The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Frankles appliance Is a myofunctional appliance
Functional appliance are removable or fixed appliances that aim to utilize eliminate or guide the forces arising from muscle function,tooth eruption and growth inorder to alter skeletal and dental relationship
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Frankles appliance Is a myofunctional appliance
Functional appliance are removable or fixed appliances that aim to utilize eliminate or guide the forces arising from muscle function,tooth eruption and growth inorder to alter skeletal and dental relationship
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis & treatment planing /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis & treatment planing /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
diagnostic aids part 3, photograph and radiograph.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
Diagnostic Aids
Part 3
{Radiographs and Photographs}
{BMR and EMG}
Prepared by
Dr. Mohammed Alruby
Radiographs
Means: A procedure that uses a type of high-energy radiation called x-rays to take pictures of areas inside the body. X-rays pass through the body onto film or a computer, where the pictures are made
Types:
Intra-oral radiographs:
Periapical radiographs:
It is necessary for any orthodontic diagnosis for the following reasons:
The pattern and amount of root resorption of deciduous teeth
Presence or absence of permanent teeth, their size, shape, position and relative state of development
Congenital absence of teeth or presence of supernumerary teeth
Character of alveolar bone, lamina dura, and periodontal membrane
Morphology and inclination of permanent teeth roots
Pathological oral condition such as thickened periodontal membrane, periapical infection, root fractures, cysts, retained deciduous teeth
Abnormal path of eruption of permanent teeth
Malposition of individual as: rotation, which requires a larger space on the arch
Very useful in mixed dentition analysis
Recognition of exact position of impacted tooth by using method of parallax: that determine whether the unerupted tooth is located labially or palatally. Two periapical radiograph is taken with the film in the same position in each exposure, but the tube is moved in second exposure about 10cm. if the impacted tooth is moved in the same direction as the tube so the tooth is impacted palatally and the reverse is versa.
Bit-wing radiographs:
Is used mainly for detection of proximal cries, but it is of little value in orthodontic diagnosis
Occlusal film:
Occlusal projection is useful to locate the supernumerary teeth at the midline (mesiodens) and to determine accurately the position of impacted maxillary cuspids
Extra-oral radiographs:
Cephalometric radiographs:
Lateral cephalometric radiographs
PA cephalometric radiographs
Lateral oblique cephalogram:
The patient is directed by 45 degree and take the shot
Since dentofacial structure will be superimposed in the true lateral cephalometric projection, the lateral oblique direction is designed to gives a more accurate recording of the actual tooth position in either the left or right buccal segments depending on which side is approximately perpendicular to the central rays
The lateral oblique cephalogram combines most of advantages of the lateral views, intra-oral periapical survey and panoramic radiograph plus a standard cephalometric registration that makes possible measurements of bone size and eruptive movements so it is of particular size in analysis of developing dentition
Submental vertex cephalometric:
Is used to assess mandibular asymmetry in the transverse and anterior-posterior plane. It is an important aid in detecting asymmetry in the symphysis, body, ramus, and condyle of the mandible. In many cases of asymmetry, this view is important for evaluation of mandibular displacemen
This presentation will provide you with basic knowledge to take clinical photographs in dentistry, with any digital camera like point and shoot or a DSLR camera..
this slide briefs the correct positioning and some error in OPG and lateral cephalometric imaging. It also briefs the importance of correct positioning from the perspective of the maxillofacial surgeon.
Dental Photography: Patient Photographs Dentists Should TakeSpear Education
Dr. Robert Winter guides dentists through the most important photos to take of dental patients. Recording the patient's current condition is extremely valuable from a diagnostic prospective and as a communication tool.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
definition
category
case history
radiographic method
hand wrist radiograph
palpation method for muscle
general history
gingival type
different age term
smile arc
sime line
tongue analysis
teeth evalution
lips
competent lip
incompetent lips
potentially incompetent lips
pre and post natal history
nose examination
test for mouth breathing
treatment for tounge tie
frenectomy
high frenum attachmnet
low frenum attachment
covid -19 article
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
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Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Basic Orthodontic Records include
three main types of records:
1. Study models properly-trimmed,
stone-cast moulds of the dentition.
2. Radiographs normally a Panorax
(OPG) and a Lateral Cephalometric
view.
3. Clinical photographs.
3. Why Take Orthodontic Photographic
Records?
Clinical photographs allow the orthodontist to
carefully study the existing patient's
Soft-tissue patterns during the treatment planning
stage.
Assess lip morphology and tonicity, the smile arc
and smile esthetics from various angles.
Assess the degree of incisal show upon smiling.
For purposes of research and publication, and for
lecturing and teaching presentations. and the
Growing importance of the need for such records
for medico-legal reasons cannot be over
emphasized.
