The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the head and neck region. It describes the course and branches of several cranial nerves (maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve, lingual nerve) and blood vessels (maxillary artery). It also discusses the sphenopalatine ganglion and otic ganglion, including their roots and branches. The maxillary nerve supplies sensory innervation to the face, while the mandibular nerve provides motor and sensory innervation. The lingual nerve carries sensory fibers to the tongue and parasympathetic fibers to salivary glands.

1. ‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
Anatomy of Head & Neck
Dr. Mohammed Abu Eida
Student's Name : Ahmed Shawqi
Almassri
Student's No : 20180378

2. axillary NerveM
• It arises from the trigeminal ganglion as purely sensory nerve.
Course:
• It passes forwards along the lower part of lateral wall of cavernous
sinus, then it leaves the middle cranial fossa through foramen
rotundum to enter the pterygo- palatine fossa and terminates by
dividing into 3 branches: Palpebral, nasal and labial.
The course of maxillary nerve is divided into 4 parts present in
the following regions:
A- Cranial cavity (middle cranial fossa): It gives meningeal branch
(1) to dura mater of middle cranial fossa.
1. Pterygo-palatine fossa: : Gives 3 types of
branches:
a) Two ganglionic branches (2).
b) Posterior superior alveolar nerve (3).
c) Zygomatic nerve (4): divides into two branches (5):
i. Zygomaticotemporal nerve:
ii. Zygomaticofacial nerve:
B- Floor of orbit: (the branches here arise from infra-orbital
nerve):
a) Middle superior alveolar nerve (6).
b) Anterior superior alveolar nerve (7):

3. C- Face:The infraorbital nerve terminates by dividing into 3
branches:
• Palpebral (P): Supplies the skin of lower eyelid.
• Nasal (N): Supplies the skin of side of nose.
• Labial branch (L): Supplies the skin of upper lip.
Sphenopalatine Ganglion:
Small flattened parasympathetic ganglion , suspended by 2 roots from
maxillary nerve.
Roots of the ganglion:
A- Parasympathetic root: it arises from facial nerve in the petrous
bone, it traverses the pterygoid canal to reach and relays in the
ganglion.
B- sympathetic root: It arises from sympathetic plexus around
internal carotid artery. It traverses the pterygoid canal to reach
and traverses the ganglion without relay.
C- Sensory root: They contain sensory fibers from the orbit, nose,
palate and nasopharynx which traverse the ganglion without
relay.

4. Branches of Sphenopalatine Ganglion:
1. Orbital branches: Reach the orbit through (IOF) to supply the
periosteum of orbit.
2. Nasal branches: They reach the nose through the spheno-palatine
foramen (SPF) and divide into 2 groups:
• Lateral nasal branches (2L) .
• Medial nasal branches (2M).
3. palatine branches:
a. Greater palatine nerve.
b. Lesser palatine nerves:
4. Pharyngeal branches: They run posteriorly to supply the nasopharynx
and the auditory tube.

5. Maxillary Artery
>Larger of the two terminal branches of external carotid
artery, It begins opposite the neck of the mandible
inside the parotid gland, It passes forwards, medially
and slightly upwards and enters the ptervgomaxillary
fissure. It has 3 parts:
A- 1st part: Branched into :
1- Middle meningeal artery: It passes through foramen
spinosum to reach the middle cranial fossa .
2- Accessory meningeal artery: It ascends in front of the
middle meningeal artery.
3- inferior alveolar artery: It descends with its nerve
through the mandibular foramen and canal.
4- Anterior tympanic artery: It supplies the middle ear
and the tympanic membrane.
5- Deep auricular artery: Supplies the external auditory
meatus and ear drum.
B- 2nd part: It passes obliquely upwards and forwards
superficial. The artery gives muscular branches for the
muscles of mastication and buccal artery.
.C- 3rd part: branched into:
1-Greater palatine artery (GPA): Descends in greater
palatine canal to reach the nard palate.

6. 2- Spheno-palatine artery: It passes through spheno-
palatine foramen to enter the nasal cavity supplying it.
3- Posterior superior alveolar artery: Supplies the upper
molars, premolars and maxillary sinus .
4- Infra orbital artery: It enters the orbit through the
inferior orbital fissure, traverses the infra-orbital groove
and canal.
5-Pharyngeal artery and 6- Artery of pterygoid canal:
They supply the nasopharynx.

7. Mandibular Nerve
Origin: by two roots:
• Small motor: The motor root of the trigeminal
nerve arises from pons.
• Large sensory: Arises from the trigeminal ganglion.
Course:
The two roots leave the skull through foramen ovale where
they together just beyond the foramen forming mandibular
nerve trunk.
Branches:

8. A- From the trunk:
1) Motor: Nerve to medial pterygoid, it gives 3
branches for 3 muscles:
a. Medial pterygoid muscle.
b. Tensor tympani muscle.
c. Tensor palati muscle
2) Sensory: It reaches the middle cranial fossa through
foramen spinosum to supply its dura mater.
B- From the anterior division:
a. Motor branches:
i. Two branches for temporalis.
ii. Branch for masseter.
iii. Branch for lateral pterygoid.
b. Sensory branch: (Buccal nerve): It supplies the
skin covering and the mucosa lining the
buccinator muscle.
C- From the posterior division: gives off :
a. Auriculotemporal nerve: It arises by 2 roots around
the middle meningeal artery. Branches:
1. Sensory branches: To skin of posterior ½ of
temple, upper 2/3 of lateral surface of auricle,
external auditory meatus and ear drum.
2. Parotid branchès: It receives the
postganglionic parasympathetic and
sympathetic fibers from otic ganglion to the
parotid gland.
3. Articular branches: To the temporo-
mandibular joint.
b. Inferior alveolar nerve:

9. It is the largest branch of posterior division of
mandibular nerve. It runs in the mandibular canal
giving the inferior dental branches and divides at
the mental foramen into two terminal branches;
mental and incisive.
Branches:
1. Nerve to mylohyoid: (motor nerve from
posterior division); runs in the mylohyoid
groove supplying the mylohyoid and anterior
belly of digastric muscles.
2. Dental branches: They arise in the
mandibular canal supplying the lower teeth,
gums, and alveolar bone.
3. Mental nerve: It comes out from the mental
foramen to supply the skin of chin and lower
lip.

10. c. Linqual nerve:
Course and relations: It is related to 3 parts:
1. Deep to the ramus of mandible: It passes
downwards on the medial pterygoid muscle .
2. Deep to the body of mandible: It passes
downwards and forwards in a faint groove below
the last molar tooth.
3. At the side of the tongue: passes forwards deep
to sublingual gland to reach the tongue. Near its
origin it is joined by chorda tympani, to supply:
a. General sensation: For the anterior 2/3
of tongue, mucosa of the floor of the
mouth and gums and for submandibular
and sublingual glands.
b. Taste sensation of anterior 2/3 of
tongue.
c. Parasympathetic fibers: They relay in
the submandibular ganglion and the
postganglionic fibers to supply two
glands: submandibular and sublingual
glands.

11. Otic Ganglion:
Small parasympathetic ganglion lying in the infra-temporal fossa just
below the foramen ovale.
Roots and branches of the ganglion:
1. Parasympathetic root: It arises from tympanic plexus in middle
ear. It passes through foramen ovale to reach and relay in otic
ganglion. The postganglionic fibers join the auriculo-temporal
nerve to reach and supply the parotid gland.
2. Sympathetic root: It arises from sympathetic plexus around
middle meningeal artery.
3. Motor root: Two fibers arise from nerve to medial pterygoid.