This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
An Improved Tracking Using IMU and Vision Fusion for Mobile Augmented Reality...ijma
Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) is becoming an important cyber-physical system application given the
ubiquitous availability of mobile phones. With the need to operate in unprepared environments, accurate
and robust registration and tracking has become an important research problem to solve. In fact, when
MAR is used for tele-interactive applications involving large distances, say from an accident site to
insurance office, tracking at both the ends is desirable and further it is essential to appropriately fuse
inertial and vision sensors’ data. In this paper, we present results and discuss some insights gained in
marker-less tracking during the development of a prototype pertaining to an example use case related to
breakdown/damage assessment of a vehicle. The novelty of this paper is in bringing together different
components and modules with appropriate enhancements towards a complete working system.
Face Mask Detection And Attendance SystemDarsh Jain
The Current COVID-19 pandemic has got the world to a halt and took everyones attention, as it was a global pandemic the world knew about it. But some underdeveloped nations suffer from viral outbreaks every year. To protect ourselves from these viral outbreaks there is a need for a continuous supply of Sanitizers and face masks to maintain personal hygiene. To help such nations and give some contribution to the world, a novel idea of Face Mask Detection and Attendance System has been proposed in this paper. Also, the various techniques that can be used for facial recognition and object detection, like the HAAR cascade method, Machine learning Algorithms, Deep Learning, etc. are discussed.
Face Recognition Based Automated Student Attendance Systemijtsrd
Face recognition system is very beneficial in real time applications, concentrated in security control systems. Face Detection and Recognition is a vital area in the province of validation. In this project, the Open CV based face recognition strategy has been proposed. This model integrates a camera that captures an input image, an algorithm Haar Cascade Algorithm for detecting face from an input image, identifying the face and marking the attendance in an excel sheet. The proposed system implements features such as detection of faces, extraction of the features, exposure of extracted features, analysis of students attendance, and monthly attendance report generation. Faces are recognized using advanced LBP using the database that contains images of students and is used to identify students using the captured image. Better precision is accomplished in results and the system takes into account the changes that occurs in the face over some time. Ms. Pranitha Prabhakar | Mr. Kathireshan "Face Recognition Based Automated Student Attendance System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38083.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/38083/face-recognition-based-automated-student-attendance-system/ms-pranitha-prabhakar
An Improved Tracking Using IMU and Vision Fusion for Mobile Augmented Reality...ijma
Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) is becoming an important cyber-physical system application given the
ubiquitous availability of mobile phones. With the need to operate in unprepared environments, accurate
and robust registration and tracking has become an important research problem to solve. In fact, when
MAR is used for tele-interactive applications involving large distances, say from an accident site to
insurance office, tracking at both the ends is desirable and further it is essential to appropriately fuse
inertial and vision sensors’ data. In this paper, we present results and discuss some insights gained in
marker-less tracking during the development of a prototype pertaining to an example use case related to
breakdown/damage assessment of a vehicle. The novelty of this paper is in bringing together different
components and modules with appropriate enhancements towards a complete working system.
Face Mask Detection And Attendance SystemDarsh Jain
The Current COVID-19 pandemic has got the world to a halt and took everyones attention, as it was a global pandemic the world knew about it. But some underdeveloped nations suffer from viral outbreaks every year. To protect ourselves from these viral outbreaks there is a need for a continuous supply of Sanitizers and face masks to maintain personal hygiene. To help such nations and give some contribution to the world, a novel idea of Face Mask Detection and Attendance System has been proposed in this paper. Also, the various techniques that can be used for facial recognition and object detection, like the HAAR cascade method, Machine learning Algorithms, Deep Learning, etc. are discussed.
