxidants in
the body, are found in it. According to the National
Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,
a polyphenol found in green tea called
epigallocatechin gallate has been shown to delay the
initiation of additional skin tumour growth in the
body. It has the ability to regenerate ageing skin cells,
allowing them to begin reproducing again and
keeping the skin looking younger. [32]
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FIG.14: Camellia sinensis
Crocus sativus (Common name: Saffron;
Family: Iridaceae)
Saffron is a natural plant product with antispasmodic,
diaphoretic, carminative, emmenagogic, and sedative
properties. A histological technique was used to
investigate the chemopreventive impact of aqueous
saffron on chemically induced skin carcinogenesis. Its
consumption prevented the creation of cutaneous
papillomas in animals and reduced their size at the
same time. When injected early, saffron prevented
DMBA-induced skin cancer in mice. This could be
attributable to the induction of cellular defence
systems, at least in part. [33] It's also been reported to
help in psoriasis therapy. [34]
Fig. 15: Crocus sativus
Curcuma longa (Common name: Turmeric;
Family: Zingiberaceae)
In a study on male Swiss albino mice, skin cancer
was generated by topical application of DMBA, and
the group receiving 1 percent curcumin derived from
C. longa rhizomes had a substantial reduction in the
number of tumours per mouse. [35] rheumatoid
arthritis pain is pain caused by an inflammatory
condition such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Fig.16: Curcuma longa
Daucus carota (Common name: Carrot;
Family: Apiaceae)
A study that looked at the chemopreventive effects of
oil extract from D. carota umbels on DMBA-induced
skin cancer in mice for 20 weeks found that
intraperitoneal (0.3 ml of 2 percent oil) and topical
(0.2 ml of 5, 50, and 100 percent oil) administration
reduced tumour incidence significantly, but gavages’
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administration reduced tumour incidence the least
(0.02 ml of 100 percent oil). [36]
Fig.17: Daucus carota
Eucalyptus globulus (Common name: Blue
gum, Camphor oil; Family: Myrtaceae)
In a human investigation, it was discovered that
treating human face demodicidosis with freshlymade
camphor oil with or without glycerol dilutions
resulted in complete cure at doses of 100%, 75%, and
50%, respectively. [37]
Camphor oil, with or without glycerol dilutions,
totally cured zoonotic scabies with concentrations of
100 percent, 75 percent, and 50 percent within 5-10
days in a human study. [38]
Fig.18: Eucalyptus globulus
Lawsonia inermis (Common name: Henna;
Family: Lythraceae)
Henna is a Middle Eastern herb that is typically
applied to the hands and feet. In the traditional system
of medicine, leaf paste is applied twice a day to the
affected areas to cure impetigo.[39] A study
compared clinical improvement in patients henna,
which revealed anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and
analgesic effects of henna.[40]
Fig.19: Lawsonia inermis.
Mangifera indica (Common name: Mango;
Family: Anacardiaceae)
The gum is utilised in scabies and cracked foot
treatments. Ulcers are treated using latex. The anti-
inflammatory efficacy of aqueous stem-bark extract
(MIE, 50-800mg/kg i.p.) against fresh egg albumin-
induced paw edema in rats was dose-dependent and
significant (P 0.05-0.001). [44]
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Fig.20: Mangifera indica
7. Benefits of herbal medicine
Herbal medicines, like conventional medicine,
have been utilised for thousands of years. Herbal
medicine is, in reality, the foundation of modern
medicine. There are also relatively few natural
adverse effects with this medication.
Unfortunately, when it comes to herbal medicine,
it frequently takes a back place. Compared to
traditional pharmacological therapy, which is
unfortunate because herbal medicines have a lot
to offer. There are numerous health advantages.
Herbal medicine is widely used in today's world
to treat a variety of ailments. Illnesses that are
severe and persistent.
More cost-effective than traditional medicine
It's a lot easier to get than prescribed drugs.
Hormones and metabolism are stabilised.
Natural treatment
Immune system fortification
There are less side effects.
cost-efficient
8. Special considerations for herbal medicines
Because herbal treatments are natural, they may
be misunderstood to be fully safe. This is not the
case.
Herbal drugs can cause allergic reactions, rashes,
asthma, and other side effects. Headaches, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhoea in varying degrees of
severity. Other than that, Herbal medicine and
prescription drugs should always be prescribed by
a licence physician or medical professional
If you are pregnant or trying to become pregnant,
always notify your herbal therapist about any
allergic reactions you have had.
It's important to remember that herbal medicine
can combine with other drugs.
Herbal drugs and supplements can interact
negatively with over-the-counter medications or
any prescription drugs you're taking
Herbal supplements may reduce the effectiveness
of other medications you're taking Alternatively,
it may exacerbate the unfavourable side effects.
If you're thinking about taking herbal remedies,
talk to your doctor about the potential adverse
effects and interactions with other prescriptions
you're taking.
Invest in herbal medicine from a trusted seller.
Not all herbal remedies on the market are risk-
free. Always buy your medications from a
respected doctor or pharmacist.
When buying herbal remedies over the internet,
be cautious. Unregulated herbal medications
imported from other countries may not meet the
same quality and safety standards as regulated
medicines. In certain circumstances, products
purchased via the internet have been discovered
to be counterfeit have high levels of lead,
mercury, or arsenic, which can be harmful to
one's health issues.
Herbal medications produced in Australia are
governed by laws. Consult a professional
pharmacist about the herbal medicine or
supplements you're taking and their safety and
effectiveness are considering purchasing If you're
thinking about using herbal medicine, it's a good
idea to do some research beforehand which you:
Never discontinue taking prescribed medications
without first consulting your doctor, and always
inform your doctor if you plan to begin a herbal
medicine course for your ailment.
9. CONCLUSION
Herbs have a lot of potential for treating a variety of
skin conditions. In India, more than 80% of people
rely on traditional medicine and employ a variety of
plant-based medicines to treat skin disorders. They
offer a lot of advantages over traditional allopathic
medications. It is relatively inexpensive and can be of
considerable service to the Indian populace in
general, particularly the impoverished Specifically,
individuals. Herbals are a good source of active
chemicals and can be cheaper and safer than
pharmaceuticals. Effective treatment for a variety of
skin conditions, from rashes to deadly skin cancer.
Deforestation, habitat destruction, urbanization, and
other activities that may constitute a major threat to
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plant species essential for treating skin illnesses
appear to be restricted to forests, therefore activities
such as deforestation, habitat destruction, and
urbanization may offer a serious threat. These species
are in jeopardy With the support of local participation
and conservation, these plants can be saved
significant research in this area is being carried out in
order to widen the prospects for herbal medications in
the future. The treatment of skin diseases is urgently
required.
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