This study examined farmers' access to farm resources and its effect on adoption of sawah technology in Nigeria. The researchers interviewed 124 sawah farmers across six states. Results showed that access to land, labor, equipment, credit, information and extension services significantly influenced farmers' adoption levels. However, access to credit, information and extension was limited for many farmers. The researchers concluded that ensuring secure land tenure, adequate access to tools, labor, credit, information and extension is critical for sustainable adoption of sawah technology.

1. Access to farm resources among farmers and
adoption of sawah technology in Nigeria.
A.O. Agboola, C.I. Alarima, T. Masunaga and T.
Wakatsuki

2. Introduction
• Access to farm resources played a vital role in
adoption of any agricultural technology.
• Adoption of agricultural technology depends on
availability and efficient use of farm resources
such as land, labour, information, capital (credit)
and farm inputs (fertilizers, irrigation and seeds).

3. Introduction
• The lack of access to farm resources could
therefore be a constraint to agricultural
development.
• The constraint of lack of access to farm resources
range from unsecured land tenure, to lack of
capital and access to affordable credit, access to
input, access to good road infrastructure and poor
extension services.

4. Introduction
• The decision to adopt and the level of adoption
of sawah technology in the end therefore
depend on the amount of resources that are
available and can be mobilized by farmers.
• This study therefore examined farmers’ access
to farm resources and its effect on adoption of
sawah technology.

5. This is a sawah field
Pillars brought by Land owner for
selling of land used for sawah by a
farmer who rented the land
Land Tenure as a problem faced by farmers

6. Farmers’ improvised bridge to solve transportation problems

7. What is Sawah?
• Sawah refers to man-made improved rice fields
with demarcated, levelled, bunded and puddled
rice fields with water inlets and outlets which can
be connected to various irrigation facilities such
as irrigation canals, pond, springs or pumps.

8. Sawah Skills
 According to Wakatsuki et al (2013), sawah ecotechnology
involves four important skills and technologies:
(1) Site selection and site-specific sawah system design,
(2) Skills for efficient and cost-effective sawah system
development using power tiller,
(3) Rice farmers’ socio-economic empowerment for the successful
development and management of sawah systems, and
(4) Sawah-based rice agronomy, including variety selection and
soil and water management to realize at least the sustainable
paddy yield of more than 4t/ha.

9. Basic Elements of Sawah Development
Plot layout
2
Site selection
1
3
Land
preparation
SAWAH
5
Field
Management
4
Land
levelling
9

10. Sawah An Innovation?
 Sawah is an INNOVATION to accelerate irrigated sawah
development by farmers’ power themselves in Africa.
 The sawah technology innovation is unique in terms of
• development cost (less than 10% compared to contractor based
heavy machine used development)
• speed (1million ha can be developed within decades with
proper dissemination systems), and
• endogenous sustainable development (on-the-job capacity
building of million farmers).

11. Sawah Development at Shabamaliki village, Bida, Nigeria.

12. Sawah Development at Shabamaliki village, Bida, Nigeria.

13. Sawah Hypotheses
• Sawah Hypothesis (I) for a Green Revolution in
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Sawah Hypothesis (II) for Intensive Long-term
Sustainability and to Combat Global Warming

14. Farmers’ Paddy Fields: Diverse and
mixed up environment.No clear
field demarcations
APCDEFAFIZPCM
GMDUGHIGKCDILMBN
NPQTBBAACIGHOLKJDBV
IRNJUAHGDNVAPCDEFAFT
GMDUGHIGKCDILMGHOLNH
NPQTBBAACIGHXLKJDHGLP
IRNJUAHGDNVGHOLKNPSD
TBBAACIGHYLKJDIRNJHG
UAHGDNVAPCDEFKLG
A B GHIGKCDIMB
Fertilizer, Irrigation, and HYV are not
effective, therefore , Green Revolution is
impossible
Sawah demarcates land based on topography,
hydrology and soils, which make possible water
control. Then green revolution technology of
fertilizer, irrigation and HYV are useful.
BB
AA
CC
EE
FF
JJ
HH
II
D
K
K
MM LL
Sawah based
Farming system
Sawah hypothesis (I): Farmers Sawah should comes the first
to realize green revolution. Scientific technologies or
experienced skills are needed to classify and demarcate the
lowlands eco-technologically

15. Sawah hypothesis(II): Sustainable Productivity
of lowland Sawah is more than 10 times than
Upland Field
1ha sawah is equivalent to 10-15ha of upland
Area (%)
Productivity (t/ha)
Required area for
sustainable1 ha cropping*
Upland
Lowland(Sawah)
95 %
5%
3-6 2**
1-3 1 < **
=
5 ha
:
1 ha
* Assuming 2 years cultivation and 8 years fallow in
sustainable upland cultivation, while no fallow in sawah
**In Case of No fertilization

16. Methodology
• This study was carried out in five states and the
FCT where sawah is being practiced. The states
are Niger, Kaduna, Ondo, Kwara, Ebonyin and
Abuja (i.e. the FCT).
• A well structured interview guide was used to
elicit information from the farmers. A list of rice
farmers in the villages where sawah technology
was disseminated was compiled.