Face Recognition Based Automated Student Attendance Systemijtsrd
Face recognition system is very beneficial in real time applications, concentrated in security control systems. Face Detection and Recognition is a vital area in the province of validation. In this project, the Open CV based face recognition strategy has been proposed. This model integrates a camera that captures an input image, an algorithm Haar Cascade Algorithm for detecting face from an input image, identifying the face and marking the attendance in an excel sheet. The proposed system implements features such as detection of faces, extraction of the features, exposure of extracted features, analysis of students attendance, and monthly attendance report generation. Faces are recognized using advanced LBP using the database that contains images of students and is used to identify students using the captured image. Better precision is accomplished in results and the system takes into account the changes that occurs in the face over some time. Ms. Pranitha Prabhakar | Mr. Kathireshan "Face Recognition Based Automated Student Attendance System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38083.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/38083/face-recognition-based-automated-student-attendance-system/ms-pranitha-prabhakar
Utilizing Viola Jones with Haar Cascade Along with Neural Networks for Face D...ijtsrd
Viola– Jones object detection frameworkintroduced in 2001 by Dr. Paul Viola and Dr. Michael Jones is an object detection framework which can be trained for detecting a variety of object classes .It is primarily used for the problem of face detection.In most video recording or surveillance systems it became impossible for human beings to retrieve large image datasets and analyze them for potential results. Now a days accurate facial recognition has a great impact in our ecosystem be it face unlock or face recognition in cameras for auto adjust. Implemented in two stages our proposed methodology will first utilize one of the widely accepted methods to detect faces i.e. viola Jones which utilizes Haar Classifiers and in the second stage we will recognise the face using Principal Component Analysis PCA and Feed Forward Neural Network. Bio ID Face Database is used as a training database. Test is conducted on webcam video and image snapshots. Karan Arora | Sarthak Arora "Utilizing Viola Jones with Haar Cascade Along with Neural Networks for Face Detection and Recognition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35848.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/35848/utilizing-viola-jones-with-haar-cascade-along-with-neural-networks-for-face-detection-and-recognition/karan-arora
REAL TIME VIGILANCE DETECTION USING FRONTAL EEGijcsit
Vigilance of an operator is compromised in performing many monotonous activities like workshop and manufacturing floor tasks, driving, night shift workers, flying, and in general any activity which requires keen attention of an individual over prolonged periods of time. Driver or operator fatigue in these situations leads to drowsiness and lowered vigilance which is one of the largest contributors to injuries and fatalities amongst road accidents or workshop floor accidents. Having a vigilance monitoring system to detect drop in vigilance in these situations becomes very important.
Face is a complex multidimensional visual model and developing a computational model for face recognition is difficult. The paper presents a methodology for face recognition based on information theory approach of coding and decoding the face image. The goal is to implement the system model for a particular face and distinguish it from a large number of stored faces with some real-time variations as well. The Eigenface approach uses Principal Component Analysis PCA algorithm for the recognition of the images. It gives us efficient way to find the lower dimensional space. In todays world, face recognition is an important part for the purpose of security and surveillance. Hence there is a need for an efficient and cost effective system. Our goal is to explore the feasibility of implementing Raspberry Pi based face recognition system using conventional face detection and recognition techniques such as Haar detection and PCA. This paper aims at taking face recognition to a level in which the system can replace the use of passwords and RF I-Cards for access to high security systems and buildings. With the use of the Raspberry Pi kit, we aim at making the system cost effective and easy to use, with high performance. Amit Deshwal | Mohnish Chandiramani | Umesh Jagtap | Prof. Amruta Surana "Smart Door Access using Facial Recognition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21363.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/21363/smart-door-access-using-facial-recognition/amit-deshwal
Overview of Various Industrial Fault Diagnosis Methodsijtsrd
Fault detection plays an important role in high cost and safety critical processes. Early detection of faults can help to avoid normal event progression. Fault detection can be accomplished through various means. Fault diagnosis consists of all actions taken for fault recognizing, fault locating and root cause identification. For networking, Ethernet is suitable to act as the backbone to connect multiple domains and also for interworking within domains. Ethernet is one of the most common high speed interfaces found in homes and offices and there are some automobiles where Ethernet is being used to transport a variety of high speed data. Hence we can enhance a real time data driven algorithm for industrial fault diagnosis and localization of an Ethernet based systems. This paper presents a detail review of various fault diagnosis techniques, recent trends and their implementation for particular applications. Ms. Pranita A. Raut | Dr. U. L. Bombale"Overview of Various Industrial Fault Diagnosis Methods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7074.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/7074/overview-of-various-industrial-fault-diagnosis-methods/ms-pranita-a-raut
Quadcopter for Monitoring and DetectionTejasDalvi15
Drone is designed to inspect whether the rule of wearing the facemask is practiced strictly or not in crowded place and to predict ripening stage of banana.
Utilizing Viola Jones with Haar Cascade Along with Neural Networks for Face D...ijtsrd
Viola– Jones object detection frameworkintroduced in 2001 by Dr. Paul Viola and Dr. Michael Jones is an object detection framework which can be trained for detecting a variety of object classes .It is primarily used for the problem of face detection.In most video recording or surveillance systems it became impossible for human beings to retrieve large image datasets and analyze them for potential results. Now a days accurate facial recognition has a great impact in our ecosystem be it face unlock or face recognition in cameras for auto adjust. Implemented in two stages our proposed methodology will first utilize one of the widely accepted methods to detect faces i.e. viola Jones which utilizes Haar Classifiers and in the second stage we will recognise the face using Principal Component Analysis PCA and Feed Forward Neural Network. Bio ID Face Database is used as a training database. Test is conducted on webcam video and image snapshots. Karan Arora | Sarthak Arora "Utilizing Viola Jones with Haar Cascade Along with Neural Networks for Face Detection and Recognition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35848.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/35848/utilizing-viola-jones-with-haar-cascade-along-with-neural-networks-for-face-detection-and-recognition/karan-arora
REAL TIME VIGILANCE DETECTION USING FRONTAL EEGijcsit
Vigilance of an operator is compromised in performing many monotonous activities like workshop and manufacturing floor tasks, driving, night shift workers, flying, and in general any activity which requires keen attention of an individual over prolonged periods of time. Driver or operator fatigue in these situations leads to drowsiness and lowered vigilance which is one of the largest contributors to injuries and fatalities amongst road accidents or workshop floor accidents. Having a vigilance monitoring system to detect drop in vigilance in these situations becomes very important.