4. Thus, they allow us to study the
patient in a so called “social” setting,
and all without the patient ever being
present.
Such information greatly aids the
orthodontist in formulating the best
possible treatment plan for each
patient, and monitoring them in
subsequent follow-ups.
5. Why Go DIGITAL?
One of the major reasons is the ease of
use of such cameras, along with the
ability to repeat / delete unsuitable
images on the spot. There is no need to
wait till the film is developed to check
your photos.
Any problems can be easily rectified
immediately.
6. Direct digital photography, which converts the
images almost immediately into a digital file, has
many beneficial advantages in dentistry, such as:
• Can see images almost immediately
• Allows for immediate retakes when needed
• Can make 100% exact duplicates
• Media can be reused meaning no additional cost of
film orits chemical processing
• Single media can hold many images
• Ease of manipulation
• Images can be easily stored and catalogued
• Images can be instantly forwarded or transmitted to
interested parties, such as: patients, labs,
colleagues, insurance carriers, and web pages
among others
7. Another important advantage is the
“Running Cost” issue. Digital camera
setups are cost effective no more buying
film, no more developing costs and
hassles, and no more worries about
where to store all the slides and
“physical” photographs of your patients
The last advantage to mention here is
the ability to enhance, or “post-process”
your images.
8. Clinical Requirements For
Photographic Records
• The Digital Camera
• The Lens
• Macro Lens Vs Macro Function
• The Flash
• Ring Flash Vs Point Flash
• The Retractors
• The Dental Photography Mirrors
11. Long-handle
Mirrors
it is preferred to use “long-
handle” mirrors (see
Image) as they allow
better control and handling
by the clinician during the
occlusal shots. You can find
different sizes for use with
different patients depending
on age and mouth-opening
size,
but generally, the “Medium”
sized mirrors would be fit
for use with most patients.
12. With all mirror shots, it is possible to
reduce the problem of fogging by
warming the mirror in hot water just
prior to use in the mouth.
13. NUMBER OF
PHOTOGRAPHS
Different clinicians take different numbers of
clinical photographs, depending on who you
talk to! There is no “standard” set that is
universally-approved as a rule of thumb.
However, it can generally be accepted -
based on many authorities’ opinions in this
field - that a complete “Clinical Photographic
Set” for any orthodontic patient at any stage
of treatment, that would enable the clinician
to obtain maximum benefit and information,
should include a minimum of nine
photographs; four extra-oral,and five
intraoral photographs.
14. EXTRA ORAL
PHOTOGRAPH
1. Face-Frontal (lips relaxed).
2. Face-Frontal (Smiling).
3. Profile (Right side preferably - Lips
relaxed).
4. (45 °) Profile (also known as 3/4
Profile - Smiling).
15.
16. INTRA ORAL
PHOTOGRAPHS
There are five essential intra-oral
photographs:
1. Frontal - in occlusion
2. Right Buccal - in occlusion
3. Left Buccal - in occlusion
4. Upper Occlusal (using mirrors)
5. Lower Occlusal (using mirrors)
17.
18. Extra-oral clinical photographs are the
easiest photographs to take.
They only require proper positioning of
the patient and clinician, in addition of
course to the digital camera setup itself.
Intra-oral photos require in addition to
the camera setup - the proper cheek
retractors, dental photography mirrors,
as well as a well trained assistant if
possible.
19. Extra-Oral Photographs
1. Frontal
Frontal at rest.
Frontal view with the teeth in maximal
intercuspation with the lips closed,
even if this strains the patient.
Frontal dynamic (smile).
A close-up image of the posed smile.
20. The background used in taking the photos
should be either a solid-white background
(or a back-lit light-box), or a solid-dark color
such as Dark Blue.
Taking extra-oral photos with the patient
sitting on the dental chair or with multiple
distracting objects in the background
should be avoided.
The clinician’s positioning for these photos
would be standing a few feet away from the
patient, and at the same eye level if
possible. Younger and shorter patients can
stand on a special stand to get them to
reach a suitable height if needed.
23. First, the Framing of the shot should encompass the
whole of the patient’s face and neck with a
reasonable margin of space all around.
This is ensured by holding the camera lens in a
vertical position, and by standing a reasonable
distance away
from the patient when taking the shot (4-5 feet). The
following general guidelines should also be noted:
A. The patient should stand with their head in the
Natural Head Position, with eyes looking straight
into the camera lens.
B. The patient should hold their teeth and jaw in a
relaxed (Rest) position, with the lips in contact (if
possible) and in a relaxed position.
C. Make sure the patient’s head is not tilted or their face
rotated to either side; the shot should be taken at 90°
to the facial mid-line from the front.