17. Map of the Study Area
4°30'
7°00'
9°30'
12°00'
14°30'
14°00'
14°00'
Lak e Chad
Sokoto
Katsina
Kebbi
Zamfara
Yobe
Jigawa
Kano
Borno
11°30'
11°30'
Gombe
Bauc hi
Kaduna
Niger
Adam awa
9°00'
N
Plateau
Abuja
Kwar a
W
Nas sarawa
Oyo
S
Taraba
Ekiti
Kogi
Osun
Benue
Selected states
Abuja
Ebonyi
Kaduna
Kwara
Niger
Ondo
Other states
Ondo
Ogun
6°30'
9°00'
E
Lagos
Enugu
Edo
Ebonyi
Anam bra
Delta
Imo
Riv er s
Bayels a
4°30'
7°00'
Abia
Cr oss Riv er
Akwa Ibom
100
9°30'
0
100 Kilometers
12°00'
14°30'
6°30'

18. Methodology
• One hundred and twenty four sawah farmers in
the study locations were interviewed.
• Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the
socio-economic and farming characteristics of the
farmers.
• Regression analysis was used to determine the
relationships between the study variables.

19. Methodology
• The regression equation is presented as follows:
ADOP = a + β x X1 + β x X2 + β x X3 + β x X4 + β x X5 +
β x X6 + β x X 7
Where
X1 = Access to land
X2 = Access to equipment/tools
X3 = Access to required labour
X4 = Access to cash/credit
X5 = Access to information
X6 = Access to extension services
X7 = Access to improved Seed

20. Results

21. Descriptive Statistics
Description
Measurement
Adoption level
Min
Max
Mean
SD
3-point likert scale of full adoption
(3), partial adoption (2) and
discontinued/not adopted (1)
9
26
19.39
4.24
Personal factors
Sex
Ordinally as Male (1) Female (2)
Age
Marital Status
Measured in years
Ordinally as Married (1) Single
(2)
Quranic (1) No formal education
(2), Primary education (3),
secondary education (4, and
Tertiary education (5).
Number of persons in the
household
Measured in hectares
Measured in years
Measured in kg
Measured in Naira
Measured in years
Educational Level
Household size
Farm Size
Years of experience
Yield of Sawah rice
Income
Years of experience in
Sawah
Mostly Male (99%)
25
80
42.3
Mostly Married (98%)
13.58
Mostly Quranic (64%)
1
40
0.03
7
80
10000
1
10
65
36000
500000
11
14
0.53
31.91
2462.26
151110
6.34
1.03
16.33
5056.08
83351.61
3.31

22. Access to Farm Resource
Access to farm resources
Full (%)
Partial (%)
No (%)
Access to land
3-point likert scale of full (3),
partial (2) and no (1)
46.20
53.80
0.00
Access to
equipment/tools
3-point likert scale of full (3),
partial (2) and no (1)
19.30
43.70
37.00
Access to required
labour
3-point likert scale of full (3),
partial (2) and no (1)
80.70
18.50
0.80
Access to cash/credit
3-point likert scale of full (3),
partial (2) and no (1)
2.50
26.90
70.60
Access to information
3-point likert scale of full (3),
partial (2) and no (1)
4.20
25.20
70.60
Access to extension
services
3-point likert scale of full (3),
partial (2) and no (1)
0.80
22.70
76.50

23. Regression Analysis
Standardized Coefficients (β)
S.E.
Sign
Access to land
0.204
0.187
0.00
Access to equipment/tools
0.178
0.175
0.00
Access to required labour
0.356
0.183
0.00
Access to cash
0.191
0.199
0.00
Access to information
0.247
0.225
0.00
Access to extension services
0.275
0.161
0.00
Access to improved Seed
0.027
0.080
0.33
Variables
Constant
0.785
R=
0.950
R Square =
0. .903
Adjusted. R Square= 0. .898
F value =
194.345
Sig. =
0.00

24. Conclusion
• The study has brought to the fore the import of
farmers access to required resources be it human or
material.
Farmers’
access
to
land, equipment/tools, labour, cash/credit, informatio
n and extension service is found to have significant
influence on their adoption.
• Ensuring high levels of tenure security, adequate
access to tools especially power tiller, sustained
access to labour, adequate credit facilities and
effective and efficient information and extension
services is important for sustainable adoption of
sawah technology.

25. Thanks for Listening
25