Face is a complex multidimensional visual model and developing a computational model for face recognition is difficult. The paper presents a methodology for face recognition based on information theory approach of coding and decoding the face image. The goal is to implement the system model for a particular face and distinguish it from a large number of stored faces with some real-time variations as well. The Eigenface approach uses Principal Component Analysis PCA algorithm for the recognition of the images. It gives us efficient way to find the lower dimensional space. In todays world, face recognition is an important part for the purpose of security and surveillance. Hence there is a need for an efficient and cost effective system. Our goal is to explore the feasibility of implementing Raspberry Pi based face recognition system using conventional face detection and recognition techniques such as Haar detection and PCA. This paper aims at taking face recognition to a level in which the system can replace the use of passwords and RF I-Cards for access to high security systems and buildings. With the use of the Raspberry Pi kit, we aim at making the system cost effective and easy to use, with high performance. Amit Deshwal | Mohnish Chandiramani | Umesh Jagtap | Prof. Amruta Surana "Smart Door Access using Facial Recognition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21363.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/21363/smart-door-access-using-facial-recognition/amit-deshwal
Overview of Various Industrial Fault Diagnosis Methodsijtsrd
Fault detection plays an important role in high cost and safety critical processes. Early detection of faults can help to avoid normal event progression. Fault detection can be accomplished through various means. Fault diagnosis consists of all actions taken for fault recognizing, fault locating and root cause identification. For networking, Ethernet is suitable to act as the backbone to connect multiple domains and also for interworking within domains. Ethernet is one of the most common high speed interfaces found in homes and offices and there are some automobiles where Ethernet is being used to transport a variety of high speed data. Hence we can enhance a real time data driven algorithm for industrial fault diagnosis and localization of an Ethernet based systems. This paper presents a detail review of various fault diagnosis techniques, recent trends and their implementation for particular applications. Ms. Pranita A. Raut | Dr. U. L. Bombale"Overview of Various Industrial Fault Diagnosis Methods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7074.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/7074/overview-of-various-industrial-fault-diagnosis-methods/ms-pranita-a-raut
Quadcopter for Monitoring and DetectionTejasDalvi15
Drone is designed to inspect whether the rule of wearing the facemask is practiced strictly or not in crowded place and to predict ripening stage of banana.
Driving without license is the major cause for the road accident and the equivalent monetary losses. This paper is based on virtual reality based driving system which would enhance road safety and vehicle security. This paper helps to limit the vehicle operation on the basics of two parameters-Learn the driving by our own, category (car or bike) of the vehicle for which the driving license is issued. The hardware and software system required to improve our safety and security is developed. This driving system is apt for getting the license without bribe by gathering eye-gaze, Electroencephalography and peripheral physiological data.
Effective driver distraction warning system incorporating fast image recognit...IJECEIAES
Modern cars are equipped with advanced automatic technology featuring various safety measures for car occupants. However, the growing density of vehicles, especially in areas where infrastructure development lags, poses potential dangers, particularly accidents caused by driver subjectivity. These incidents may occur due to driver distraction or the presence of high-risk obstacles on the road. This article presents a comprehensive solution to assist drivers in mitigating these risks. Firstly, the study introduces a novel method to enhance the recognition of a driver's facial features by analyzing benchmarks and the whites of the eyes to assess the distraction level. Secondly, a domain division method is proposed to identify obstacles and lanes in front of the vehicle, enabling the assessment of the danger level. This information is promptly relayed to the driver and relevant individuals, such as the driver's manager or supervisor. An experimental device has also been developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithms, solutions, and processing capabilities of the system.
A presentation of Driver drowsiness alert system which can identify whether the driver is attentive or sleepy while driving and hence alert them by a beep when the driver is sleepy.Python and open CV are main technologies used here along with hass cascade algorithm for the same.
Now a days, drowsy driving is becoming biggest challenges leading to the traffic collision. Based on the existing data and statistics, several road accidents and causalities happen due to the drowsy driving which leads to severe injuries. To overcome these challenges, various studies have been done in designing systems that can predict the driver fatigue and alert him beforehand, thus avoiding him to fall asleep behind the wheel and cause an accident. Few existing approaches used psychological measures to give higher accuracy in checking the drowsiness of the driver.