D. Ensuring the patient’s inter-pupillary line is
leveled is also very important
24. If lip incompetence is present, the lips
should be in repose and the mandible in
rest position
25. Frontal view with the teeth in
maximal intercuspation, with the
lips closed, even if this strains the
patient.
27. A patient who is smiling for a
photograph tends not to elevate the
lip as extensively as a laughing
patient.
The smiling picture demonstrates the
amount of incisor show on smile
(percentage of maxillary incisor
display on smile), as well as any
excessive gingival display.
28. A close-up image of the posed smile
This view
now is recommended
as a standard
photograph
for careful analysis of
the smile relationships.
29. Oblique (three-quarter, 45-degree)
Patient in natural head position looking
45 degrees to the camera.
Three views are useful
a. Oblique at rest.
b. Oblique on smile.
c. Oblique close-up smile.
31. This view can be useful for examination of the
midface and is particularly informative of
midface deformities, including nasal deformity.
This view also reveals anatomic characteristics
that are difficult to quantify but are important
aesthetic factors, such as the chin-neck area,
the prominence of the gonial angle, and the
length and definition of the border of the
mandible.
This view also permits focus on lip fullness and
vermilion display.
For a patient with obvious facial asymmetry,
oblique views of both sides are recommended.
32. Oblique on smile.
Can give valuable information
about the smile esthetics’ changes
pre- and post treatment.
From the Profile photo position, the
patient is asked to turn their heads
slightly to their right (about 3/4 of the
way - hence the name), while keeping
their body still in the “Profile Shot”
position i.e. Facing forward.
They are then instructed to look into
the camera, and then smile.
It is essential that the patient’s teeth
show clearly when smiling, otherwise
the photograph would be of
minimum benefit.
33. The oblique view of the smile reveals
characteristics of the smile not obtainable through
those means and it aids the visualization of both
incisor flare and occlusal plane orientation.
A particular point for observation is the
anteroposterior cant of the occlusal plane.
In the most desirable orientation, the occlusal
plane is consonant with the curvature of the lower
lip on smile (the smile arc).
Deviations from this orientation that should be
noted as potential problems include a downward
cant of the posterior maxilla, an upward cant of the
anterior maxilla, or variations of both.
34. Oblique close-up smile
This view allows a
more precise
evaluation
of the lip
relationships to the
teeth and jaws than
is possible using the
full oblique view.
36. The patient is asked to bodily turn to
their left, thus having their right profile
side facing the clinician.
The head should be in the Natural Head
Position, with their eyes fixed
horizontally (preferably at a specific
point at eye-level, or at the reflection of
their own pupils in a mirror).
The wrong head posture can result in
confusion regarding the patient’s actual
skeletal pattern.
37. Ideally, the whole of the right side of the
face should be clearly visible with no
obstructions such as hair, hats or scarfs.
The inferior border be slightly above the
scapula, at the base of the neck.
This position permits visualization of the
contours of the chin and neck area.
The superior border should be only
slightly above the top of the head, and
the right border slightly ahead of the
nasal tip.
38. Some clinicians prefer that the left
border stop just behind the ear,
whereas others prefer a full head
shot.
Under any circumstance, the hair
should be pulled behind the ear to
permit visualization of the entire face
39. Profile smile
The profile smile image allows
one to see the angulations of
the maxillary incisors, an
important aesthetic factor that
patients see clearly and
orthodontists tend to miss
because the inclination noted on
cephalometric radiographs may
not represent what one sees on
direct examination.
40. An optional submental view
Such a view may be taken
to document mandibular
asymmetry.
In patients with
asymmetries, submental
views can be particularly
revealing.
41. INTRA ORAL
PHOTOGRAPHS
It is essential during orthodontic photography for high
quality results, that the person doing the
photography holds the retractor on the side of
interest during buccal shots and holds the mirror
during the occlusal shots.
The reason for this is that the person holding the
camera is the only one who knows exactly when the
photograph will be taken.
An additional 4–5 mm of retraction can be achieved
by increasing retraction immediately before the
photograph is taken.
This allows the true relationship of the first molars
and sometimes the second molars to be recorded
without prolonged discomfort for the patients
42. The mirror position during the occlusal
shots can also be adjusted at the last
moment, or the patient can be asked to
open momentarily that little bit wider to
secure a high quality photograph.
The occlusal photograph should be
taken using a front surface mirror to
permit a 90-degree view of the occlusal
surface.
43. Purpose of the intraoral
photographs
Enable the orthodontist to review the
hard and soft tissue findings from the
clinical examination during analysis of all
the diagnostic data.
To record hard and soft tissue
conditions as they exist before
treatment
44. Photographs that show white-spot
lesions of the enamel,hyperplastic
areas, and gingival clefts are essential
to document that such preexisting
conditions are not caused by any
subsequent orthodontic treatment.