When driving long distances, drivers who do not take frequent rests are more likely to get sleepy, a condition that experts say they often fail to identify early enough. Based on eye condition, this research proposes a system for detecting driver sleepiness in real time. A camera is often used to take a sequence of images by the system. In our system, these capture images may be saved as individual frames. The resulting frame is sent into facial recognition software as an input. The image's needed feature (eye) is then extracted. The method creates a condition for each eye and suggests a certain number of frames with the same condition that can be registered.
A Real Time Intelligent Driver Fatigue Alarm System Based On Video SequencesIJERA Editor
In automobiles advanced controllers are equipped to control all the data. In this work a new technology is
considered as driver fatigue detection system. Developing intelligent system to prevent car accidents and can be
very effective in minimizing accident death toll. One of the factors which play an important role in accidents is
the human errors including driving fatigue. Relying on new smart techniques; this system detects the signs of
fatigue and sleepiness in the face of the person at the time of driving by capturing the video sequences of the
driver. Then, the frames are transformed from YUV space into RBG spaces. It is one of the inexpensive and
unobtrusive method where face, eyes are detected and edge detection and histogram normalization are
performed on the captured frames using MATLAB as a tool.The face area is separated from other parts with
high accuracy in segmentation, low error rate and quick processing of input data distinguishes this system from
similar ones
Vigilance of an operator is compromised in performing many monotonous activities like workshop and manufacturing floor tasks, driving, night shift workers, flying, and in general any activity which requires keen attention of an individual over prolonged periods of time. Driver or operator fatigue in these situations leads to drowsiness and lowered vigilance which is one of the largest contributors to injuries and fatalities amongst road accidents or workshop floor accidents. Having a vigilance monitoring system to detect drop in vigilance in these situations becomes very important.
REAL TIME DROWSY DRIVER DETECTION USING HAARCASCADE SAMPLEScscpconf
With the growth in population, the occurrence of automobile accidents has also seen an increase. A detailed analysis shows that, around half million accidents occur in a year , in India alone. Further , around 60% of these accidents are caused due to driver fatigue. Driver fatigue affects the driving ability in the following 3 areas, a) It impairs coordination, b) It causes longer reaction times, and, c)It impairs judgment. Through this paper, we provide a real time monitoring system using image processing, face/eye detection techniques. Further, to ensure real-time computation, Haarcascade samples are used to differentiate between an eye blink anddrowsy/fatigue detection.
Cosmetics are defined as “items with mild action on the human body for the purpose of cleaning, beautifying, adding to the attractiveness, altering the appearance, or keeping or promoting the skin or hair in good condition- while functional cosmetics, even if falling under the cosmetic definition, are designated as “items fulfilling specific actions like skin whitening, minimizing the appearance of lines in the face and body, protecting from the sun and sun tanning-. Ahiya Noor | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Cosmetic Science: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45135.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45135/cosmetic-science-an-overview/ahiya-noor
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
A Review Herbal Drugs Used in Skin DisorderYogeshIJTSRD
The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
There are various roadway construction activities and plans that involve the use of flexible pavement having hot mix technique. This hot mix technique is a traditional method for the construction of road that has fulfilled the performance evaluation from infrastructure point of view throughout the past years. The various processes which are involved in this technique are providing heat to the aggregate and binder, proper mixing, provision of tack coat as per the specifications, laying of the mixed, the process of compaction. The cold mixed technique having use of bitumen emulsion on large scale should be epicenter of the study such that this technology may advance its application in present as well as future with proper specifications, testing throughout. The Hot mixed based techniques have gone through the significant advancements with time. The Cold mixed based technology is somewhere lagging in terms of applications which might be observed in the developing countries. In the present study, it has been the primary motivation that underlies the selection of cold mixed technique. Manoj Sheoran | Ms. Shivani "An Experimental Investigation on CMA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45088.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45088/an-experimental-investigation-on-cma/manoj-sheoran
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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single automotive vehicle as a preventive tool for
accidents occurring due to drowsiness or fatigue.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A prototype of the PERCLOS camera for measuring
eye closure in a heavy truck environment is discussed
in the paper ”A Drowsy Driver Detection System For
Heavy Vehicle” [1], This eye tracking system was
designed using CCD (charge coupled device) imaging
technology along with a dedicated PC/104 with PCI
Bus computer platform. The PERCLOS camera
exploits the basic property of human eye in which the
retina reflects different amounts of infra-red light at
different frequencies. The computation is basically
done with the help of the System’s algorithm. Prior to
calling any program routines, the system must be
initialized. It requires two equally illuminated images
of the driver’s face which is captured by the two CCD
cameras placed perpendicular to each other. Bright-
Spot Segregation routine run to distinguish eye from
noise once isolated, the retinal image sizes are
measured, and the results are used to calculate
PERCLOS Calculated height of each observation in a
data file is stored on a hard disk. Some of the
advantages of the above mentioned idea are that it can
run in real time without operator intervention. Also
the PERCLOS camera was able to eliminate many of
these spurious reflections through the subtraction
process. The main drawbacks of the mentioned paper
are the increased amount of infra-red light going to
the eye causes damage to the eye after prolonged
exposure. Also there were problems experienced in
Timing control and synchronization with the 2 CCD
cameras.
Localization of human faces in digital images is a
fundamental step in the process of face recognition.
The paper ”Robust Face Detection Using the
Hausdorff Distance” [2] presents a shape comparison
approach to achieve fast, accurate face detection that
is robust to changes in illumination and background.
The proposed method in this paper is edge-based and
works on grayscale still images. Hausdorff distance is
used as a similarity measure between a general face
model and possible instances of the object within the
image. In this paper describes an efficient
implementation, making this approach suitable for
real-time applications. A two-step process that allows
both coarse detection and exact localization of faces
presented. Experiments were performed on a large
test set and rated with a new validation measurement.
Some advantages are the better localization results
show that the system is ro- bust against different
background conditions and changing illumination.
Runtime behavior of this method allows the use in
real-time video applications. The main drawback is
the restrictions of the detection of only frontal views
and single faces, on automatic model creation and on
transformation parameter optimization.
The paper ”The Study of Driver Fatigue Monitor
Algorithm Combined PERCLOS and AECS” [3]
discusses the idea of combining PERCLOS and
AECS to introduce an algorithm to detect the driver
fatigue. The algorithm, based on color image skin
color segment can directly transform the RGB form
image to the gradation image by the skin color
segmentation, and then the eyes are detected. Then
they identify eye’s condition through the judgment of
eye area. PERCLOS and AECS algorithms are
combined to detect the driver’s fatigue. It is
emphasized that the color segmentation and the
removal of the regional border connectivity are used
to locate the eye. This method can’t be influenced by
complex background, and it is suitable for faces of
different skin color and guise. The goal of eye
detection and tracking is for subsequent eyelid
movement monitoring, gaze de- termination, face
orientation estimation and facial expression analysis.
A robust, accurate, and real-time eye tracker is
therefore crucial. This method records the times of
eyes were open and eyes were close, and the
beginning and the ending time, and then it computes
the value of PERCLOS. If the value is more than 40%
and the time that eyes are in the closed state maintains
more than three seconds, this algorithm will conclude
that the driver is in the state of doze and this situation
will be detected as fatigue driving.
The paper ”Eye State Classification Based on Multi-
feature fusion” [4] was proposed by Wenhui Dong,
Peishu Qu Department of Physics, Dezhou
University, Dezhou back in 2009. The State of the
eye, open or closed contains a lot of information
about the expressions and can be used in many Fields,
such as driver fatigue detection, face expression
analysis etc. After the characteristics of the infrared
image of the eye was studied, the paper fuses four
features together using fuzzy fusion to judge the eye
state .This method can overcome the drawbacks
suffered in the single feature classification methods
and realize the complementary of information. Also,
it can obtain a higher correct rate of classification. It
was decided that the extraction of the features are iris
area, eye height, eye area and eyelids curvature’s)
Eye Area Extraction: After obtaining the infrared
image of the eye, we see that the gray-level change is
obvious in the image, so gray-scale distribution can
be used to choose a right threshold to binarization and
150 is selected as the threshold. ii) Eyelid Curvature
Extraction: The up-eyelid also can be extracted from
the binarization image.iii) Eye height Extraction: This
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is done by scanning from the middle of the up-eyelid
down to the end pixel which is not zero and
calculating the distance between the two pixels. Iris
Area Extraction: When the eye is completely open,
the iris is similar to a circular. Multiplying the vertical
distance and horizontal distance we obtain the area
called the iris area. BP Network Establishment: After
the four parameters exaction, the eye area and the
eyelid-curvature are selected as a vector, the eye
height and the iris area are selected as a vector.
An idea which uses voice response analysis of human
subjects for assessing their level of fatigue or
drowsiness were proposed in the paper ”A Novel
Drowsiness Detection Scheme Based On Speech
Analysis With Validation Using Simultaneous EEG
Recordings” [5]. The results are simultaneously
validated through the Electroencephalography (EEG)
based measurements. A 36 hour long experiment was
done where the subjects are asked to repeat a
particular sentence at different stages. The response
time is analyzed for computing various parameters
such as voiced duration, unvoiced duration, and the
response time. They have used Mel Frequency-
Cepstral-Coefficients (MFCC) as the features for the
silence, voiced and unvoiced parts of speech. They
have segregated these parts using a Gaussian Mixture
Model (GMM) classifier. They have used short time
analysis of speech because the acoustic properties of
the speech changes continuously during an utterance.