46. The first photo to be usually taken of the
set.
The dental mid-lines are not as reliable
for this purpose as they can be shifted to
one side or the other depending on the
malocclusion present.
The full extension of the sulci is
paramount for full visualization and
clarity
It shows teeth and surrounding soft
tissue and excluding retractors and lips.
47. With the patient sitting comfortably in the dental
chair and raised to elbow-level of the clinician, the
assistant stands behind the patient and uses the
first larger set of retractors from the wide ends to
retract the patient’s lips sideways and away
from the teeth and gingivae, & slightly towards the
clinician.
This is important to allow maximum visualization of
all teeth and alveolar ridges, and also to minimize
discomfort for the patient from retractor edges
impinging on the gingivae.
The photo should be taken 90° to the facial mid-
line & central incisors
49. Usually the second shot in the series.
The assistant flips the right retractor
to the narrower side, while the left
retractor remains in place as for the
previous frontal shot.
The patient is asked to turn their head
slightly to their left so their right side
will be facing the clinician.
50. The clinician holds the right retractor and
stretches it to the extent that the last present
molar is visible if possible, while the assistant
maintains hold of the left retractor, without undue
stretching.
Again, the shot is taken 90° to the canine
premolar area for best visualization of the buccal
segment relationship, as this is very important in
orthodontic assessment.
A useful tip would be for the clinician to fully
stretch the right retractor just before taking the
shot to minimize any discomfort for the patient,
and achieve maximum visibility of the last
present molar, if possible.
52. The assistant now switches the
retractors with the narrow end on the
photo side (patient’s left) and the wide
end on the other (patient’s right). Again,
the shot is taken at 90° to the canine-
premolar area, and to ensure this and
the clinician should move their body
slightly to the right while holding the
retractor on the photo side, while the
patient turns their head slightly to their
right.
54. The assistant now switches to the smaller retractor
set and with the patient’s mouth held open, the
retractors are inserted in a “V” shape to retract the
upper lips sideways and away from the teeth.
The clinician inserts the mirror with its wider end
inwards to capture maximum width of the arch
posteriorly, and pulls it slightly downwards so that the
whole upper arch is visible to the last present molar.
The patient is instructed to lower their head slightly
so that the shot can be taken 90° to the plane of the
mirror for best visibility.
Use the mid-palatal raphe as a guide to get the shot
leveled.
Minimum retractor show in the image is
recommended, and no fingers should be visible at
any time.
58. The assistant would now lower the smaller
retractors into a Reverse “V” shape to
retract the lower lips sideways and away
form the teeth.
The clinician would now lift the mirror
upwards so he/she may visualize the
reflection of the lower arch, while the
patient is be asked to “lift their chin up”
slightly.
Ideally, the shot should be taken 90° to the
plane of the mirror, with the last molar
present visible.
59. An important issue here would be the
tongue position of the patient while
taking the photo.
It is best to ask the patient to “roll back”
their tongue behind the mirror so that it
won’t interfere with the visibility of any
teeth, particularly in the posterior area.
60. Ideal” Shot :
Tongue Rolled Back,
Midline Centered.
Less-than-Ideal” Shot :
Tongue Visible But Not
Obstructing View.
63. ORTHODONTICS PEARLS
The direction of pull of the retractors is always
sideways and slightly forward, away from the
gingival tissues.
This maximizes the field of view and minimizes
patient discomfort.
Wetting the retractors just before insertion
eases the process of positioning them properly
with minimum patient discomfort.
When taking occlusal “Mirror” shots, slightly
warming the mirror in warm water prior to
insertion helps prevent “Fogging” of the
mirrors which would prevent a clear image.
64. In certain cases, profuse salivary flow and “frothing”
can affect the quality of the image being taken, thus
a saliva ejector can be used to eliminate saliva prior
to taking each photograph.
During occlusal “mirror” shots, instruct the patient to
“open wide” just prior to pressing the camera button.
This helps in obtaining the maximum mouth opening
at the right moment, and minimizes the patient’s
fatigue during the procedure.
It is recommended that all photographic records be
taken before impression-taking, to eliminate the
possibility of impression material being stuck
between the teeth or the face during photographic
record-taking
65. To reflect buccal interdigitation accurately,
as much cheek retraction as possible is
needed, or one can use a mirror to gain a
more direct view.
A 45-degree view from the front makes a
Class II malocclusion appear to be Class I.
Because occlusal relationships are
captured more accurately on casts, mirror
views of the lateral occlusion are usually
not absolutely necessary.
66. HOW TO IMPROVE IMAGE
QUALITY
Use of an aspirator
Timing of photographs
Tongue retraction
Image reproducibility
File size of digital photographs
Avoid noise in the photographs