The unvoiced and voiced speech has been extracted
with the help of MFCC features followed by a GMM
classifier. The ratio of voiced to unvoiced speech has
been calculated and was found out that the ratio
decreases during the successive stages of the
experiment when the driver starts to feel drowsy. This
analysis can be used to make conclusions that the
vocal tract offers more constriction to airflow from
the lungs as the level of fatigue increases for which
the unvoiced speech duration gets affected. The
response time was also observed to change with
fatigue but it was found to be unsuitable for fatigue
detection because of large deviation.
The paper ”A PERCLOS-based Driver Fatigue
Recognition Application for Smart Vehicle Space”
[6], they have considered PERCLOS to evaluate
driving fatigue status by measuring the proportion of
eyes closed in a certain period of time or interval of
time and the continued closure time. PERCLOS is the
percentage of eyelid closure over the pupil over time
and reacts slow eyelid closures rather than blinks. A
PERCLOS drowsiness metric was established in a
1994 driving simulator study as the proportion of time
in a minute that the eyes are at least 80 percent
closed. In which PERCLOS = frames of the eyes
closed / (frames of eyes open + frames of eyes
closed) × 100 percentage. Smart vehicle space
software platform uses a smart space oriented context
aware system framework-S2CAS :The first layer,
called the original context in- formation perception
layer, is responsible for collecting all kinds of smart
vehicle space dynamic context, such as latitude and
longitude data, car bus data, facial features data, voice
data, various sensor data and electronic maps, the user
information database, configuration files, and virtual
context the second layer, smart vehicle space
SCUDW are, is responsible for shielding the
underlying differences of various devices and the
structure of sensors, analyzing and reasoning the data
from the original context information perception
layer, managing the equipment and objects,
integrating various functional modules, providing for
the application run time environment; the third layer
is applications and services layer, which contains
human-computer interaction interface, to provide
users with a variety of car-based applications and
services, such as safety tips, navigation tips,
information services, entertainment services, in-car
environment control and so on.
The paper ”Analysis of Training Parameters for
Classifiers Based on Haar-like Features to Detect
Human Faces” [7], analyzes the performance of Haar-
like feature based classifier for detection of face with
fewer features. In lower dimensional feature space
representation of the image might reduce the
computational burden compromising the accuracy in
detection of faces with varying orientations. In this
work they train the classifier with positive instances
of different orientations under such feature constraint.
Training parameters like maximum deviation and
maximum angle are varied to form different
classifiers. In experimental results show optimum
values of the design parameters can produce good
performance of the classifier to detect tilted human
faces. Haar-like features are generally used to detect
and recognize objects. A Haar-like feature considers
the rectangular regions at a specific location within a
detection window. Then the intensities of pixels in
these regions are summed. Finally calculates the
difference between these regions. Some advantages
are the classifier detects the frontal faces with high
accuracy and optimum values of the design
parameters can train a classifier to provide good
performance for detection frontal and tilted human
faces. The main drawbacks are, best performance
achieved only at moderate values of the maximum
deviation and maximum angle and cannot choose the
maximum angle and maximum deviation arbitrarily
high or low.
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Another method is proposed in the paper, ”Driver
Alertness Monitoring Using Fusion of Facial Features
and Bio-Signals” [8]. It measures driver’s tiredness
using two distinct methods: eye movement
monitoring and bio-signal processing. A monitoring
system is designed in Android-based Smartphone
where it receives sensory data via wireless sensor
network and further processes the data to indicate the
current driving aptitude of the driver. It is critical that
several sensors are integrated and synchronized for a
more realistic evaluation of the driver behavior. The
sensors applied include a video sensor to capture the
driver image and a bio-signal sensor to gather the
driver photoplethysmograph (PPG) signal.PPG
sensors use a light-based technology to sense the rate
of blood flow as controlled by the heart’s pumping
action.PPG is not a complicated nor expensive optical
measurement method that is often used for heart rate
monitoring purposes. PPG is a non-invasive
technology that uses a light source and a photo
detector at the surface of skin to measure the
volumetric variations of blood circulation.
Relaxation, extreme fatigue and drowsiness episodes
can be measured non-invasively from the Pulse Rate
Variability (PRV) signal obtained from
photoplethysmography signal (PPG).
A dynamic Bayesian network paradigm is applied for
fatigue analysis. DBN paradigm is a probabilistic
graphical model which uses different mathematical
methods to model an object based on the given input
data. The foremost reason of adapting DBN is that its
ability to integrate distinct categories of parameters
even the extraction methods, measurement
techniques, and etc. of those parameters are different.
The proposed system detects biological variation with
very high accuracy .Video and biological sensors are
integrated for a more realistic and accurate evaluation
of the driver behavior. PPG works best in optimum
lighting conditions; bad lighting may affect the
accuracy of the pulse oxymeter, since it works on the
amount of light reflected from skin. The PPG
measures vary if the subject has any heart related or
other such illness since, when the PRV of the subject
is calculated, if the subject has heart problems, the
pulse will very irrespective of his/her drowsiness
levels,
The paper ”Monitoring Driver’s Drowsiness Status at
Night Based on Computer Vision” [9] basically deals
with Drivers drowsiness and fatigue decreases the
vehicle management skills of a driver. The operator
driving vehicle in night has become a significant
downside today. Driver in a drowsiness state is the
one among the important reason of increasing amount
of road accidents and death. Hence the drowsiness
detection of driver is considering as most active
research field. Many ways are created recently to
detect the drowsiness of driver. Existing methods can
be classified in three categories based on
physiological measures, performance measures of
vehicles and ocular measures. Few ways are intrusive
and distract the driver from comfortable driving.
Some of the methods need expensive sensors for
information handling. Therefore, a low cost, real time
system to detect the driver’s drowsiness is developed
in this paper. In this proposed system, real time video
of driver records using a digital camera. Using some
image processing techniques, face of the driver is
detected in each frame of video. Facial landmarks
points on the driver’s face is localized using one
shape predictor and calculating eye aspect ratio,
mouth opening ratio, yawning frequency
subsequently. Drowsiness is detected based on the
values of these parameters. Adaptive thresholding
method is used to set the thresholds. Machine
learning algorithms were also implemented in an
offline manner. Proposed system tested on the Face
Dataset and also tested in real-time. The experimental
results shows that the system is accurate and robust.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
This proposal use three-stage drowsiness detection.
The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure
(PERCLOS) obtained through images captured by the
front camera with a modified eye state classification
method. The system uses near infrared lighting for
illuminating the face of the driver during night
driving. The second step uses the voiced to the
unvoiced ratio obtained from the speech data from the
microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the
threshold. A final verification stage is used as a touch
response within a stipulated time to declare the driver
as drowsy and subsequently sound an alarm. The
device maintains a log file of the periodic events of
the metrics along with the corresponding GPS
coordinates. PERCLOS is a tiredness metric, based
on eye close and open rates. It has been proved as a
significant marker of drowsiness. PERCLOS can be
defined as the approx proportion of time in which the
eyelids are at least 80% closed over the pupil. A value
of PERCLOS above the threshold(80%) indicates
higher drowsiness level and vice versa. Voiced and
unvoiced proportion is carried out with the help of a
support vector machine (SVM) with the Mel
frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) as its
features. MFCC represents the short-term power
spectrum of the speech signal comprises of the voiced
and unvoiced bits.
Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are trained or
supervised learning methods which helps for
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regression and classification tasks that is originated
from statistical or mathematical learning theory. As a
classification method, SVM is a general or global
classification model that develops no overlapping
divisions or partitions and usually employs all the
attributes. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are
trained or supervised learning methods which helps
for regression and classification tasks that is
originated from statistical or mathematical learning
theory. As a classification method, SVM is a general
or global classification model that develops non-
overlapping divisions or partitions and usually
employs all the attributes.
Fig 1 Flowchart of Proposed System
The PERCLOS value of a subject is calculated as
P= Ec / (Eo + Ec) * 100 (1)
Here, Ec and Eo shows the counts of closed and open
eyes for a predefined interval. A higher value of P
shows there is higher drowsiness level and vice versa.
The steps in the calculation consists of calculating the
PERCLOS from an image batch involves the face
detection followed by eye localization and eye state
classification. Real-life driving have its own
challenges, where both the illumination and the head
angle or pose of the subject or driver is a problem to
be considered. We try to solve this problem by
preprocessing the images by geometric and
photometric correction methods. Photometric
Correction: Let the input image be I of size N × M.
The image is subdivided into blocks of size N h × M
w. We hence obtain a total number of h × w boxes,
obtained as:
h = N / N h (2)
This process elevates the local contrast and increases
the details in the image. What so ever, there are some
kind of blocking constraints at the boundaries of the
corrected sub images, when concatenated to form. A
smoothing process[10] by a 5×5 Gaussian filter
solves this particular problem.
Geometric Correction: This correction is done in the
event where the driver’s face has a tilt or deviation of
more than +30 degrees or -30 degrees from the
vertical straight face. An affine rotation of the pixels
of the pre-enhanced image helps to develop a new
image which geometrically sets the angle of the face
in an upright position.
Face and Eye Detection: It is clear that for the
accurate or exact estimation of PERCLOS, fast and
correct location of the eyes are necessary. For
localizing or locking the eyes, we first locate the face
region[11] from the pre-enhanced image. This step
not only reduces the search space for eye location but
also reduces the false alarms in locating the eye or in
the detection stage. We use a classifier based on
Haar-like features for face which are trained with
optimal parameters. From the detected face region,
we search for the eyes in the upper half of the face
region. We have employed a Haar classifier trained
with eye images. Two classifiers are trained - one for
visible image during daytime driving and the other for
NIR images during nighttime driving.
Eye State Classification: For the accurate estimation
of PERCLOS, the localized eye region needs to be
accurately classified into opened or closed states. A
new set of features based on the fusion of information
of edges and their orientations is proposed here.
A. Gradient Image Computation: We first obtain sub
images E i, j of size 8 × 8 from the eye image E
with a 50 % overlap in both the directions. Each
sub image E i, j is passed through the Sobel
operators and gradient images are obtained.
B. Orientation Computation: The edge-maps are
exposed to gradient operation to find the oriented
gradients.
C. Feature Computation: The selected features
perform better than other competing features such
as edge orientation histograms, scale-invariant
feature transform descriptors, because they use
overlapping local contrast normalization to obtain
improved accuracy[12].
D. Classification: We train a linear SVM with 1200
images of which 700 are open and 500 are closed
eye images taken from the database created using
normal and NIR illumination.
E. PERCLOS Computation: Once the eyes are
classified as open or closed, the algorithm
computes the PERCLOS value using over a
sliding time window of 10 second duration.
A fusion of additional cues such as speech signals can
make the drowsiness detection sys- tem more reliable.
The voiced unvoiced ratio (VUR) of speech signals
has been validated, as an indicator of drowsiness. The
inbuilt microphone of the Smartphone to capture
speech signals sampled at 20 kHz, since speech
information is up to about 7.5 kHz is used here. This
speech data is processed frame-wise. The vocal fold
vibrations may be assumed periodic if the signal is of
short duration (10-30ms). For this reason, the speech
data is processed in small frames of size 10-30 ms.
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Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is performed
frame wise to remove noise and redundant
information. Voiced speech is produced by the
vibrations of vocal cords whereas unvoiced sounds
are due to the turbulence of air in vocal tract (mouth,
tongue, velum, etc.).Unvoiced speech has lower
energy and higher zero crossing rates as compared to
the voiced speech. Voiced and unvoiced classification
is carried out using a support vector machine (SVM)
with the Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC)
as features. MFCC represents the short term power
spectrum of the speech signal. Once the MFCCs are
obtained, the SVM returns the voiced speech v s (n)
and unvoiced speech u s (n)f lengths N v and N u
respectively. The VUR is finally obtained as the ratio
of the energies.
The third and final verification stage of the
framework is the touch-based reaction. In this stage,
the driver is asked to touch the Smartphone screen
within a stipulated time of 10 second after a voice
instruction asks to do so. This stage is invoked when
both the voice and vision based classification
methods predict the driver to be drowsy. In the event
the driver fails to respond within 10s, the final
decision is drowsy, and the alarming sound is
generated through the speakers. Along with this, an
SMS along with the GPS location of the driver is sent
to an emergency number which was obtained at the
start of the ride. A vibration hardware is worn around
the hand like a band which vibrates, awaking the
driver. The event is also marked in the log file stored
in the internal memory of the Smartphone.
Fig 2 Detailed Procedure of Proposed System
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IV. CONCLUSION
We have proposed a Smartphone-based drowsiness
detection solution for automotive drivers, which
undergoes a three-stage verification process to detect
the drowsiness in drivers. The measures are
PERCLOS, VUR, and a reaction test response of the
driver on the smartphone screen along with an alert
system which produces a beep sound, vibrates the
driver arm by a hardware worn by the driver thereby
alerting the driver. Each stage is activated based on
the decision of the preceding stage. The system
maintains a register log which marks the events when
the driver was found to be drowsy based on the
PERCLOS, VUR and touch response. The application
has an option to upload the log file to a cloud server
to maintain a record. This option will be useful to cab
service providers, who can keep their records based
on driver performance. We have tested the sub-
operations such as the eye state classification,
PERCLOS, and VUR-based drowsiness state
classification individually as well as with the
combined measures and cross-correlated the
estimated cues against standard cues. The device may
be suitably modified to monitor the loss of attention
of any person engaged in a critical safety operation.
With improvements in the acquisition frame-rates of
the front camera, fast ocular motions such as eye
movements may be captured, which can provide
earlier indications of the onset of fatigue. An
extension of this work may be tracking the road
conditions using the primary camera along with the
drivers drowsiness level in parallel. However, such an
implementation would require a lot of multi-threading
operations.
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